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1.
Meperidine has been shown to decrease lower esophageal sphincter tone in monkeys and people, to have little effect in cats, and to physically increase it in dogs. We hypothesized that administration of meperidine to dogs before anesthesia would decrease the probability of GER during the subsequent anesthetic. In this randomized, prospective clinical trial we aimed to determine the incidence of GER in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery and receiving either meperidine or morphine prior to anesthesia. Dogs were admitted to the study, if they were healthy, with no history of vomiting or dysphagia. Dogs were fasted overnight. Dogs were received either morphine (0.66 mg kg–1 IM) or meperidine (8.8 mg kg–1 IM) with acepromazine. Anesthesia in all dogs included thiopental and isoflurane in oxygen. To measure esophageal pH a sensor-tipped catheter was placed with the tip 5–7 cm cranial to the lower esophageal sphincter, and connected to a computer for continual data collection. Dogs were observed for vomiting after pre-medication, and the pH of any fluid running from the mouth or nose during anesthesia was measured. Gastro-esophageal reflux was defined as a decrease in esophageal pH below 4 or an increase above 7.5 for greater than 15 seconds. One-way anova was used to test significance of differences between groups in parametric variables. Fisher's Exact test was used to test significance of differences in incidence between groups. In dogs receiving meperidine the incidence of vomiting was 0, and of GER was 31% (4/13), compared to 60% (6/10) and 60% (6/10), respectively in dogs receiving morphine. In this preliminary study, the administration of pre-anesthetic meperidine was associated with a 29% reduction in the absolute risk of GER compared to morphine. 相似文献
2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of 2 doses of metoclopramide on the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in anesthetized dogs. ANIMALS: 52 healthy dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. PROCEDURE: In this prospective clinical study, dogs were evaluated before and during orthopedic surgery. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include administration of acepromazine, morphine, thiopental, and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly selected to receive an infusion of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, a low dose of metoclopramide, or a high dose of metoclopramide before and during anesthesia. Treatment groups were similar with respect to age, body weight, duration of food withholding before surgery, duration of surgery, and dose of thiopental administered. Dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency during surgery. A sensor-tipped catheter was inserted to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. We defined GER as a decrease in esophageal pH to < 4 or an increase to > 7.5 that lasted more than 30 seconds. RESULTS: The high dose of metoclopramide (bolus loading dose of 1.0 mg/kg, IV, followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 1.0 mg/kg/h) was associated with a 54% reduction in relative risk of developing GER. The low dose did not significantly affect the incidence of GER. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of metoclopramide by bolus and constant rate infusion at doses much higher than commonly used will reduce the incidence but not totally prevent GER in anesthetized dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. 相似文献
3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maintenance of anesthesia with halothane or sevoflurane is associated with a lower incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) than the use of isoflurane in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. ANIMALS: 90 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were evaluated during elective orthopedic surgery. Dogs with a history of vomiting or that had received any drugs that would alter gastrointestinal tract function were excluded from the study. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include administration of acepromazine maleate and morphine prior to induction of anesthesia with thiopental. Dogs were allocated to receive halothane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane to maintain anesthesia. A sensor-tipped catheter was placed to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. Gastroesophageal reflux was defined as an esophageal pH < 4 or > 7.5. RESULTS: 51 dogs had 1 or more episodes of acidic GER during anesthesia. Reflux was detected in 14 dogs receiving isoflurane, 19 dogs receiving halothane, and 18 dogs receiving sevoflurane. In dogs with GER, mean +/- SD time from probe placement to onset of GER was 36 +/- 65 minutes and esophageal pH remained < 4 for a mean of 64% of the measurement period. There was no significant association between GER and start of surgery or moving a dog on or off the surgery table. Dogs that developed GER soon after induction of anesthesia were more likely to regurgitate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Maintenance of anesthesia with any of the 3 commonly used inhalant agents is associated with a similar risk for development of GER in dogs. 相似文献
