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氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收利用及产量和品质的影响 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：19
在低钾和中钾土壤上,采用田间试验研究了氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮钾肥配合施用促进了弱筋小麦植株氮、钾含量的提高,氮、钾养分吸收表现出一定的正交互作用;合理配施氮钾肥能够显著地提高弱筋小麦产量。在低钾土壤上,N180K150处理产量最高(5023.kg/hm2);中钾土壤上,最高产量(5145.kg/hm2)为N180K90处理。两种土壤上,氮肥的产量效应均大于钾肥。低钾土壤上,氮钾对小麦产量表现出极显著的正交互作用。提高氮肥用量显著降低了弱筋小麦的专用品质,钾肥对小麦品质的独立效应不显著,但是钾对氮的品质效应存在着交互作用。弱筋小麦抽穗期或灌浆期植株氮、钾含量与子粒品质的相关系数较大,与产量的相关系数则是以拔节期或抽穗期较大。适当减少氮肥用量和增加氮、钾肥基施比例有利于改善弱筋小麦的品质。 相似文献
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硅、磷配施对玉米氮钾养分吸收利用的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
《土壤通报》2015,(6):1489-1496
以耐低磷品种(正红2号)和低磷敏感品种(正红115)为材料,研究低磷土壤条件下,不同硅、磷肥料组合对玉米氮、钾吸收、利用及产量的影响。结果表明:耐低磷品种和低磷敏感品种成熟期植株氮和钾积累总量无显著差异,耐低磷品种籽粒氮积累总量、籽粒中氮分配比例和经济产量均显著高于低磷敏感品种,而耐低磷品种籽粒中钾积累量和籽粒中钾分配比例均明显低于低磷敏感品种。两个品种磷肥、硅肥以及硅、磷肥配施处理成熟期植株氮和钾积累总量、籽粒中氮和钾积累总量及经济产量均显著增加,表现出一定的硅、磷促氮钾的效应,而且还表现出一定硅磷协同作用;硅、磷配施处理灌浆结实期叶片氮转运量会降低,灌浆结实期茎叶钾素转运量会增加;耐低磷品种硅、磷配施处理籽粒中氮素分配比例增加不显著,籽粒中钾素分配比例显著增加,而低磷敏感品种硅、磷配施处理籽粒中氮素分配比例明显增加,籽粒中钾素分配比例增加不显著。综上所述,选择耐低磷品种并进行硅、磷肥配施能显著增加玉米生育前期对氮、钾养分的积累量,优化生育后期氮、钾的转运和分配比例,最终提高氮、钾利用效率及玉米产量。 相似文献
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生土条件下冬小麦对氮、磷、钾的原始响应 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：11
配方施肥是提高作物肥料利用率和产量品质的重要措施。但氮、磷、钾营养元素之间的相互关系仍然存在一些不确定性,不同土壤肥力及不同的研究方法是造成这一结果的原因。本研究采用肥力极低的生土为基质,探讨了氮、磷、钾、有机肥及不同组合、配比对冬小麦产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明,只有磷素存在才能使小麦正常生长发育,单施氮、钾以及氮钾配施都不能保证小麦生长的基础代谢,不能形成正常产量。磷对氮的效应远大于氮对磷的效应。在土壤营养极度匮乏的非耕作土壤条件下,磷素是产量与品质形成的第一限制因素,可能作为土壤肥力形成的原始起动因素。 相似文献
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水分胁迫对冬小麦不同抗旱性品种养分吸收分配和产量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以不同抗旱性冬小麦品种为材料,研究全生育期控水对氮,磷,钾吸收分配和产量的影响。结果表明：水分胁迫影响小麦植株对氮磷钾的吸收,加速开花后营养器官中的氮磷养分卫粒中转移,严重水分胁迫对植株吸收磷钾的影响大于氮素。不同抗旱性品种获得产量的适宜土壤水分含量和氮磷钾养分吸收量不同。 相似文献
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不同抗性小麦品种与蚕豆间作对小麦根际速效养分含量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过田间试验研究了3个对白粉病抗性不同的小麦品种93-124(低抗)、云麦-47(高抗)和云麦-42(中抗)分别与蚕豆间作对小麦不同生育期根际速效氮、磷、钾养分的影响差异。结果表明,在单作条件下,不同抗性小麦品种间根际速效氮含量和根际速效钾含量在各生育期均无显著差异,根际有效磷含量在分蘖、拔节、抽穗期无显著差异,灌浆期93-124根际有效磷含量显著高于云麦-42。小麦蚕豆间作显著提高了分蘖、拔节和抽穗期小麦根际土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量,降低了成熟期根际速效氮、有效磷含量。在分蘖至抽穗期,与单作相比,93-124、云麦-47和云麦-42的根际碱解氮含量分别提高了23.16%~46.90%、23.74%~31.78%和11.23%~22.44%间作93-124的根际有效磷含量提高了35.26%~59.63%;间作云麦-47根际速效钾提高了10.87%~57.59%。间作提高根际速效氮、磷养分的效应以93-124最高,间作提高根际速效钾的效应以云麦-47最高。小麦蚕豆间作具有显著的产量优势,93-124、云麦-47和云麦-42的LER(土地当量比)分别为1.01,1.20和1.14。 相似文献
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为了阐明小麦苗期耐低氮、低磷胁迫的生物学响应特征,以矮抗58品种为试验材料,采用水培试验法研究了小麦在不同营养环境中(全营养、低氮胁迫、低磷胁迫)的地上部生物学特性(地上部干重、株高、叶面积)、根系形态学特性(最大根长、总根数、根系总长度、根系干重和根冠比)和根系生理特性(根系活力、根系吸收面积),以及小麦苗期氮、磷素吸收与根系形态之间的关系。结果表明,在低氮和低磷胁迫下,小麦的株高、叶面积、茎叶干重、含氮量、根系干重、总根长、总根数及根冠比均明显降低,其中低磷胁迫下根系干重、总根长及根冠比的下降幅度大于低氮胁迫,低氮下最大根长的增加幅度较低磷增加7.3%;在低磷条件下小麦的含氮量下降了57.7%。低氮、低磷胁迫下小麦根系的总吸收面积、活性吸收面积及根系活力均明显降低;正常条件下的小麦氮、磷素吸收量与根系形态指标之间相关性较差,在低氮和低磷条件下小麦的氮、磷吸收量与根系干重、总根长、总吸收面积、活性吸收面积及根系活力呈极显著正相关。总之,该小麦品种根系对低磷环境反应较为敏感,而对低氮胁迫具有较好的适应性,小麦通过改变根系形态增加对低氮、磷胁迫的适应。 相似文献
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施锌对小麦开花后氮、磷、钾、锌积累和运转的影响 总被引：25，自引：7，他引：25
