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1.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) in 15 small farms and an economic opportunity survey (EOS) in 13 were carried out in the
Cordillera basin of Paraguay to identify production constraints and the best ways to achieve economic gain. PRA showed farmers’
perception was that nutrition was the main constraint. The EOS showed that over 70% of the milk produced was sold in the neighbourhood.
The average number of adult cows (lactating and dry cows) per farm ranged from 15 to 120, of which 62.2% to 80% were lactating
cows. Milk production per cow on one day ranged from 8.5 to 18.2 litres and average lactation length was more than 300 days.
Average age at first calving varied from 31 to 39 months. The highest economic opportunity was observed for increased milk
production. Age at first calving and calf production interval were also found to be important constraints. Ultrasonography
survey of the ovaries 20 maiden heifers over six months showed inadequate activity. Partially budgeted interventions were
instituted to improve nutrition and management of maiden heifers, in-calf cows and those in early lactation. More forages
were grown. PRA and EOS were shown to be useful tools in identifying production constraints. 相似文献
2.
Abstract The production of an irrigated grass/legume pasture was determined using Merino ewes on rotational and continuous grazing systems. The clover content of the pasture declined, while the grass content increased under both systems. The lucerne content of the rotationally‐grazed pastures did not change, but lucerne failed to persist under continuous grazing. Rotational grazing resulted in a lower clover content and, consequently, in a lower production per individual animal at low stocking rates during two seasons, but in a higher pasture production and grazing capacity, than under continuous grazing. At high stocking rates the individual animal production was, however, highest under rotational grazing, resulting in a higher animal production per ha than under continuous grazing. 相似文献
3.
An Economic Opportunity Survey was conducted on dairy farms in the North West Province of Cameroon. Results showed that median
(range) number of cows in milk per farm was zero point six (0–4) and six (3–12) in the zero grazing and transhumance systems,
respectively. Medians (range) of three (0–24) and four (3–10) litres of milk were sold per farm per day, corresponding to
30% and 60% of milk produced. 24% and 13% of total cattle per herd were milking cows in the zero grazing and transhumance
systems respectively. Median milk production per cow on one day was two (0–25) and two (1–3) litres. Median calf production
interval was 14.5 (12–25) and. 21.5 (14–29) months. More milk produced per day represented the best economic opportunity in
both systems while reduced age at first calving and longer lactation length were the next in both. Wastage of milk through
spoilage from poor hygiene and lack of cooling was a major problem. Holstein cows, which were in the zero grazing system,
had unexpectedly short lactations. Constraints identified led to the setting up of interventions of training and advice for
farmers and of better nutrition. 相似文献
4.
5.
J.O. Grunow P.A. Pieterse D.E. Borlinghaus 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(3):25-29
Abstract A fodder flow/animal experiment 40,8 ha in extent (7,5 ha irrigated), with 19 paddocks, was carried out over a two and a half year period. The aims were: firstly, to compare fodder crops within seasons, and fodder flows over three seasons (winter‐spring‐summer), by means of pasture and animal parameters; secondly, to make economic comparisons between different fodder flows, for growing out beef steers. The conclusions were that: Digitaria eriantha ssp. eriantha is superior to Eragrostis curvula cv. Ermelo for animal production; maize residue gives economically favourable results due to low costs and compensatory growth of cattle; an irrigated pasture providing fodder in more than one season of a flow, for example, Festuca foggage — Festuca pasture — Digitaria pasture, gives a very profitable fodder flow, because the costs of production are divided between two seasons; dryland fodder flows with the sequence maize residue — silage or hay — Digitaria or, with silage or hay replacing the maize residue, were also very profitable; and, the fodder flow giving the highest livemass gain per steer, is not necessarily the most economic. Different kinds and classes of livestock require different fodder flows. 相似文献
6.
During the past six years, ten research topics were carried out with the aim of developing an integrated method to improve production and sustainability of dairy systems in Cameroon. This involved reviewing dairy research done in the country, carrying out a participatory rural appraisal and an economic opportunity survey in selected dairy farms, setting up on-farm interventions, investigating cow reproduction, evaluating milk quality and the impact of integrated interventions. Guidelines for improvement of the dairy sector were set up. It was found that the developed integrated method had a positive impact on dairy farms. Farmers who adopted interventions had nearly 200% higher economic returns. In order to boost the Cameroonian dairy sector, it is suggested that the government acts as a motivating force by organizing the market, ensuring the monitoring of epizootic diseases and providing artificial insemination services and organizing breeding societies. It is also suggested that the integrated method becomes a discipline in dairy science and be applied in other developing countries. 相似文献
7.