4.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of morphine administered prior to anesthesia on the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in dogs during the subsequent anesthetic episode. ANIMALS: 90 dogs (30 dogs/group). PROCEDURE: The randomized prospective clinical study included healthy dogs with no history of vomiting. Dogs were scheduled to undergo elective orthopedic surgery. Food was withheld for (mean+/-SD) 17.8+/-4.1 hours prior to induction of anesthesia. The anesthetic protocol included acepromazine maleate, thiopental, and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly selected to receive morphine at various dosages (0, 0.22, or 1.10 mg/kg, IM) concurrent with acepromazine administration prior to induction of anesthesia. A sensor-tipped catheter was used to measure esophageal pH, and GER was defined as a decrease in pH to < 4 or an increase to > 7.5. RESULTS: 40 dogs had acidic reflux, and 1 had biliary reflux. Proportions of dogs with GER were 8 of 30 (27%), 15 of 30 (50%), and 18 of 30 (60%) for morphine dosages of 0, 0.22, and 1.10 mg/kg, respectively. Mean duration of GER was 91.4+/-56.8 minutes. There was no significant association between GER and age, weight, vomiting after preanesthetic medication, administration of antimicrobials, or start of surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Most healthy dogs vomit after a large dose of morphine, but vomiting does not increase the likelihood of GER during the subsequent anesthetic episode. Administration of morphine prior to anesthesia substantially increases the incidence of GER during the subsequent anesthetic episode. 相似文献
5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of meperidine administered prior to anesthesia on the incidence of vomiting before, and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and regurgitation during, the subsequent period of anesthesia in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. ANIMALS: A total of 60 healthy dogs, 4.3 +/- 2.3 years old, and weighing 35.5 +/- 13.1 kg. METHODS: Dogs were admitted to the study if they were healthy, had no history of vomiting, and were scheduled to undergo elective orthopedic surgery. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include thiopental and isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly selected to receive one of the following pre-medications: morphine (0.66 mg kg(-1) IM) with acepromazine (0.044 mg kg(-1) IM), meperidine (8.8 mg kg(-1) IM) with acepromazine (0.044 mg kg(-1) IM) or meperidine alone (8.8 mg kg(-1) IM). A sensor-tipped catheter was placed to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. Gastro-esophageal reflux was judged to have occurred if there was a decrease in esophageal pH below four or an increase above 7.5. RESULTS: No dogs vomited after the administration of meperidine, but 50% of dogs vomited after the administration of morphine. When compared with morphine, treatment with meperidine alone or combined with acepromazine before anesthesia was associated with a 55% and 27% reduction in absolute risk of developing GER, respectively. Dogs receiving meperidine alone were significantly less sedate than other dogs in the study, and required more thiopental to induce anesthesia. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly different between groups at the start of the measurement period. Cutaneous erythema and swelling were evident in four dogs receiving meperidine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of meperidine to healthy dogs prior to anesthesia was not associated with vomiting and tended to reduce the occurrence of GER, but produced less sedation when compared with morphine. Meperidine is not a useful addition to the anesthetic protocol if prevention of GER is desired. 相似文献
6.
Zacuto AC Marks SL Osborn J Douthitt KL Hollingshead KL Hayashi K Kapatkin AS Pypendop BH Belafsky PC 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2012,26(3):518-525
Background
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is common in anesthetized dogs and can cause esophagitis, esophageal stricture, and aspiration pneumonia.Objective
To determine whether preanesthetic IV administration of esomeprazole alone or esomeprazole and cisapride increases esophageal pH and decreases the frequency of GER in anesthetized dogs using combined multichannel impedance and pH monitoring.Animals
Sixty‐one healthy dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery procedures.Methods
Prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Dogs were randomized to receive IV saline (0.9% NaCl), esomeprazole (1 mg/kg) alone, or a combination of esomeprazole (1 mg/kg) and cisapride (1 mg/kg) 12–18 hours and 1–1.5 hours before anesthetic induction. An esophageal pH/impedance probe was utilized to measure esophageal pH and detect GER.Results
