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1.
基于对乌兰布和沙漠刘拐沙头黄河沿岸相近株距(10~15 cm)、不同行距(1 m,2 m)、不同留茬高度(10cm,30 cm)巨菌草的防风阻沙试验的观测数据分析。结果表明:(1)巨菌草留茬沙障的防风固沙效益与沙障的高度和行距有直接关系,高度一定,行数越多,带距越小,防护效果越好,但所需材料增加。(2)巨菌草留茬沙障内输沙量主要集中在地表15 cm以下,近地表0~5 cm处沙障对风沙流的阻碍能力较强。沙障行距为1 m、2 m时,高10 cm的沙障分别经9带、12带后风速降至起沙风速以下;高30 cm的沙障对风的阻碍能力增强,分别经7带、9带后地表无流沙运动。(3)沙障的设置应在保证高效的前提下降低成本。行距2 m、高30 cm的巨菌草留茬沙障,气流经过9个条带(18 m宽)后,风速可降至起沙风速以下,此设置模式宜在干旱地区推广。 相似文献
2.
方格沙障的布设参数直接影响防风效应的复变作用,定量表达其复变规律,对于沙障配置模式的确定具有重要意义。在乌兰布和沙漠机械整平的风沙观测场,铺设9种不同高度、规格的尼龙网方格沙障,观测其在不同风速背景下的风速流场特征,揭示方格沙障防风效应的复变规律。结果表明:尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复合变化受不同指示风速下,沙障高度与规格共同的影响。沙障内部0. 1 m高度的风速随防护宽度的增加呈对数函数递减,指示风速增大1 m·s~(-1),风速衰减率增加0. 07倍;沙障高度增大0. 1 m,风速衰减率增加0. 20倍;方格边长增大1 m,风速衰减率减小0. 07倍。观测的9种规格方格沙障,30 cm高度1 m×1 m规格沙障复变作用最强,15 cm高度2 m×2 m规格沙障复变作用最弱。该结果可为确定沙障合理防护宽度、节约沙障铺设成本、优化沙障布设技术提供基础数据和理论支撑。 相似文献
3.
植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
植被沙障在一些地区已成为沙害防治的有效手段,其应用也越来越广泛,但对其治沙机理尚不很清楚.在盖度为10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,60%情况下,对植被沙障的防风固沙效益进行了风洞试验.实验风速设置为6,8,11 m/s,测定不同植被盖度的风速廓线特征、风沙流结构特征及其防沙效果.实验结果表明:①积沙总量随盖度增加而逐渐降低,风沙流中的砂粒分布在一定的高度范围内,但分布的高度随盖度的增加呈下降趋势;②植株的茂密程度对风沙流的结构有明显影响,盖度越高,积沙量越集中在下部;③盖度并不是导致积沙量为零的唯一指标,风蚀是否发生,还与植被的疏透度、防护林的高度等有关. 相似文献
4.
为了阐明光伏板的防风固沙功能,在风沙环境风洞内模拟研究与主风向呈2种角度(β=45°、β=90°)的单排光伏板在4种不同风速条件(5m/s,8m/s,12m/s,16m/s)下的风速流场和防风效能,并采用在光伏板底部覆沙的方法研究其风蚀积量的变化过程和固沙功能.结果表明:1)两种角度的单排光伏板对来流风速均具有分流减速... 相似文献
5.
以黄土作为风蚀床面材料,通过风洞实验来揭示冲击角度对风沙流侵蚀能力的影响.在净风条件下,无论风速多大,不会产生风蚀;蠕移砂粒对床面的摩擦侵蚀量也很少,在0.27～1.33 g/(min*m2);跃移砂粒对床面的冲击侵蚀率较大,侵蚀量随风速呈指数增加.冲击角度对风蚀率的影响很大,在风速为10 m/s时,倾角30°样品的风蚀率是0°时的2.66倍,在风速为15 m/s时,倾角30°样品的风蚀率是0°时的6.6倍,风速越大,相差倍数越大.在风速大于12 m/s时,风蚀率随样品放置角度(床面的坡度)的增大而增大,尤其是0°～20°时,风蚀率随角度增加的速率很快.在低风速条件下(＜12 m/s),存在一个最大侵蚀角度,这个角度在30°左右. 相似文献
6.
PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取风季和雨季两个典型时期,对铺设不同规格PLA沙障沙丘迎风坡不同坡位0-60cm土层的土壤含水量进行测定,并以裸沙丘为对照,探究PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响.结果表明:1m×1m和2m × 2m沙障在不同时期对沙丘迎风坡整体和坡位间土壤水分影响明显,而菱形沙障作用效果差;1m×1m、2m×2m沙障使风季形成迎风坡浅层(5-20cm)土壤含水量低于裸沙丘的水分特征,雨季形成迎风坡表层(0-10cm)土壤含水量优于裸沙丘的水分特征,从而影响了植物的入侵与定居方式;不同时期1m×1m和2m×2m沙障对迎风坡中部和下部土壤水分的影响均较上部明显,迎风坡中部和下部应为重点关注区域,而在上部应采取相伴措施弥补不足. 相似文献
7.
《干旱区研究》2021,38(3):875-881
以库布齐沙漠兴巴高速南铺设3 a的3种(PLA沙障、沙柳沙障、HDPE沙障)同种规格不同材料沙障为研究对象,通过采集沙障内表层0～2 cm沉积物样品,利用激光粒度仪测定样品机械组成,分析了平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度、峰态和分形维数等参数。结果表明:(1)以中、细砂为主,其含量约为77.83%～98.00%,黏粒和粉粒的含量均不超过5%;沙丘迎风坡坡底PLA和HDPE沙障内表现为轻度风蚀,颗粒粒径偏粗;沙柳沙障自坡底到坡顶,障格内粒径逐渐增大,在坡顶处发生蚀积转换。(2)整体上沙障内沉积物分选性较差,偏度向正偏或负偏发展,峰态向尖窄发展,分形维数在1.94～2.20,优势粒级向细砂转变。(3)不同类型沙障对沉积物的影响具有一定差异性,HDPE沙障和PLA沙障内沉积颗粒分布更为广泛,而沙柳沙障则相对集中,且都趋于细化;对土壤颗粒组成优化表现为HDPE沙障沙柳沙障PLA沙障。 相似文献
8.
新疆和田河流域单株柽柳灌丛流场的实验研究 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
柽柳是新疆和田河流域广泛分布的一种灌木,是影响柽柳灌丛沙堆发育的主要因素之一.依据风沙运动实验相似理论,以新疆和田河流域的柽柳灌丛为原型,用塑料制作成高(h)10 cm、冠幅10 cm×10 cm单株柽柳灌丛实验模型,在风洞中选用6,8,10,12 m/s和14 m/s5组不同风速,分别对单株柽柳灌丛模型作纯气流流场的模拟实验和在风沙流作用条件下单株柽柳灌丛周围沙粒蚀积特征的观测.模拟实验表明:在不同动力条件作用下,单株柽柳灌丛迎风侧的"足部"为一明显的气流减速区,但沙粒的蚀积特征表现为风蚀;在单株柽柳灌丛的上方一倍植株高度的范围内为气流加速区;在单株柽柳灌丛的背风侧顺风向为弱涡流区,表现为积沙、气流恢复区、风蚀;而在单株柽柳灌丛的两侧为气流的加速区,表现为强烈的风蚀;随着实验风速的增加,单株柽柳灌丛后涡流区内,积沙形成的沙条长短轴的长度经历了一个先减小后增大的变化过程;柽柳灌丛引发的风沙流流场结构的变化,干扰了风沙流的运行,对于维持柽柳灌丛沙堆的形态,促进柽柳灌丛沙堆的增长具有重要的作用. 相似文献
9.
库布齐沙漠机械防沙措施的防护效益 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在库布齐沙漠风沙防治试验场,开展了机械防沙措施的防护效益观测。结果表明:防风效益、阻沙效益和表土含水率等随沙障材料、规模和结构发生变化。1 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)网沙障风速降低比(K值)分别为58.5%和55.7%,均高于同规格的沙柳沙障的18.3%,说明同一规格下植物纤维网防风效果要优于其他材料;2 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和1 m×1 m HDPE沙障的K值均小于相同材料8 m×8 m沙障的K值,说明小规格低立式沙障防风效应,低于相同材料较大规格高立式沙障;3月积沙量数据分析表明,阻沙栅栏能有效减小积沙量,而固沙沙障内积沙量受风向和局部地形影响较大;4不同材料与不同规格沙障内的表土含水率均高于对照区裸沙地,说明防沙措施对保持土壤水分也起到了一定作用。 相似文献
10.