Arriaga-Jordán CM Pedraza-Fuentes AM Velázquez-Beltrán LG Nava-Bernal EG Chávez-Mejía MC 《Tropical animal health and production》2005,37(7):589-597
The economic contribution of draught animals to smallholder Mazahua campesino systems in two mountain villages of San Felipe del Progreso, in the central highlands of Mexico, was assessed. Campesinos rely on draught animals for cultivation tasks, as pack animals, and as transport for agricultural and domestic activities.
The villages were San Pablo Tlalchichilpa (SPT) and La Concepción Mayorazgo (LCM). Twelve households that possessed draught
animals were monitored from July 1999 to June 2000, nine in SPT and three in LCM, in terms of animal inventories and income
from their draught animals, in cash and opportunity values. Equines in SPT have substituted bulls, and are recognized for
their multipurpose contribution, while in LCM bulls are still used for ploughing the land. Overall total mean gross income
was US$490.78 per farm per year, plus US$56 as opportunity value of the fertilizer value of manure for both villages. Deducting
estimated costs, owning draught animals leaves a mean net margin of US$412.50/year in SPT and of US$285.64/year in LCM. There
is a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between ownership of draught animals and incomes, with a regression coefficient of US$279.16 per year per draught
animal. Besides positive economic returns, having work animals alleviates drudgery for the campesino families. 相似文献
8.
Livestock and animal health development projects have not always led to substantial increases in animal productivity or in farmers' welfare. Some have even resulted in unsustainable systems, when they were not based on an understanding of (livestock) production systems. The multipurpose functions of livestock and complex relationships between the biological, technical and social components require a systems approach, whereby nutrition, animal health, breeding, biotechnology knowhow, inputs and technologies are used to optimise resource use. The challenge for developed and developing countries is to reverse the current degradation of the environment, and arrive at sustainable increases in crop and livestock production to secure present and future food supplies. For rural development, governments should show long term commitment and political will to support the rural population in development programmes, because smallholders (including women and landless livestock keepers) represent a large labour force in developing countries. Different systems need different approaches. Pastoral systems must focus on effective management of grazing pressure of the rangelands. Communal rangelands management involves not only the development and application of technologies (e.g. feedlots, vaccination campaigns), but also land tenure policies, institutional development, economic return and a reduction in the number of people depending upon livestock. Smallholder mixed farms must aim at intensification of the total production system, in which external inputs are indispensable, but with the emphasis on optimum input-output relationships by reducing resource losses due to poor management. Resource-poor farming systems must aim at the improved management of the various livestock species in backyards and very small farms, and proper packages for cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, rabbits and poultry should be developed. Specialised commercial livestock farming systems (poultry, pigs, dairy or meat) can only be sustainable with adequate marketing, supply of quality feed, veterinary services, labour, management and control of pollution. Animal health programmes play a keyrole in the proposed system approach. 相似文献
9.
抗营养因子是存在于饲料中,阻碍饲料营养成分在体内消化吸收、代谢,导致动物体病变,影响动物生长、繁殖性能的物质。消除抗营养因子是保证饲料营养成分的有效利用、保证动物正常生长发育与健康,降低养殖生产成本的重要措施。为了深入探索饲料抗营养因子消除方法,文章对抗营养因子的抗营养机理和影响后果、消除方法进行了概述。 相似文献
10.
锡林河流域退化草地植被恢复措施及水土保持效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以内蒙古北部锡林河流域退化草地为研究对象,通过对围栏封育、免耕补播、旱作人工草地、灌溉人工草地和灌溉饲料地5种措施作用下植物生长状况、土壤水分保持作用、抗风蚀能力的试验研究。结果表明:围栏封育、免耕补播在恢复退化草地植被、提高生产力方面效果显著,是退化草地生态修复的主要措施;适地实施旱作人工草地、灌溉人工草地和灌溉饲料地面积各1hm~2,可置换出退化草地面积分别为10hm~2,18hm~2和79hm~2;通过灰色关联度进行效益评价,各种植被恢复措施之间的综合效益差异不明显,植被恢复措施实施后,综合效益均达到较高水平。 相似文献
11.