Eight of 21 dogs in the placebo group (38.1%), 8 of 22 dogs in the esomeprazole group (36%), and 2 of 18 dogs in the combined esomeprazole and cisapride group (11%) had ≥1 episode of GER on impedance testing during anesthesia (P < .05). Esomeprazole was associated with a significant increase in gastric and esophageal pH (P = .001), but the drug did not significantly decrease the frequency of GER (P = .955). Concurrent administration of cisapride was associated with a significant decrease in the number of reflux events (RE) compared to the placebo and esomeprazole groups (P < .05).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Preanesthetic administration of cisapride and esomeprazole decreases the number of RE in anesthetized dogs, but administration of esomeprazole alone was associated with nonacid and weakly acidic reflux in all but 1 dog. 相似文献7.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of suction, lavage and instillation of sodium bicarbonate solution on esophageal pH during acidic gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) in anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, clinical trial. ANIMALS: Ten healthy dogs, 4.8 +/- 2.4 years old, and weighing 37.1 +/- 7.9 kg. METHODS: Dogs were admitted to the study if they were under general anesthesia and regurgitation occurred. A sensor-tipped catheter was used to measure esophageal pH. On study entry the esophagus was suctioned. After an interval of at least 5 minutes, if the esophageal pH was still less than 4 the esophagus was lavaged with tap water and again suctioned. In 6 dogs 20 mL of dilute bicarbonate solution was instilled into the esophageal lumen. RESULTS: Suctioning fluid from the esophagus did not change the pH significantly. Lavage with tap water caused the pH to increase above 4 in four dogs, with the average pH increasing from 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 3.5 +/- 4.9. In all dogs where dilute bicarbonate solution was instilled, esophageal pH increased to above 6 for up to 180 (mean +/- SD, 89 +/- 81) minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suctioning refluxate from the esophagus does not change the pH of the esophageal lumen. Instillation of a small volume of bicarbonate solution predictably increased the pH above 4 following an episode of acidic GER. Care must be taken that fluid is instilled into the lumen of the esophagus, and not into the trachea. 相似文献
8.
《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2023,50(4):333-340
ObjectiveTo determine if a 15° reverse Trendelenburg position decreases the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) compared with a horizontal position in dogs anesthetized for stifle surgery.Study designProspective, randomized parallel-arm study.AnimalsA total of 44 healthy client-owned dogs were enrolled and data from 36 dogs were analyzed.MethodsDogs requiring preoperative radiographs under anesthesia, or with a history of gastrointestinal signs or administered gastroprotectant therapy within 1 month of surgery were excluded. Anesthesia protocol was standardized to include hydromorphone, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, propofol and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly assigned at enrollment to be positioned in a 15° reverse Trendelenburg or a horizontal position for surgery. Continuous pH monitoring was documented throughout the procedure with a 6.4 Fr (2.13 mm) esophageal pH probe positioned in the distal esophagus via the oral cavity. GER was defined as pH < 4.0 (acidic) or > 7.5 (alkaline) for more than 30 seconds. The proportions of dogs developing GER were compared between groups using Fisher’s exact test. Time to reflux was compared using survival curves and the Gehan–Breslow–Wilcoxon test. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05.ResultsAn episode of GER occurred in 11/36 (30%) dogs. Reflux was alkaline in two dogs and acidic in nine dogs. The proportion of dogs with GER was 5/18 (28%) and 6/18 (33%) for dogs in the reverse Trendelenburg position and horizontal position, respectively, and was not statistically significant (p > 0.99). Median (range) time until reflux was 44 (23–135) and 44.5 (9–56) minutes when dogs were positioned in reverse Trendelenburg position and horizontal position, respectively (p = 0.66; two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test).Conclusions and clinical relevancePositioning the surgery table in a 15° rostral elevation for dogs anesthetized for elective stifle surgical procedures did not decrease the incidence of GER. 相似文献
9.
EH Hofmeister CB Mosunic BT Torres AG Ralph PA Moore MR Read 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(4):11-12
Ketamine has been implicated as causing increases in intraocular pressure. The purpose of this study is to document the effects of ketamine, diazepam, and their combination on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal, unpremedicated dogs. Random-source dogs were assigned to one of five groups of 10 dogs each: ketamine 5 mg kg–1 (KET5), ketamine 10 mg kg–1 (KET10), diazepam 0.5 mg kg–1 (VAL), ketamine 10 mg kg–1 with diazepam 0.5 mg kg–1 (KETVAL), saline 0.1 mL kg–1 (SAL), all given intravenously. A baseline IOP was measured before injection, immediately after injection, and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes following injection. IOP was increased over baseline immediately after injection in the KET5, KET10, and KETVAL groups; at 5, 10, and 15 minutes in the KET5 group; and at 20 minutes in the KETVAL group. The mean IOP change compared to SAL increased immediately after injection and at 5 minutes in the KET5, KET10, and KETVAL groups; at 10 and 15 minutes in the KET5 group, and at 20 minutes in the KETVAL group. The mean IOP increased up to 5.7, 3.2, and 3.1 mm Hg over mean baseline in the KET5, KET10, and KETVAL groups, respectively. All dogs in the KET5 group and the majority in the KETVAL and KET10 groups had an increase in their IOP over baseline. Ketamine caused a clinically and statistically significant elevation in IOP over baseline and compared to SAL. The concurrent addition of diazepam did not blunt this increase. Ketamine should be avoided in dogs with corneal trauma, glaucoma, or in those undergoing intraocular surgery. 相似文献
10.