灌木林优化配置格局对土壤风蚀的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
低覆盖度时,灌木林的水平配置格局成为制约土壤风蚀的重要因素。以宁夏盐池县风沙区人工灌木林基地为试验区,研究了不同下垫面类型和不同配置格局的灌木沙障对风速、近地表输沙率和地表粗糙度的影响。结果表明:灌木林的防治土壤风蚀能力与灌木林的种类、高度和配置格局有直接关系:行带式配置能显著提高灌木林的防风效果,其中以沙柳林效果最佳;三行一带、平均高1.5m、行距1.5m、插深0.5m配置规格的沙柳沙障对地表土壤风蚀的控制效果最好,但防护范围限15倍带高以内;在行数一定的情况下,沙障高度越低,控制土壤风蚀能力越强。 相似文献
11.
本文重点探讨了不同配置的防风固沙林,对沙地土壤水分、养分、机械组成的影响,进一步阐述了不同配置类型的防风固沙林在沙地理化性质上的作用。在实验区设了6个观测点,采集了大量数据,应用了方差分析和多重范围检测法。我们初浅的认为,在植物生长季节,特别是夏季,应对人工灌木地段及时补水。在乌兰布和沙漠东端配置沙障造林时,应以1×2m,2×1.5m沙障规格为主。 相似文献
12.
13.
Spatial distribution of dust deposition during dust storms in Cele Oasis,on the southern margin of the Tarim Basin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lishuai Xu Xiao Ren Lin Sun Yongchong Lin Dejun Wan 《Arid Land Research and Management》2016,30(1):25-36
The Cele Oasis, located in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin and in the northern foot plain of the Kunlun Mountains, has suffered serious dust storm disasters. To identify the spatial distribution of dust deposition in the oasis, dust samples were collected at eight sites using passive dry samplers, and dust deposition rates and particle sizes were measured. Results indicated that with wind blowing in a single direction, dust deposition rates increased windward from the outside of the oasis to the margin, and decreased gradually leeward; with wind blowing in a single directions, the windward margins had higher deposition rates than the other regions. Fine particles of <70 µm were deposited preferentially inside the oasis, where the mean grain size is larger than outside the oasis. The oasis protection system at the margin had a mechanical obstruction effect extending about 2 km from the oasis edge to its exterior, enhancing dust deposition through reducing wind speed. The wind speed recovery, due to the decrease in roughness on the leeward side of the oasis, suppressed deposition of fine particles, resulting in minimum deposition rates and larger mean grain sizes on that side. Although a small amount of harmful dust (such as PM2.5 and PM10) was deposited during the dust storms, these particles are thought remain in the environment for long periods and prove harmful to human health. 相似文献
14.
Sand flux estimation during a sand-dust storm at Tazhong area of Taklimakan Desert, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ali Mamtimin 《干旱区科学》2011,3(3):199-205
In this paper, the sand transport during a sand-dust storm in the Tazhong area of the central Taklimakan Desert from 11:29 to 23:56 on July 19, 2008 was observed and measured in real time. The sand flux at Tazhong was estimated using sand transport empirical formulas. The critical friction velocity at Tazhong was 0.24 m/s and the functional relation between the wind speed and sediment discharge at the height of 2 m was established. It was also found that the calculated values by Lettau's sediment discharge formula were close to those of the instrument measurements. The horizontal sand flux and the vertical sand flux during this sand-dust storm at Tazhong were respectively 258.67×10-4 kg/(m·s) and 40.07×10-7 kg/(m2·s). 相似文献
15.
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate spray drift from a conventional field sprayer as influenced by meteorological and technical factors, and to provide spray operators with data on which to base sound judgements when applying pesticides. The study was conducted in grazing fields and cereal crops. RESULTS: Interpreting the results from 15 field trials under varying meteorological conditions using different boom heights and driving speeds indicates that, during normal spraying conditions, the most decisive factors influencing the total spray drift (TSD) will be boom height and wind speed, followed by air temperature, driving speed and vapour pressure deficit. One important finding was that TSD (within the encompassed range of meteorological conditions and a boom height of 0.4 m) could be expressed as a simple function of the fraction of droplets ≤ 100 µm. In cereal crops: TSD = 0.36 + 0.11× [fr. (d ≤ 100 µm)] and in grazing fields, TSD = 1.02 + 0.10× [fr. (d ≤ 100 µm)]. In most cases a fraction of the airborne drift passed over the 6 m sampling mast located 5 m downwind of the spray swath. CONCLUSIONS: Under specified conditions, the present results indicate a simple relation between the total spray drift and volume fractions of droplets ≤ 100 µm. Given the nozzle type, it was concluded that the most decisive factors determining TSD are wind speed and boom height. Evaluating the relative importance of the meteorological and technical factors contributes to increasing knowledge in this field of research. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
16.