蛋白质组学是一门全方位研究生命结构功能、生理功能及生命活动规律的新兴学科,已成为后基因组时代研究的重要内容,在很多领域得到广泛关注,同时为畜牧科学的发展与创新提供了全新的研究思路和技术手段。目前,蛋白质组学在畜禽生长发育、繁殖、营养、疾病、肉质等方面均有涉及,并通过各种研究手段发掘出一批与畜禽重要经济性状相关的蛋白质,对生产有重要的理论指导意义。蛋白质翻译后修饰(post-translation modifications,PTMs)作为蛋白质组学研究的一个重要分支,在增加蛋白质多样性和进行复杂生理学调控过程中发挥着重要的作用,能更好地揭示生命现象的本质与规律。作者对蛋白质组学及PTMs在畜牧领域中的应用研究进展进行了综述。 相似文献
12.
Legesse Getahun Siegmund-Schultze Marianna Abebe Girma Valle Zárate Anne 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1531-1539
This study evaluates the household income contribution and the profitability of traditional small ruminant enterprises in
two mixed-farming systems of southern Ethiopia (viz. Adilo and Kofele). Small ruminant production is an integral part of mixed systems in the Ethiopian highlands. The assessment
of the current economic performance of small ruminants indicates production-related opportunities and constraints and provides
baseline data against which the success of future interventions can be measured. Detailed information on economic parameters
was gathered through a 1-year period of flock and household monitoring (155 households) between September 2005 and August
2006. Structured surveys were conducted with the participating households to elicit information on income-expense details
of small ruminant and other agricultural enterprises. Small ruminants contributed considerably to cash income and to a limited
extent to human nutrition especially when other sources were in short supply. The annual profit per animal ranged from 20
to 37 Ethiopian Birr. The return to capital was 17% in Kofele and 29% in Adilo, with both values vastly exceeding the national
interest rate. The sale of small ruminants contributed to 39% and 23% of total farm cash income among small ruminant keepers
in Adilo and Kofele, respectively. Sale prices are highest before holidays. Researches should target at how to use available
feed resources in a timely and cost-effective fashion to make use of the seasonal market opportunities. 相似文献
13.
J. N. Shelton 《Australian veterinary journal》1981,57(3):124-126
SUMMARY Priorities for research in beef cattle are proposed in the areas of nutrition, breeding, reproduction and health. Research in nutrition should be concerned with enhancing utilisation of cellulose and non-protein nitrogen. Cattle breeding projects should concentrate on the synthesis of genotypes suited to specific environments, while in the area of reproduction, wastage remains the most important problem. Improvement of diagnostic tests and vaccines would result from intensified research into subcellular function of causative organisms. Major contributions to animal health could emanate from studies of the genetic basis of disease resistance. The very small number of veterinarians employed in animal production research tends to deprive health of its proper place as a central feature of production. 相似文献
14.
A system of management designed to increase the economic efficiency of the production of weaned lamb from hill land through the use of pasture improvement and controlled grazing has resulted in considerable increases in the outputs of both lamb and wool. In two examples quoted the weight of weaned lamb produced increased by 51 and 94%; these changes were accompanied by increases in wool output of 31 and 84%, respectively. The additional outputs of both products are attributable to a combination of increased numbers of ewes and higher levels of individual animal performance.The increase in output of wool which may be expected from changes in management directed at increasing lamb production is relatively small, ranging from 4.6 to 6.5 kg per 100 kg increase in weaned lamb in the Scottish Blackface to 11.6 kg per 100 kg increase in weaned lamb in the South Country Cheviot. Evidence is presented to show that the magnitude of the increase in wool production is likely to be determined genetically by the response to improved nutrition of both lamb and wool production. 相似文献
15.
草地螟和黄草地螟危害苜蓿产量损失及防治指标的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用人工接虫的方法,研究了草地螟的虫口密度与苜蓿产量损失之间的关系和防治指标.结果表明,苜蓿干草产量损失率(y)与20枝条虫量(x)的关系为y=4.936 6x-0.850 9,相关系数r为0.994 3,二者相关性极显著.按照防治的直接收益与直接成本,确定了宁夏旱地苜蓿和水地苜蓿草地螟的防治指标,旱地苜蓿刈割2和3次的草地螟的防治指标分别是10和14头/100枝,水地苜蓿草地螟的防治指标是7头/100枝.依据同样的试验方法,制定了黄草地螟危害苜蓿的防治指标,旱地苜蓿刈割2和3次的黄草地螟的防治指标分别是45和60头/100枝,水地苜蓿黄草地螟的防治指标是36头/100枝. 相似文献
16.