Favarato ES Souza MV Costa PR Favarato LS Nehme RC Monteiro BS Bonfá LP 《Research in veterinary science》2012,93(1):466-467
This research aimed to evaluate the effect of metoclopramide and ranitidine in the prevention of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during anesthetic procedures. Ninety healthy female dogs were submitted to elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy, randomly divided into three groups of 30 animals. The control group received only the anesthetic protocol. The metoclopramide group received an intravenous bolus of 1mg/kg, and continuous infusion (1 mg/kg/h intravenously) immediately after anesthetic induction. The ranitidine group received an intravenous bolus of 2 mg/kg, 6 h before anesthesia. Anesthesia (acepromazine, propofol and isofluorane) was standardized and the esophageal pH variations were recorded. Esophagoscopy was carried out after surgery. No difference (p<0.05) was verified in the reflux episodes between the groups. Seven animals presented reflux. Metoclopramide in bolus and continuous infusion, as well as ranitidine, 6 h before anesthesia, did not influence the reduction of the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux. 相似文献
11.
Rebecca A Johnson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(4):406-410
ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of maropitant for prevention of vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in dogs following acepromazine-hydromorphone premedication and inhalation anesthesia.Study designRandomized, blinded, prospective clinical study.AnimalsTwenty-six dogs admitted for elective soft tissue or orthopedic procedures that were 3.1 ±3.1 years of age and weighed 20.5 ± 11.4 kg.MethodsDogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group M received maropitant (1.0 mg kg?1) and Group S received 0.9% saline (0.1 mL kg?1) intravenously 45–60 minutes before premedication with hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg?1) and acepromazine (0.03 mg kg?1) intramuscularly. An observer blinded to treatment documented any retching or vomiting for 20 minutes before induction with propofol (2–6 mg kg?1) and inhalation anesthesia. A pH probe inserted into the distal esophagus was used to detect GER.ResultsNone of the dogs in Group M retched or vomited (0/13), 6/13 (46%) in Group S were observed to retch or vomit, and the difference between groups was significant (p = 0.015). There were no differences between groups in the number of dogs with GER (Group M: 4/13, Group S: 6/13 dogs) or the number of reflux events. Esophageal pH at the end of anesthesia was significantly lower in both M and S groups in dogs with GER versus dogs without GER (p = 0.004 and 0.011, respectively). Only dogs with GER in Group S had significantly lower pH at the end compared to the beginning of anesthesia (p = 0.004).Conclusions and clinical relevanceIntravenous maropitant prevented retching and vomiting associated with acepromazine-hydromorphone premedication. Maropitant did not prevent the occurrence of GER. Fewer dogs in Group M developed GER but further study with a larger number of dogs is necessary to determine if there is a significant difference. 相似文献
12.
Eduardo Raposo Monteiro DVM PhD Adolfo Rodrigues Junior DVM Hemir Martins Quirilos Assis DVM Daniela Campagnol† DVM MSc & Juliany Gomes Quitzan DVM MSc 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(1):25-33
Objective To compare the effects of morphine (MOR), methadone (MET), butorphanol (BUT) and tramadol (TRA), in combination with acepromazine, on sedation, cardiorespiratory variables, body temperature and incidence of emesis in dogs.
Study design Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals Six adult mixed-breed male dogs weighing 12.0 ± 4.3 kg.
Methods Dogs received intravenous administration (IV) of acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1 ) and 15 minutes later, one of four opioids was randomly administered IV in a cross-over design, with at least 1-week intervals. Dogs then received MOR 0.5 mg kg−1 ; MET 0.5 mg kg−1 ; BUT 0.15 mg kg−1 ; or TRA 2.0 mg kg−1 . Indirect systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate ( f R ), rectal temperature, pedal withdrawal reflex and sedation were evaluated at regular intervals for 90 minutes.