为明确大田条件下施锌对小麦地上部器官氮、磷、钾、锌的积累量和转移量的影响,2001～2002年开展了田间试验。试验以专用强筋小麦(8901-11)和普通小麦(4185)两个冬小麦品种为材料,包括4个施锌水平(分别为施ZnSO4.7H2O.0、11.25、22.5和33.75.kg/hm2)。结果表明,各器官中Zn的含量变化在4.14～54.18.mg/kg,刚开花时及灌浆前期的含量以子粒>穗壳>叶片>茎秆,至接近成熟时则以子粒>叶片>穗壳>茎秆。每生产100.kg小麦子粒需要吸收Zn的范围在4.40～5.20.g之间。小麦成熟时吸收的Zn约为N或K2O的1/800～1/700,为P2O5的1/500～1/300。施锌后小麦各器官氮、磷、钾、锌的积累量及开花后向子粒的运转量增加,但施锌过多,这些营养元素的吸收、积累和运转反而受到抑制。4185开花前吸收氮和磷的能力较强,而8901-11开花后吸收氮和磷的能力较强;而吸收钾和锌的能力与吸收氮和磷的情况相反。8901-11氮、磷、钾、锌的积累量基本随施锌量增加而提高,以施硫酸锌22.5～33.75.kg/hm2的积累量最高;而4185以施硫酸锌11.25.kg/hm2的积累量最高。因此,在施用大量元素的基础上,普通小麦以施硫酸锌11.25.kg/hm2为宜,而强筋小麦以施硫酸锌22.5～33.75.kg/hm2为宜。 相似文献
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不同抗性小麦品种与蚕豆间作条件下的养分吸收与白粉病发生特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
不同作物品种的养分吸收存在一定差异,与其它作物间作也会对作物养分吸收以及作物病害产生影响。本文通过盆栽试验,选用6种对白粉病不同抗性的小麦品种(高抗:云麦47、云麦53;中抗:云麦42、云麦51;感病:云选11-12、93-124)与蚕豆间作,研究了间作和单作条件下小麦的氮、磷、钾养分吸收特点及小麦白粉病的发生特征。结果表明:高抗小麦品种间作生物量显著高于单作,云麦47、云麦53间作比单作生物量分别提高11.9%和6.6%;间作显著增加小麦叶片内的氮含量,以高抗品种云麦47、云麦53和感病品种云选11-12增加最为显著,平均氮含量为单作的1.20～1.25倍;间作有增加小麦灌浆和成熟期叶片磷含量的趋势,并显著增加拔节期小麦叶片内的钾含量,增幅为9.1%～22.3%;间作降低了各抗性小麦品种白粉病的发生程度,相对防效为0.76%～81.49%;灌浆期以云麦42、云麦53和93-124 3个品种的间作处理控病效果显著。 相似文献
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采用正交旋转组合设计,针对氮、磷、钾、锌四种肥料对小麦产量和品质的效应进行探讨,结果表明:氮磷对产量都达显著正效应,氮对湿面筋含量达极显著正效应,磷与湿面筋含量呈显著负效应,钾锌对产量和品质效应微弱,四种肥料对产量的影响顺序为:氮>磷>锌>钾,对湿面筋含量的影响顺序为:氮>磷>钾>锌。小麦产量和品质都较理想的施肥区间为氮252 8～294 2kg/hm2,磷111 0～139 1kg/hm2,钾145 8～153 0kg/hm2,锌9 8～12 1kg/hm2,合理的配比为N P2O5 K2O ZnSO4=1 0 46 0 55 0 04。 相似文献
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N. K. Fageria 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(7):979-989
Phosphorus deficiency is main constraints for lowland rice production in various rice producing regions of the world. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using lowland (Inceptisol) soil with the objective to determine response of seven lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to phosphorus fertilization and to evaluate their phosphorus (P) use efficiency. Phosphorus treatments included control (0 mg P kg?1) and 200 mg P kg?1 of soil. Plant height and shoot dry weight were significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by P treatments. Phosphorus X genotypes interaction was significant for shoot dry weight, indicating different response of genotypes under two P levels. At low P level, none of the genotypes produced grain yield, indicating original P level in the soil was too low for lowland rice yield. However, genotypes differed significantly in grain yield at high P level. Panicle number, panicle length, and thousand grains weight had a significant quadratic association with grain yield. However, spikelet sterility had a significant linear negative association with grain yield. The P use efficiency expressed as agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), agro-physiological efficiency (AP), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE), and utilization (UE) were significantly different among genotypes. These efficiencies were having significantly positive association with grain yield, with exception to ARE, indicating improving grain yield with improved P use efficiencies in rice. 相似文献
