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1.
The heads and necks of 10 yaks were dissected to study the arterial supply to the eye of the yak in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The supply came from the internal ophthalmic, external eight ophthalmic, superficial temporal and malar arteries. The internal ophthalmic was one of sources of the posterior long ciliary artery. The external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle and otherwise, and to take part in the formation of the ophthalmic rete mirabile. The ophthalmic rete mirabile gave off many branches to supply the rectus muscles of the eye and otherwise. The malar artery was one of the branches derived from the infraorbital artery, and its branches supplied the inferior, superior and third eyelids and otherwise. The superficial temporal artery detached off some branches to supply the lateral angle of the eye and otherwise, and anastomosed with the lacrimal artery of the ophthalmic rete mirabile. 相似文献
2.
This study aimed at describing and systematizing the arteries of the base of the brain of the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa). Thirty-three heads were used, of which 30 were injected with latex, and three with acrylic dental resin through the common carotid arteries. The brain carotid artery arose from the rostral epidural rete mirabile, and divided into a rostral and a caudal branch. The rostral branch gave off the middle cerebral artery and then continued as rostral cerebral artery. The latter branched into lateral rhinal, internal ethmoidal and medial rhinal arteries. The rostral cerebral artery joined its contralateral homologue, becoming the single rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal branch emitted the caudal cerebral artery and the tectal arteries, and then fused with the branch of the opposite antimere, joining the basilar artery. The rostral cerebellar arteries derived from this point. The basilar artery originated from the anastomosis between the arteries derived from the caudal epidural rete mirabile of each antimere. The basilar artery extended rostrally, giving off as main collateral branch the caudal cerebellar artery. The basilar artery presented a significant decrease in diameter before joining the caudal branches of the brain carotid arteries. The cerebral arterial circle was rostrally and caudally closed. 相似文献
3.
Observations of the branching pattern of head and brain arteries in 10 species of the Felidae family were performed in casts prepared by filling the blood vessels of interest with appropriate kind of plastics. Arterial casts supported by bone structures were obtained as a result of biological maceration of animal heads, in which arteries were filled with vinyl superchloridae, whereas the preparations which were produced by means of Technovit resin were macerated chemically. As may be judged from the results obtained the brain blood supply in Felidae is characterized by obliteration of the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery and by simultaneous formation of the rete mirabile of the maxillary artery. The arterial circle of the brain in animals from various subfamilies of Felinae and Pantherinae differed in shape. Vascular variation was found in the animals investigated. The arterial pattern of blood supply to the brain of Felidae differs from the vascular pattern of this region in other animals from the Carnivora order. 相似文献
4.
Wang JL 《Veterinary research communications》2002,26(7):505-512
The arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by gross dissection. The supply came from the external ophthalmic, external ethmoidal and malar and maxillary tubercular arteries, ophthalmic rete mirabile, and the rostral epidural rete mirabile. The external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle, lacrimal gland, superior and inferior eyelids, and the lateral angle of the eye, and to take part in the formation of the rostral epidural rete and the ophthalmic rete mirabile. The external ethmoidal artery detached off some branches to supply the ventral and medial dorsal rectus oblique muscles, the conjunctiva of the superior eyelid and the fat body of the orbit. The branches of the malar artery supplied the inferior, superior and third eyelids, ventral oblique muscle, and the medial angle of the eye. The ophthalmic rete mirabile gave off many branches to supply the rectus muscles of the eye, dorsal oblique and retractor oculi muscles, levator muscle of the superior eyelid, and the choroid. 相似文献
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6.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole-rats (Spalax leucodon). Six adult mole-rats were used for this purpose. Coloured latex was injected into the left ventriculus of the hearts of all the animals. After careful dissection, the circulus arteriosus cerebri (the circle of Willis) was investigated. The cerebrum and the cerebellum were supplied by the internal carotid- and the basilar arteries respectively forming the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole-rats. In the investigated objects, the internal carotid- and the basilar arteries were not united directly and for this reason the circulus arteriosus cerebri was not formed completely in mole-rat. The branches supplying the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum originate from the basilar artery formed by union of the left and right vertebral arteries and the internal ophthalmic, the caudal cerebral, the choroid, the median cerebral, the rostral cerebral arteries originated from the internal carotid artery. After giving off the medial cerebral artery, the right and left rostral cerebral arteries on every two sides divided into the lateral and medial twin branches and by union of the lateral branches the internal ethmoidal artery, and by union of the medial branches, the ramus extending to facies medialis cerebri were formed. The ramus extending to the facies medialis cerebri was anastomosed with the branch of the caudal cerebral artery on the back of the corpus callosum. The last part of the basilar artery gave the two branches running toward the right and left side on the pontocrural groove (sulcus pontocruralis) and every one of these branches ramified into two rami. One of these rami formed into the rostral cerebellar artery and the other one extended to the tectum mesencephali. In conclusion, the arterial circle of the cerebrum and cerebellum was supplied by the internal carotid artery and the basilar artery respectively in mole-rats. 相似文献
7.