风沙入库给干旱、半干旱地区的水库带来了严重的填淤危害。本文通过对内蒙古乌审旗南部巴图湾水库岸边流动沙丘不同部位风速与风沙流的同步观测,计算出库岸流动沙丘表面的平均输沙率。利用巴图湾水库1986~2005年9月份的5期TM遥感影像统计出水库两岸受不同风向影响的流动沙丘断面的平均长度,结合巴图湾水库附近乌审旗河南乡气象站1985~2004年的气象资料,统计出不同风向大于起沙风的风速年均持续时间,初步计算出巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量。结果表明:(1)巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量为3.65万t,其中西岸风沙入库量为3.55万t,东岸为0.10万t。西岸风沙危害最为严重,是治沙工作的重点。(2)巴图湾水库的风沙入库具有明显的时间性和方向性。受季风气候的影响,风沙入库的方向会随着风向的变化而改变。东南风与西北风是造成东西两岸风沙入库的主要风向。西北风对风沙入库量的贡献最大。(3)在大于起沙风的风速中,5~12 m/s风速段是风沙入库的主要风速。当风速中7 m/s以上的风速持续时间有一个较小的增加时,入库风沙量将会有一个巨大的增加。(4)库岸半固定沙丘的风沙入库,降尘和风水复合侵蚀引起的库岸坍塌也是入库风沙量的重要组成部分。因此,巴图湾水库的实际年入库风沙量应该大于3.65万t。 相似文献
17.
Hassink J Platz K Stadler R Zangmeister W Fent G Möndel M Kubiak R 《Pest management science》2007,63(2):171-179
The potential for short-range transport via air, i.e. volatilisation from the area of application and subsequent deposition on adjacent non-target areas, was investigated for the fungicide fenpropimorph in a wind tunnel system and under outdoor conditions in a higher-tier field study. Fenpropimorph 750 g L(-1) EC was applied post-emergence to cereal along with a reference standard lindane EC. Stainless steel containers of water were placed at different distances downwind of the application area to trap volatile residues during a study period of 24 h following application. Meteorological conditions in the wind tunnel as well as on the field were constantly monitored during the study period. The wind tunnel system was a partly standardised system on a semi-field scale, i.e. wind direction and wind speed (2 m s(-1)) were constant, but temperature and humidity varied according to the conditions outside. In the field experiment, the average wind speed over the 24 h study period was 3 m s(-1) and no rainfall occurred. Three different measuring lines were installed on the non-target area beside the treated field to cover potential variations in the wind direction. However, no significant differences were observed since the wind direction was generally constant. Fenpropimorph was detected in minor amounts of 0.01-0.05% of the applied material in the wind tunnel experiment. Even at a distance of 1 m beside the treated field, no significant deposition occurred (0.04% of applied material after 24 h). In the field, less than 0.1% of the applied fenpropimorph was detected at 0 m directly beside the treated field. At 5 m distance the deposition values were below 0.04%, and at 20 m distance about 0.01%. In general, the amounts of deposited fenpropimorph detected in the partly standardised wind tunnel system and the higher-tier field study were in good agreement. 相似文献
18.
通过对锡林郭勒典型草原区平坦草地积雪全覆盖状况下风雪流野外观测,分析了近地表100 cm高度内的风雪流结构。结果表明:风雪流结构表现为移雪强度随距离雪面高度增加而急剧减弱。风雪流活动范围随着2 m处风速增强而逐步增大。风雪流结构函数在低风速条件下(4~7 m·s~(-1))符合对数函数关系衰减,高风速条件下(8 m·s~(-1))呈幂函数关系衰减;风雪流搬运高度主要集中在近地表20 cm范围内,该高度内移雪量达到总移雪量的80%以上;近地表100 cm高度范围内的平均移雪强度与2 m处风速符合极显著的幂函数关系,关系式为Q=3.378 6×10~(-7)·V~(5.5390)(P0.001,R~2=0.972 9)。近地表风速的增加,会导致风雪流搬运能力的急剧增强。相关结论可为典型草原区风雪流防治提供理论依据。 相似文献