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2005年～2006年,我们对田间采集的麦蛾柔茧蜂室内人工繁殖温湿度条件进行了研究,结果显示:温度28±1℃、RH75±5%的环境条件是麦蛾柔茧蜂发育的适宜环境条件。 相似文献
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贵州烟仓害虫天敌种类及优势种的生物学特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对贵阳地区的烟仓害虫天敌种类进行了调查.结果表明,其天敌共有11种,隶属3纲、7目、10科;优势种天敌为麦蛾柔茧蜂、米象金小蜂.麦蛾柔茧蜂完成一代夏季为9～13d,秋季为13～18d,一年发生世代数可达10代以上;成虫寿命12～17d.将采集的烟草粉斑螟幼虫于室内饲养,麦蛾柔茧蜂的出蜂率为46.0%;在烟仓的墙壁、过道和烟包表层,麦蛾柔茧蜂对烟草粉斑螟的平均寄生率达61.0%.米象金小蜂完成一代需30～33d,发生世代数3代;成虫寿命为10～15d.在烟仓,该蜂对烟草甲幼虫和蛹的寄生率分别为24.53%～33.70%、42.59%～61.64%.米象金小蜂对寄主烟草甲的跟随现象明显. 相似文献
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新疆南部棉区麦蛾柔茧蜂对田间棉铃虫的防治效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2006年,在新疆阿克苏市进行了利用麦蛾柔茧蜂Habrobracon hebetor Say防治麦田第一代棉铃虫和棉田第二代棉铃虫的田间试验。结果显示,在麦田按500头/亩的量释放麦蛾柔茧蜂,可使麦田棉铃虫幼虫的虫口减退57．7%;化蛹量较对照减少0．56头/m~2。在棉田按700头/亩的量释放麦蛾茧蜂,对棉铃虫幼虫的麻痹率是50．73%,对棉铃虫的防效达65．96%。 相似文献
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麦蛾茧蜂是鳞翅目昆虫的一种外寄生蜂,是仓储鳞翅目害虫的重要寄生性天敌。为提高麦蛾茧蜂的扩繁效率,本文在室内条件下研究了其寄主烟草粉螟密度、麦蛾茧蜂密度和性比对其子代出蜂数(雌蜂数、雄蜂数和总蜂数)和雌雄性比的影响。结果表明,当烟草粉螟密度为5头/盒时,麦蛾茧蜂的子代出蜂雌蜂数、雄蜂数、总蜂数和雌雄性比最高,分别为(90.71±2.01)、(51.70±2.95)、(142.00±3.88)头和(1.79±0.11);当烟草粉螟密度为50头/盒而麦蛾茧蜂密度不同时,4对寄生蜂(蜂与害虫比为1∶12.5)的平均单雌出蜂数最高;此外,增加雌蜂数显著提高子代出蜂数,而增加雄蜂数并未显著影响这些指标。因此,本文推荐在麦蛾茧蜂的大量饲养中,按寄生蜂、害虫比为1∶5~1∶12.5、寄生蜂雌雄性比为1∶1的方式接蜂且可连续使用10 d,这将有利于麦蛾茧蜂的大量饲养。该研究结果可为麦蛾茧蜂的规模化繁育和应用提供技术参数。 相似文献
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麦蛾茧蜂对米蛾功能反应的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了麦蛾茧蜂对米蛾的功能反应.结果表明,在26 1℃,RH 60%～80%,光周期为L:D=14 h:10 h的条件下,麦蛾茧蜂对米蛾的功能反应符合 Holling 圆盘方程Ⅱ型,其模型为Na=1.078N/(1 0.109 1N).麦蛾茧蜂最大寄生量和最佳寻找密度分别为9.88头和4.75头.麦蛾茧蜂寻找效应随米蛾密度和蜂自身密度的增加而降低,其数学模型分别为:E=1.078/(1 0.109 1N)和E=0.295 P-0A012.相互干扰反应模型为:E=0.47 P-0592.以上模型为正确评价麦蛾茧蜂控制米蛾的作用提供了科学依据. 相似文献
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为了明确麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟的防控潜能，研究了在30℃和相对湿度75%条件下，以粉斑螟为自然寄主连续饲养的第1世代、第20世代、第40世代、第60世代、第80世代的麦蛾茧蜂对末龄粉斑螟幼虫的功能反应模型，评估了实仓空间中麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟幼虫的实际控制能力和持续防治潜能。结果表明，不同世代的麦蛾茧蜂对末龄粉斑螟幼虫的功能反应符合Holling II模型，对粉斑螟的麻痹能力存在显著差异。室内试验表明，随着寄主密度的增加，麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟的麻痹量逐渐增加，寄生率没有明显规律，搜寻效应逐渐降低。实仓空间试验表明，在长39.5 m、宽14.7 m、高2.7 m的空间中，设置1个释放点，麦蛾茧蜂能够在3 d内控制空间中的全部粉斑螟幼虫（720头）。研究结果证明，麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟的防控潜力大，在食品加工场所和仓储环境的绿色防控中具有良好的开发利用前景。 相似文献
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为评估在5℃条件下冷藏不同时间的寄主烟草粉螟Ephestia elutella对麦蛾茧蜂Habrobracon hebetor适合度的影响，利用年龄-龄期两性生命表评估麦蛾茧蜂在0、15、30和60 d不同冷藏时间烟草粉螟上的发育历期、存活率、繁殖力、种群参数、麻痹率参数、种群数量和麻痹潜能。结果表明，在冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟上，麦蛾茧蜂成虫前期较短，存活率、平均繁殖力和雌成虫比例均最高；内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率等种群参数均优于其他3个冷藏处理；净麻痹率、稳定麻痹率和周限麻痹率等麻痹率参数与其他冷藏处理间均无显著差异，但转化率（0.36）显著低于对照（0.39）和冷藏60 d处理（0.40）。预测结果显示在冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟上麦蛾茧蜂种群数量和麻痹潜能均最大，分别为3 587 837 818头和539 670 155头。表明麦蛾茧蜂能在冷藏60 d内的烟草粉螟上完成整个世代周期，而冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟最有利于麦蛾茧蜂的规模化繁殖，建议以冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟为寄主繁育麦蛾茧蜂。 相似文献
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L. Geagea L. Huber I. Sache 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1997,103(9):785-793