Gross and histologic features of the rostral epidural rete mirabile (carotid rete) and the cavernous sinus in one-humped camels were studied. It was evident that the branches of the carotid rete share a common tunica adventitia with the veins of the cavernous sinus. Transmission electron microscopy of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus revealed gap junctions in endothelial cells lining the walls of the arterial rete branches and veins. The internal elastic lamina of rete branches were fenestrated. Some of these structural features could facilitate countercurrent heat exchange between the rete branches and the venous plexus of the cavernous sinus to regulate brain temperature. 相似文献
8.
采集甘肃省广河县成年黄牛的头部标本，采用管道铸型腐蚀技术，制作了黄牛脑动脉系统整体铸型标本，选取脑硬膜外异网血管铸型开展解剖学研究。结果发现，中国黄牛脑硬膜外异网主要由4部分组成：脑硬膜外前异网、脑硬膜外后异网、前V形扩展部及基一枕动脉丛。供应黄牛脑硬膜外异网的主要动脉有上颌动脉、枕动脉、椎动脉、眼外动脉及髁动脉，同时这些血管也是向脑组织供血的间接来源。研究认为，中国黄牛脑硬膜外异网的体积大小、异网吻合支数目、前V形扩展结构、基枕动脉丛等形态学特性与国外报道的普通牛相似；基枕动脉丛是连通黄牛脑硬膜外异网多条供血管道的枢纽结构，该枢纽将后异网、椎动脉、枕动脉及髁动脉贯通，成为向脑硬膜外异网供血的主要结构保障。 相似文献
9.
Macdonald DG Fretz PB Baptiste KE Hamilton DL 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》1999,158(3):182-189
The anatomy of the internal carotid and maxillary arteries was examined using angiography, subtraction angiography and arterial cast preparations in three horses. Subtraction angiography was superior to angiography in demonstrating the anatomy of the occipital, external ophthalmic, ethmoidal and palatine arteries. In three horses manipulation of the internal carotid and occipital arteries during angiography resulted in vasospasm which prevented filling of these vessels with contrast. Direct arterial blood pressure measurements of the maxillary artery impinging on the guttural pouches was measured in four anaesthetized and standing horses. Arterial pressure recordings from the maxillary artery indicate there is retrograde blood flow from contralateral vessels into the occluded arterial segment. Vasospasm prevented measurement of arterial pressure in the internal carotid artery. 相似文献
10.
The vasculature of the orbital rete (rete mirabile ophthalmicum) in Japanese deer ( Cervus nippon ) was studied using corrosion casting, scanning electron microscopy, and histology. The orbital rete is a flat, triangular- or leaf-shaped arterial network, which consists of a complex of small arterioles, that intermixes with a similar complex of the supraorbital vein at the base of the orbital cavity. Blood to the retina passes through the orbital rete. The orbital retial arterioles leave the parent external ophthalmic artery at right angles forming T-shaped bifurcations, and follow a tortuous, undulating course. Each retial arteriole is connected by side branches and forms a rope-ladder-like network. Some of the side branches are surrounded by a groove representing the intra-arterial cushion that regulates blood flow at branching sites. The central retinal artery supplying the retina originates from the orbital rete. The ciliary arteries supplying the choroid arise from the external ophthalmic artery proximal to the orbital rete. The anatomical specializations of the orbital rete may involve buffering the blood pressure and flow to the retina and regulating ocular tissue temperature as in the carotid rete. In addition, the orbital rete may help dampen the tension that the vessel exerts on the retina, by stretching in response to eyeball movement. 相似文献
11.
The vessels that originate from the aortic arch were studied in 16 adult guinea-pigs. Two major vessels, the left subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk, were easily identified as they were branching off from the aortic arch. The brachiocephalic trunk, at first branched off to the left common carotid artery and continued as a common trunk, which was then divided into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. The left subclavian artery branched off to the following vessels: the costacervical trunk, the internal thoracic artery, a common trunk from which the dorsal scapular artery and the vertebral artery originated, and the superficial cervical artery. The right subclavian artery branched off to the bronchoesophageal artery (in five cadavers), the caudal thyroid artery (in three cadavers) and the tracheal artery (in three cadavers) in addition to the above vessels. There were two vertebral arteries branching off to the right subclavian artery in all dissected cadavers. However, only 10 cadavers had two vertebral arteries originating from the left subclavian artery. The first vertebral artery originated from the common trunk, whereas the second vertebral artery arose from the dorsal scapular artery. The second vertebral artery entered the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebrae and anastomosed with the first vertebral artery just before entering the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebrae. 相似文献
12.