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冠层反射光谱与小麦产量及产量构成因素的定量关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于4个小麦品种、5个施氮水平的田间试验,在比较小麦冠层多光谱和高光谱反射特征的基础上,讨论了不同生育期冠层反射光谱参数与小麦产量及产量构成因素的定量关系。结果表明,拔节期冠层多光谱参数与理论产量和实际产量的相关性较高,可用于预测小麦产量,而冠层高光谱反射参数与小麦产量间的相关性较差,难以直接利用预测小麦产量;冠层的多光谱和高光谱参数对亩穗数的预测效果均较好,小麦拔节期、灌浆中期和成熟期的冠层多光谱参数、高光谱参数均与亩穗数间具有极显著正相关关系（P〈0.01）,从而分别建立了各时期利用高光谱参数A（760,850）/R550、多光谱比值植被指数RVI（810,560）的小麦估产方程。研究结果对选择合适的光谱参数建立估产模型、保证高光谱遥感信息反演精度具有重要价值。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Global crop production systems are challenged by the increasing areas of saline soil in arid and semi-arid regions. Two naked oat (Avena sativa L.) lines (‘VAO-7’ and ‘VAO-24’) with distinct seedling tolerance to salinity were subjected to six levels of salt concentrations in a controlled greenhouse, and the response of yield and yield components to salinity stress was determined. The salt treatments 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) (corresponding to EC: 3.42, 6.74, 9.66, 12.40, 15.04 dS m?1) imposed through modified Hoagland solution. Plain Hoagland was used as control. Complete nutrient elements were provided during the entire growth period. At maturity, the number of tillers with emerged heads was counted; the plant was then harvested and separated into shoots, seeds, and roots. Both plant height and days to maturity were shortened with increasing salt stress. Among the yield components, spikelet, tiller number, and grain dry weight per plant were significantly reduced by increasing salt concentration. Number of spikelets and grain weight per plant were the most salt-sensitive yield components. Thousand grain weight also varied as salinity stress increased. Harvest index remained relatively unchanged until the salinity reached 150 mM and higher. Our data indicate that grain yield reduction in oat due to salinity stress is associated with reduced number of grains per plant and mean grain weight. 相似文献
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分析对比全国123个冬小麦农业气象观测站1991−2017年观测产量与所在县统计产量的年代际、变异系数和倾向率的差异；利用2006−2010年各县冬小麦种植面积平均值省内占比作为权重因子，将县观测产量与县统计产量加权集成为省级尺度观测产量和省级尺度统计产量，并与统计局发布的省公布产量进行对比，分析省级尺度三种不同产量的年代际变化和倾向率差异。结果表明：（1）县观测产量和县统计产量均表现为高产县数量增幅明显，低产县数量减幅明显；21世纪10年代两者均为高产年代，21世纪00年代两者差值达到峰值。（2）县尺度变异系数观测产量离散程度高于县统计产量，49个县观测产量的变异系数小于0.20，仅8个站大于0.40；72个县统计产量变异系数小于0.20，仅9个站点变异系数大于0.30。（3）各县观测产量中有73个站点倾向率呈现显著增加趋势，大多集中在河北、河南、山东、江苏、安徽等冬小麦主产省；100个县统计产量呈显著增加趋势。（4）21世纪00年代为各省观测产量和统计产量的高产年代，20世纪90年代为低产年代；山东、安徽、河北、江苏、陕西和山西等省10a观测产量的平均值在各个年代均高于省统计产量平均值。（5）除新疆和山西外其余省份省级尺度观测产量倾向率均通过显著性检验；所有省份省统计产量和公布产量倾向率均通过显著性检验，且产量增幅均为正值。总体来说，基于观测产量的冬小麦产量序列可以为产量预报提供新的数据来源。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(21):2752-2766
Dry bean is an important legume for South American population, and phosphorus (P) deficiency is the most yield-limiting nutrient for crop production in South American soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating influence of P fertilization on grain yield and yield components of 30 dry bean genotypes. The P levels used were 0 mg P kg?1 (natural level of the soil) and 200 mg P kg?1 applied with triple superphosphate fertilizer. Yield and yield components were significantly influenced with P as well as genotype treatments. The P?