The passive spore removal from colonies due to mechanical stress was compared in the brown (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and yellow (P. striiformis) rusts of wheat. Mechanical stress was applied using either a miniaturized wind tunnel or a centrifuge. In wind-tunnel experiments, a wind of minimum velocity of 1.3 and 1.8 m s-1 for P. recondita f.sp. tritici and P. striiformis, respectively, applied for at least 10 seconds, was necessary to remove spores. The interaction between wind velocity and cumulated duration was significant for both rusts. At low wind velocity, a longer duration was required to remove the spores than at high wind velocity, and vice versa. In centrifugation experiments, the maximum spore removal occurred for angular velocities of 103 and 2 103 rotations min-1, for P. recondita f.sp. tritici and P. striiformis, respectively, applied for 5 min. Calculation of the aerodynamic and centrifugal forces showed that the forces necessary to remove spores are greater for P. striiformis than for P. recondita f.sp. tritici. This difference can be related to the size of the dispersal unit, which is larger in P. striiformis than in P. recondita f.sp. tritici due to spore clustering. These observations are consistent with the differences in the mean spore dispersal distance, which is usually smaller in P. striiformis than in P. recondita f.sp. tritici. 相似文献
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PSR(Puccinia Striiformis Repeat)序列的基因组特异性和指纹遗传稳定性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以PSR331S3(Puccinia striiformis repeat)为探针,对感染小麦条锈菌P. striiformis f. sp. tritici模式菌系的叶片和常用繁殖寄主健康叶片总DNA进行Southern分析,结果显示PSR331S3具有良好的指纹分辨力和基因组特异性。对系列单孢系的指纹分析表明,PSR位点在有丝分裂中是稳定遗传的,可以用于条锈菌的遗传分析。 相似文献
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麦蒲螨[Pyemotes tritici(LaGreze-Fossat et Montagne)]是黑沙蒿主要钻蛀性害虫沙蒿大粒象(Adosomus sp.)和沙蒿尖翅吉丁(Sphenopterasp.)的重要寄生性天敌。为明确麦蒲螨的寄主选择行为,本文分别研究了麦蒲螨对黑沙蒿4种钻蛀性害虫、同一寄主不同发育阶段、受害黑沙蒿根部以及害虫虫粪的选择行为。结果表明:麦蒲螨对4种害虫以及同种害虫不同龄期幼虫有明显的选择现象,其中,对沙蒿尖翅吉丁的趋向性相对最高,沙蒿蛀茎蛾次之,沙蒿大粒象相对较小;相对于寄主的初孵幼虫,麦蒲螨对其老熟幼虫和蛹的趋向性更为强烈;不同种类害虫幼虫对麦蒲螨的寄主定位起到重要作用,而不同种害虫的虫粪对麦蒲螨的寄主选择行为也有一定的作用。相比受害黑沙蒿而言,健康黑沙蒿对麦蒲螨有明显的驱避现象。研究结果为揭示麦蒲螨对黑沙蒿不同钻蛀性害虫的寄主偏好性,利用麦蒲螨进行黑沙蒿主要害虫的生物防治提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Silicon (Si) amendments in the form of exogenously supplied nutrient solution or calcium silicate slag protect wheat plants from powdery mildew disease caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. The most striking difference between Si- and Si+ plants challenged with B. graminis f. sp. tritici was the extent of epidermal cell infection and colonization by B. graminis f. sp. tritici. Histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed that epidermal cells of Si+ plants reacted to B. graminis f. sp. tritici attack with specific defense reactions including papilla formation, production of callose, and release of electron-dense osmiophilic material identified by cytochemical labeling as glycosilated phenolics. Phenolic material not only accumulated along the cell wall but also was associated with altered integrity of haustoria in a manner similar to localized phytoalexins as reported from other pathosystems. These results strongly suggest that Si mediates active localized cell defenses against B. graminis f. sp. tritici attack. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT To elucidate the specificity of prehaustorial resistance to inappropriate rust fungi, we studied two populations of recombinant inbred lines of barley that segregated for partial resistance (PR) to Puccinia hordei and for the resistance to the inappropriate rust species P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini. PR to P. hordei is prehaustorial and nonhypersensitive, and its level can be assessed accurately by measuring the latent period of the fungus. The resistance to the inappropriate rust species is a combination of prehaustorial (nonhypersensitive) and posthaustorial (hypersensitive) mechanisms. The amount of nonhypersensitive, early abortion of P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini sporelings reflects the degree of prehaustorial defense to the two inappropriate rust species. All lines showing a long latent period of P. hordei also had a relatively high level of early abortion of the growth of P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini. This indicates that genes for PR to P. hordei are also effective against these two inappropriate rust species. The reverse was not necessarily true; some lines showing a high level of early abortion of P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. hordei-murini had a low level of PR to P. hordei. Moreover, lines with a similar level of prehaustorial resistance to P. recondita f. sp. tritici could differ considerably in their prehaustorial resistance to P. hordei-murini. This indicates that genes for prehaustorial resistance may exhibit rust species specificity. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Most barley cultivars are resistant to stripe rust of wheat that is caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. The barley cv. Steptoe is susceptible to all identified races of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei (PSH), the barley stripe rust pathogen, but is resistant to most P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races. To determine inheritance of the Steptoe resistance to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, a cross was made between Steptoe and Russell, a barley cultivar susceptible to some P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races and all tested P. striiformis f. sp. hordei races. Seedlings of parents and F(1), BC(1), F(2), and F(3) progeny from the barley cross were tested with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races PST-41 and PST-45 under controlled greenhouse conditions. Genetic analyses of infection type data showed that Steptoe had one dominant gene and one recessive gene (provisionally designated as RpstS1 and rpstS2, respectively) for resistance to races PST-41 and PST-45. Genomic DNA was extracted from the parents and 150 F(2) plants that were tested for rust reaction and grown for seed of F(3) lines. The infection type data and polymorphic markers identified using the resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique were analyzed with the Mapmaker computer program to map the