Results Acepromazine administration decreased SAP, HR and temperature and produced mild sedation. All opioids further decreased temperature and MOR, BUT and TRA were associated with further decreases in HR. Tramadol decreased SAP whereas BUT decreased fR compared with values before opioid administration. Retching was observed in five of six dogs and vomiting occurred in one dog in MOR, but not in any dog in the remaining treatments. Sedation scores were greater in MET followed by MOR and BUT. Tramadol was associated with minor changes in sedation produced by acepromazine alone.
Conclusions and clinical relevance When used with acepromazine, MET appears to provide better sedation than MOR, BUT and TRA. If vomiting is to be avoided, MET, BUT and TRA may be better options than MOR. 相似文献
Study design Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals Six adult mixed-breed male dogs weighing 12.0 ± 4.3 kg.
Methods Dogs received intravenous administration (IV) of acepromazine (0.05 mg kg
Results Acepromazine administration decreased SAP, HR and temperature and produced mild sedation. All opioids further decreased temperature and MOR, BUT and TRA were associated with further decreases in HR. Tramadol decreased SAP whereas BUT decreased f
Conclusions and clinical relevance When used with acepromazine, MET appears to provide better sedation than MOR, BUT and TRA. If vomiting is to be avoided, MET, BUT and TRA may be better options than MOR. 相似文献
13.
TANYA DUKE BVetMed DVA Diplomate ACVA SHELLY L. STEINACHER AHT AUDREY M. REMEDIOS DVM MVetSc Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1996,25(1):77-82
Cardiopulmonary effects of laparoscopic surgery were investigated in five crossbred dogs (21 ± 1.9 kg). Premedicated dogs were anesthetized with thiopental and maintained with halothane at 1.5 times minimum alveolar concentration in oxygen. Controlled ventilation maintained partial pressure of end-tidal co2 at 40 ± 2 mm Hg. Vecuronium was used for skeletal muscle relaxation. After instrumentation and stabilization, baseline measurements were made of cardiac output (thermodilution technique), mean systemic, mean pulmonary arterial and pulmonary wedge pressures, heart rate, saphenous vein and central venous pressures, and minute ventilation. Baseline arterial and mixed venous blood samples were drawn for analysis of pH, Pao2 , Paco2 , Pvo2 , Pvco2 , and bicarbonate concentrations. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, oxygen delivery and consumption, shunt fraction, and dead space ventilation were calculated using standard formulas. Abdominal insufflation using co2 to a pressure of 15 mm Hg for 180 minutes resulted in significant ( P <.05) increases in heart rate (15 to 180 minutes), minute ventilation (75 to 135 minutes), and saphenous vein pressure (15 to 180 minutes), and decreases in pH (60 to 180 minutes) and Pao2 (60 to 180 minutes). For 30 minutes after desufflation, there was a significant decrease in Pao2 , and increases in cardiac output, o2 delivery, and heart rate, compared with baseline. There was a significant increase in shunt fraction and decrease in pH at 15 minutes after desufflation only. The changes were within physiologically acceptable limits in these healthy, ventilated dogs. 相似文献
14.
Caroline Benzimra Ilaria Cerasoli Delphine Rault Karine Chalvet-Monfray Eddy Cauvin Laurent Couturier Laure Gatel 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2020,21(6)
BackgroundGastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been reported to be a common finding in dogs under general anesthesia.ObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective study was to assess the esophageal and gastric contents in a population of dogs undergoing computed tomographic myelography (myelo-CT) examination and to evaluate the factors influencing the presence of esophageal fluid (gastric content, duration of anesthesia, body position, and intrinsic factors).MethodsEsophageal and gastric contents of 83 non-brachycephalic dogs were retrospectively assessed based on plain and myelo-CT scans. Age, weight, breed, sex, and the time between the 2 computed tomography [CT] scans were included.ResultsEsophageal fluid was present in 19% (16/83) of the animals, and 14% (12/83) and 46% (37/83), respectively, had fluid or food material in their stomachs. The frequency of observing esophageal fluid on myelo-CT scans was significantly increased compared with plain CT scans (p = 0.006). The presence of gastric fluid was significantly associated with an increased frequency of observing esophageal fluid compared to other gastric contents (p = 0.049; odds ratio, 3.1). The presence of esophageal fluid was not correlated with alimentary gastric contents (p = 0.17). Increased body weight and duration of anesthesia were significantly associated with an increased frequency of observing esophageal fluid (p = 0.022, p = 0.021).ConclusionsUnlike alimentary gastric contents, fluid gastric contents were correlated with the presence of esophageal fluid upon myelo-CT. The observation of fluid in the esophagus may be consistent with GER. This study provides data additional to pH monitoring studies of GER and may support previous studies recommending shorter pre-anesthetic fasting periods in dogs. 相似文献
15.