Guttural pouch hemorrhage associated with lesions of the maxillary artery in two horses 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0 
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下载免费PDF全文 Smith KM Barber SM 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1984,25(6):239-242
A two year old Thoroughbred gelding, presented with guttural pouch hemorrhage, had the internal and external carotid arteries ligated. Guttural pouch mycosis was detected on endoscopic examination. After one month of topical antifungal therapy, the horse was returned and euthanized because of recurrent epistaxis. A bacterial infection of the guttural pouch with associated ulceration and hemorrhage from the maxillary artery was found at necropsy.
A two year old grade gelding had ulceration and hemorrhage from the external carotid artery. Utilizing balloon-tipped catheters and arterial ligation, hemestasis was achieved in the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery and its branches. Mycotic ulceration of the internal carotid artery was detected endoscopically and treated with local antifungal therapy for one month. Thirty-three days postoperatively the horse returned, bleeding from a lesion in the maxillary artery. The rationale for surgical intervention to prevent epistaxis associated with guttural pouch mycosis and possible etiologies for postsurgical epistaxis are discussed.
相似文献13.
Paraffin sections of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex of sheep were studied, using different stains. The carotid rete of sheep was composed of medium-sized arteries with smooth muscle layers that were oriented in different directions. The carotid body cells may have migrated proximally in the adventitia of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery as its extracranial portion degenerates early in life. The cavernous sinus shared a common tunica adventitia with surrounding rete branches. At places, the wall of the cavernous sinus had a distinct tunica media interposed between the endothelial cells and the tunica adventitia. Therefore, the name cavernous venous plexus has been proposed for the cavernous sinus in sheep. 相似文献
14.
Collateral vessel development after chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the dog 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The functional response to occlusion of arteries supplying the head has been found to be much less severe in th dog than in man, indicating that a more significant collateral development occurs in the dog. To document the anatomic response to chronic occlusion of vessels supplying the head, patterns of collateral vessel growth and development were studied by corrosion casting in adult mongrel dogs 8 weeks after bilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. Dissection of the casts revealed two consistent and bilateral anastomotic connections: (i) internal carotid artery to maxillary artery (anastomotic artery) and (ii) internal carotid artery to ascending pharyngeal artery. Also present in all of the casts was a connection between one common carotid artery and both vertebral arteries, which has been designated as the deep collateral vessel. Significant collateral connections did not occur between the orbital vessels or between analogous vessels of the right and the left sides. 相似文献
15.
Unur E 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2002,31(5):266-268
The purpose of this study was to determine the morphology of the rabbit carotid body and its artery at the light microscopy level. The carotid body was situated between the internal and external carotid arteries after the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. The carotid body was usually found to be a single, ovoid tissue mass but, in some cases it consisted of two or three parts. More carotid bodies were supplied by a single carotid body artery (glomic artery) which arose from the common carotid artery or the internal or external carotid arteries near the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. In only one case were there two arteries which arose from opposite sides of the external carotid artery at its origin. There was a distinguishable sinus (glomic sinus) at the origin of the glomic artery. This artery had a thin wall with elastic laminae in the sinus area which become thinner distal to the sinus. 相似文献
16.
This study aimed at revealing arterial vascularization of the pineal gland of the Zavot-bred foetus. Twenty foetuses, regardless of their sex, at the age of 2-7 months were used. Coloured-latex was injected by way of both the right and left common carotid arteries. Then, dissection was performed and vessels nourishing the pineal gland were documented. The pineal gland is vascularized by a number of 2-5 central rami. A small vessel arising from each of the central rami in two foetuses (10%) was shown anastomosing with a branch of the cranial cerebral artery, which advances in cranio-caudal direction in the callosal groove. Hence, anastomoses were observed between several sub-branches of each caudal cerebral and cranial cerebellar arteries. 相似文献
17.