resistance genes. The dominant resistance gene in Steptoe for resistance to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races was mapped on barley chromosome 4H using a linked microsatellite marker, HVM68. A linkage group for the dominant gene was constructed with 12 RGAP markers and the microsatellite marker. The results show that resistance in barley to the wheat stripe rust pathogen is qualitatively inherited. These genes might provide useful resistance against wheat stripe rust when introgressed into wheat from barley. 相似文献
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The cytochrome b (cyt b) gene structure was characterized for different agronomically important plant pathogens, such as Puccinia recondita f sp tritici (Erikss) CO Johnston, P graminis f sp tritici Erikss and Hennings, P striiformis f sp tritici Erikss, P coronata f sp avenae P Syd & Syd, P hordei GH Otth, P recondita f sp secalis Roberge, P sorghi Schwein, P horiana Henn, Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers) Unger, Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd & P Syd, Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Broome, Alternaria solani Sorauer, A alternata (Fr) Keissl and Plasmopara viticola (Berk & Curt) Berlese & de Toni. The sequenced fragment included the two hot spot regions in which mutations conferring resistance to QoI fungicides may occur. The cyt b gene structure of these pathogens was compared with that of other species from public databases, including the strobilurin-producing fungus Mycena galopoda (Pers) P Kumm, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyer ex Hansen, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter and Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet. In all rust species, as well as in A solani, resistance to QoI fungicides caused by the mutation G143A has never been reported. A type I intron was observed directly after the codon for glycine at position 143 in these species. This intron was absent in pathogens such as A alternata, Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer, Pyricularia grisea Sacc, Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J Schr?t, M fijiensis, V inaequalis and P viticola, in which resistance to QoI fungicides has occurred and the glycine is replaced by alanine at position 143 in the resistant genotype. The present authors predict that a nucleotide substitution in codon 143 would prevent splicing of the intron, leading to a deficient cytochrome b, which is lethal. As a consequence, the evolution of resistance to QoI fungicides based on G143A is not likely to evolve in pathogens carrying an intron directly after this codon. 相似文献
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我国小麦条锈菌体细胞遗传重组的分子证据 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
小麦条锈病是影响我国小麦生产的重要病害之一,条锈菌毒性变异是引致小麦品种抗病性丧失的主要原因。本文应用SSR分子标记技术,研究了陇南越夏区小麦条锈菌群体遗传结构,以期寻找条锈菌群体遗传重组的分子证据。研究结果表明,陇南地区小麦条锈菌群体遗传多样性比较丰富而遗传分化较小,遗传变异主要存在于群体内部,而在群体之间,遗传多样性有显著的差异。在11对SSR引物中,有4对能够检测到陇南地区小麦条锈菌群体存在遗传重组,而且重组体出现的频率不同,CPS15揭示的条锈菌重组体出现的频率为20.0%,CPS34揭示的条锈菌重组体出现的频率为18.5%,RJ20揭示的条锈菌重组体出现的频率为12.8%,RJ18揭示的条锈菌重组体出现的频率为15.0%,陇南地区小麦条锈菌群体重组体出现频率平均为16.6%。本文揭示的遗传重组现象表明陇南地区条锈菌体细胞结合十分普遍,由此推测我国小麦条锈菌在自然条件下通过遗传重组而导致毒性变异的可能性。 相似文献