JW Schlipf Jr K Eaton P Fulkerson TW Riebold C Cebra 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(4):7-8
Ketamine is a rapid acting, potent, nonspecific, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly used for inducing general anesthesia and for providing post-operative pain management and may possibly lessen the need for other potentially harmful or contraindicated analgesics in camelids, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prior to determining the effectiveness of CRI ketamine for analgesia, a safe, sub-anesthetic dose was established that did not produce untoward side effects, sedation or alter normal behavior. Six healthy male alpacas (40–90 kg) were used for the trial and each acted as its own control. Each alpaca was randomly assigned to receive ketamine at 20 and 40 μg kg–1 minute–1 in 500 mL saline. A blinded observer recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature hourly, and behavior for 8 hours. There was a 72-hour washout period between each dosing regime. An equal volume saline CRI without ketamine was used as a control. Each alpaca was allowed a one-week washout prior to being anesthetized with isoflurane using mask induction. After achieving a stable plane of anesthesia, the MAC value for isoflurane was determined. Ketamine was infused at 40 μg kg–1 pre-existing pain is unknown, but for elective procedures, preemptive analgesia using ketamine CRI in alpacas may be beneficial. 相似文献
16.
Effects of intramuscular sedative and opioid combinations on tear production in dogs 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The effect of commonly used sedation protocols on tear production rate was evaluated in dogs. Schirmer I tear tests were examined before and after intramuscular injection of acepromazine and oxymorphone (ACE + OXY; n = 7), diazepam and butorphanol (DIA + BUT; n = 8), and xylazine and butorphanol (XYL + BUT; n = 8). Two Schirmer I tear tests were also performed 15–25 min apart in dogs which received no sedative drugs (control; n = 4). Tear production rate decreased to 15 ± 2, 17 ± 1, and 6 ± 1 mm min−1 , respectively, while control animals averaged 21 ± 2 mm min−1 at the same time point. Because XYL + BUT profoundly decreased tear production rate, we evaluated the two drugs separately. While BUT mildly decreased tear production when given alone to dogs (18 ± 1 mm min−1 ; n = 5), xylazine had no effect on tear production. Thus it appears that the two agents act synergistically to decrease tear production rate in dogs. Moreover, sterile ocular lubricant or tear replacement should be used during XYL + BUT sedation. 相似文献
17.
PW Hellyer L Bai J Supon C Quail AE Wagner KR Mama KR Magnusson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):111-111
Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has been shown to provide analgesia in some species. To target the NMDA receptor specifically and to potentially minimize some untoward side-effects, ketamine had been used epidurally. The objective of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of epidurally administered ketamine in dogs with chemically induced synovitis.
Sixteen healthy dogs were used. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Synovitis was induced by injecting 1 mL of sodium urate crystal solution (10 mg mL−1 ) into the right stifle. Dogs were allowed to recover and the synovitis was allowed to develop for 12 hours. The dogs were then anesthetized again using propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Lumbosacral epidural injections were performed with each dog receiving either 2 mg kg−1 of ketamine (20 mg mL−1 ) or an equal volume of placebo (sterile water containing not more than 0.1 mg mL−1 benzethonium chloride). Analgesia was assessed at baseline and then at 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 hours after induction of synovitis. Ground reaction forces (peak vertical force and impulse area) and overall pain were measured using a force platform and a pain scoring system (numerical rating scale).
Analysis of the data by Repeated Measures anova showed that the dogs developed a significant lameness between the baseline and 12 hours. However, no significant difference in ground reaction forces or total pain score was demonstrated between the treatment and control groups at any other time.
In conclusion, ketamine administered epidurally at a dose of 2 mg kg−1 did not provide significant analgesia in dogs with chemically induced synovitis. 相似文献
Sixteen healthy dogs were used. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (4 mg kg
Analysis of the data by Repeated Measures anova showed that the dogs developed a significant lameness between the baseline and 12 hours. However, no significant difference in ground reaction forces or total pain score was demonstrated between the treatment and control groups at any other time.