DAVID E. FREEMAN MVB MRCVS PhD MICHAEL W. ROSS DVM DiplomateACvs WILLIAM J. DONAWICK DVM DiplomateACvs AMIRALI N. HAMIR BVSC MRCVS PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1989,18(1):39-47
Balloon-tipped catheters were used to occlude the external carotid artery and its branches in nine horses with hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis. The internal carotid artery on the affected side was occluded simultaneously in four horses and had been occluded previously in two others. In three horses, a single balloon-tipped catheter was inserted in the external carotid artery beneath the floor of the guttural pouch and its tip was advanced blindly into distal branches. In one horse, the superficial temporal artery was occluded briefly during surgery by a balloon-tipped catheter so a catheter inserted into the external carotid artery could be diverted into the maxillary artery. In the other five horses, the external carotid artery was occluded proximally and the maxillary artery was occluded immediately caudal to the alar canal by a balloon-tipped catheter inserted into the major palatine artery. Serious postoperative hemorrhage did not occur in eight horses, but one horse that had a single balloon-tipped catheter inserted into the external carotid artery had profuse hemorrhage 11 days after surgery and was euthanatized. One horse was euthanatized because of persistent dysphagia. The only complication related to use of balloon catheters was a mild incisional infection in one horse. It was concluded that the external carotid and maxillary arteries must be occluded on both sides of the eroded segment to prevent hemorrhage from normograde and retrograde flow. 相似文献
18.
The microvascular circulation of the descending colon was studied in 5 adult horses, using microangiography and light microscopy combined with gross studies and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas. After heparinization, horses were euthanatized, and 3 segments of the descending colon and its mesentery containing 1 vascular arcade were removed from each horse. The fecal balls were gently massaged from the lumen, and the blood was flushed free of the circulation with isotonic NaCl. In 5 segments, the vascular system was injected with a modified radiopaque medium and evaluated radiographically. Specimens examined radiographically also were prepared for histologic examination, using standard methods. Ten segments were injected with 1 of 2 types of plastics and studied grossly or by scanning electron microscopy. Arcuate arteries gave rise to a descending colonic rete that surrounded the vein and supplied numerous descending colonic lymph nodes. The rete also supplied the mesocolon and the descending colonic tissue. Short filamentous vessels arising from the rete directly penetrated the mesenteric tenia to supply an intermuscular plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa. Larger vessels arising from either side of the rete divided into the long- and short-terminal arteries that supplied an extensive submucosal plexus, which was continuous around the circumference. The submucosal plexus supplied the mucosa, the tunica muscularis, and the serosa. Vessels running centrifugally from the submucosal plexus formed an intermuscular plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa. The intermuscular plexus at the mesenteric angle also was supplied by vessels branching from the short-terminal arteries as they penetrated the muscularis externa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
19.
DAVID E. FREEMAN MVB PhD Diplomate ACVS WILLIAM J. DONA WICK DVM Diplomate ACVS LIN V. KLEIN VMD Diplomate ACVA 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1994,23(4):250-256
The effect of a single ligature on back pressure in the internal carotid artery was studied in nine horses. In six anesthetized horses, one internal carotid artery was catheterized 2 cm from its origin and blood pressure was recorded continuously. Then the artery was ligated, pressure was recorded again, and the horses were euthanatized. In another three anesthetized horses, indwelling catheters were placed in both internal carotid arteries and a loose ligature was placed proximal to one catheter. After horses recovered from anesthesia, the ligature was tied and blood pressure was recorded in both arteries on that day and 3 days later, then these horses were euthanatized. The anatomy of the cerebral arteries was examined in all nine horses. Blood pressure in the internal carotid arteries did not change after ligation. Subjectively, collateral channels considered most likely to maintain blood pressure in the ligated internal carotid artery were the caudal intercarotid artery and the cerebral arterial circle. We concluded that ligation of the internal carotid artery would not prevent severe hemorrhage from the internal carotid artery in horses with guttural pouch mycosis until the ligated artery thrombosed to the level of the lesion. 相似文献
20.
A total of 10 adult, healthy, male chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were used to investigate the origin, course, and termination of the coronary arteries. Coloured latex was injected into the carotid arteries following conventional anatomical applications. In all the chinchillas examined, the left coronary artery was the single coronary artery. The right coronary artery was missing. Additionally, a small vessel originating from the cranial border of the aorta was observed in one chinchilla. The left coronary artery divided into the paraconal, interventricular and left circumflex rami. The left marginis ventricular ramus arose from the paraconal interventricular ramus in eight chinchillas, and from the left circumflex ramus in two. The ventricular and septal branches of the left coronary artery ran subepicardially at the beginning mostly parallel to the muscle fibres, also surrounded by a thin adipose tissue. It was concluded that the only left coroner artery supplied blood to the heart in the chinchilla. 相似文献