×?genotype interactions were significant for yield as well as yield components, indicating different responses of genotypes at two P levels. Root dry weight and maximum root length were also significantly increased with the addition of P fertilization. There were also significant differences among the genotypes in the growth of root system. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified as P efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient. Among 30 genotypes, 17 were classified as efficient, 12 were classified as moderately efficient, and 1 was classified as inefficient. Yield components such as pods per plant and seeds per pod were having significant positive association with grain yield. In addition, grain harvest index (GHI) was also having significant linear association with grain yield. Hence, it is possible to improve grain yield of dry bean in Brazilian Oxisol with the addition of adequate rate of P fertilization as well as use of P-efficient genotypes. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT This study reports the relationship of the leaf ionic composition with the grain yield and yield components of wheat in response to salinity x sodicity and salinity alone. The study was conducted in soil culture in pots with three treatments including control (ECe 2.6 dS m? 1 and SAR 4.53), salinity (ECe 15 dS m? 1 and SAR 9.56), and salinity x sodicity (ECe 15 dS m? 1 and SAR 35). The soil was treated before being put in the pots and the pots were arranged in a completely randomized factorial arrangement with five replications. The seeds of three wheat genotypes were sown directly in the pots and the study was continued till the crop maturity. At booting stage, the leaf second to the flag leaf of each plant was collected and analyzed for sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl?). At maturity, plants were harvested and data regarding grain yield and yield components were recorded. This study shows that salinity and sodicity in combination decreases the grain yield of wheat more than the salinity alone with a greater difference in the sensitive genotype. This study also shows that as for salinity, the maintenance of lower Na+ and higher K+ concentrations and higher K+: Na+ ratio in the leaves relates positively with the better development of different yield components and higher grain yield in saline sodic soil conditions. Although, the leaf Cl? concentration was increased significantly by salinity as well as salinity x sodicity and would have affected the growth and yield, yet it does not seem to determine the genotypic tolerance or sensitivity to either salinity or salinity x sodicity. 相似文献
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中国地区小麦产量及产量要素对秸秆还田响应的整合分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探究秸秆还田对中国小麦的增产效果,运用整合分析方法定量分析秸秆还田后小麦产量及产量要素的变化范围,并探讨不同秸秆还田条件的影响;通过文献检索与严格筛选,整理得到55篇田间试验数据资料,建立小麦产量及产量要素数据库,并应用整合分析方法,比较分析秸秆还田对小麦产量和产量要素的整体影响以及秸秆还田技术的适用条件。结果表明,总体上秸秆还田能够显著增加小麦产量和产量要素,但增长幅度不大。通过分析其影响因素发现,在黄河流域到长江流域之间的省份,选择潮土、塿土、水稻土等养分中等、复杂难以利用的土壤类型,实行秸秆还田技术的收益较好;不同耕作方式对秸秆还田的影响较大,免耕和翻耕技术好于旋耕技术;施氮水平>300 kg·hm-2时,增产不显著,200～300 kg·hm-2施氮水平为最佳;秸秆种类与还田量对小麦的增产效果影响较大,其中使用麦秸还田效果一般,稻秸全量或半量还田成效较好,玉米秸半量还田(6 000 kg·hm-2)增产最大。综上,秸秆还田能够增加小麦产量和产量因素,秸秆还田的最佳条件为在秦岭-淮河一线南北地区实行免耕与翻耕交替耕作方式,采用玉米秸秆半量还田方法,施氮水平为200～300 kg·hm-2。本研究结果为秸秆还田在我国小麦高产高效技术的应用提供了理论参考。 相似文献