In conclusion, ketamine administered epidurally at a dose of 2 mg kg
18.
Favarato ES de Souza MV Costa PR Pompermayer LG Favarato LS Ribeiro Júnior JI 《Veterinary research communications》2011,35(5):271-282
This research aimed to determine the value of esophageal pH in awake and anesthetized dogs, to evaluate the esophageal pH
value in awake dogs, in different body positions, as well as to study the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes in
these positions. Thus, 40 healthy male and female adult dogs with mean body weight of 15.5 ± 4.6 kg were used. Esophageal
pHmetry was conducted by inserting a catheter through the oropharynx in 30 dogs (stage 1) anesthetized with acepromazine,
propofol and isoflurane, submitted to elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. In addition, 8-h esophageal pHmetry was carried
out transnasally in 10 awake dogs (stage 2), allowed to move and change body positions (lateral and sternal decubitus, and
standing position), which were recorded. The mean esophageal pH value was lower (p < 0.01) in the anesthetized dogs (7.3 ± 0.82) than in the awake dogs (8.2 ± 0.3). Only four anesthetized dogs (13.33%) suffered
reflux episodes. Reflux was not observed in the awake dogs and no esophageal pH differences were found between the body positions
studied. Compared to the alert state, general anesthesia in dogs submitted to the previously mentioned anesthesia protocol
causes esophageal pH reduction and predisposes to the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes. Transnasal pHmetry of
8 h in healthy awake dogs reveals that the esophageal pH value is alkaline and does not vary according to body position. In
these animals, decubitus position is not a determining factor for reflux episodes to occur. 相似文献
19.
JOHN D. JACOBSON DVM MS Diplomate ACVA CHARLES J. McGRATH DVM Diplomate ACVA ERIC P. SMITH PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1994,23(4):299-306
The cardiorespiratory effects of four opioid-tranquilizer combinations were evaluated in six dogs. The four combinations were administered to each dog in a randomized order. Buprenorphine (BUP; 0.01 mg/kg IV) or oxymorphone (OXY; 0.1 mg/kg IV) was followed in 10.4 ± 1.3 minutes by midazolam (MID; 0.3 mg/kg IV) or acepromazine (ACE; 0.05 mg/kg IV). Nalbuphine (0.16 mg/kg IV) was administered 94.1 ± 2.3 minutes after the tranquilizer was given. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased significantly ( P < .05) after each combination. MAP was significantly lower with combinations using ACE. Most dogs panted after opioid administration; this was associated with increased minute volume (VM ) and decreased tidal volume (VT ). After administration of the tranquilizer, mean breathing rate and VM index (VM I) were significantly lower with ACE combinations. There were no significant changes in pH and blood gas variables after BUP-ACE. The other three combinations were associated with significant ( P < .05) decreases in pH and increases in Paco2 . Mean Pao2 decreased significantly ( P < .05) with OXY combinations but not BUP combinations. Dysrhythmias (atrial or ventricular escape complexes) were seen with each combination. HR increased significantly ( P < .05) after nalbuphine in dogs receiving OXY, but not BUP. Dogs receiving OXY became more alert after nalbuphine on six of 12 occasions, whereas dogs receiving BUP became less alert on six of 12 occasions. OXY-ACE provided the most chemical restraint/sedation and BUP-MID provided the least. 相似文献
20.
The effects of metaraminol bitartrate on intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied in dogs anesthetized with halothane. Forty-five healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs, of both sexes, were divided into three groups of 15 dogs each (GI, GII and GIII) and maintained under general anesthesia with halothane after tranquilization with levomepromazine and induction with thiopental. Saline (0.9%) was administered intravenously (IV) to GI through continuous infusion, at a velocity of 0.125 mL kg−1 min−1 . GII and GIII received metaraminol 0.004% IV, at a dose of 5 μg kg−1 min−1 , at 0.125 mL kg−1 min−1 and at a dose of 2 μg kg−1 min−1 , at 0.06 mL kg−1 min−1 , respectively. IOP was measured by applanation tonometry (Tono-Pen) before and during anesthesia. Results showed that IOP decreased in GI, increased in GII, and remained at basal levels in GIII. Continuous infusion of metaraminol at 2 μg kg min−1 maintained IOP at pretest levels, while infusion at 5 μg kg−1 min−1 produced an elevation of IOP. 相似文献