Luis Alfaro Cardoso 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(8):1879-1884
Livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is not matching the annual 2.5?% growth of its population. Regional per capita meat and milk production corresponds, respectively, to about 13 and 8?% of developed countries indicators. Livestock performances in this region have decreased within the last 30?years. In fact, SSA, with a 12?% bovine extraction rate against a world average of 21?%, includes about 16?% of world cattle, only producing 6 and 2.6?% of global meat and milk, respectively. These low performances have economic and environmental consequences reflecting the necessity for upgrading livestock managing skills in the region. This effort includes various components such as sanitary prophylaxis, reproduction, nutrition, and in particular, substantial increase in livestock yield for human consumption. This will allow for an improved animal and pasture management and soil preservation, enhancing meat production and decreasing methane and nitrogen emissions from enteric fermentation and manure processing. These environmental gains due to increased livestock off-take rates can represent relevant credits in the global Environmental Carbon Market under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto protocol. These credits can be used for investments in livestock essential services and marketing facilities leading to improved productivity. 相似文献
17.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the current status of rural veterinary services in Western Australia. PROCEDURE: A questionnaire was sent to all eligible rural practitioners registered in 2006 and the replies were transferred to Microsoft Excel for analysis. RESULTS: Of the rural practitioners invited to participate in the survey replies were received from 67%. There were equal numbers of females and males. Their mean age was 44 years. Ninety per cent of respondents considered knowledge gained as an undergraduate was sufficient to equip them for practice, but only 60% considered their practical skills adequate. Thirteen per cent of those in rural practices in 2005 had left by 2006. Eighty-nine per cent of respondents were in mixed practice, the balance in specific species practice, such as equine, large animal and production animal consultancy. The majority of rural practitioners relied on servicing companion animals for their viability; 7% earned their income from servicing production animals only. Seventy per cent utilised merchandising and the sale of pet foods to supplement the income received from the traditional veterinary services and 34% found it necessary to earn an independent income. A quarter considered that rural practice did not have a future. CONCLUSION: The majority of rural practitioners in Western Australia depend on companion animals, not production animals, to remain viable, with very few operating production animal services. Poor remuneration is a major reason why veterinarians leave rural practice, and many find it necessary to supplement their income or develop an independent income. 相似文献
18.
The fertility of cows and health of calves are influenced by a number of factors, including the technological systems and quality of nutrition. The effect of nutrition was studied in two selected herds with different technological systems during 1986 to 1987. The feed rations were found to be non-standard, the nutrient ratios were not balanced, and the animals suffered from different stages of metabolic disorders. These disorders were worse in the H. large-capacity barn, equipped with modern technology, in comparison with the S. barn with traditional technology. The better reproduction data recorded in the S. barn, using the traditional technology, are ascribed to better organization of work, better feeding, and better care of the animals. The production of viable calves is the most vulnerable point in the reproduction process. Great reserves were found to exist in both the herds studied. The shortcomings suggest that knowledge of the factors and the causes of losses during the year seasons is a prerequisite for tracing the aetiology and taking effective measures, which in turn will influence the weaning. If fertility is to remain high, fertility disorders must be treated in time. As the analyses show, uterus diseases are diagnosed most frequently under farm conditions; their occurrence is associated with the hygiene of parturition and generally with hygiene in the barn. The set of recommendations to improve the reproduction process in the two herds influenced the economy of the farms. 相似文献
19.
Economic values and selection index in different Angus‐Nellore cross‐bred production systems 
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下载免费PDF全文 G.M. Fernandes R.P. Savegnago L. El Faro V. Mosaquatro Roso C.C.P. de Paz 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2018,135(3):208-220
Bioeconomic models were developed to calculate economic values (EV) for economically important traits in beef cattle, to evaluate the impact of these traits on production profitability, to assess possible market changes with a payment system and to develop economic selection indexes for Angus cattle for two production systems. Two beef cattle production systems were simulated as follows: a cow‐calf cycle (CC) and a complete cycle (CoC). Following selection, positive changes in the EV were observed. In the CC, each 1.0% increment in weaning weight (WW), weaning rate (WR) and pregnancy rate (PR) resulted in increases in US$ 1.30, US$ 3.68 and US$ 3.55 per cow/year in profit, respectively. In the CoC, EV of US$ 1.01, US$ 1.79, US$ 1.19, US$ 1.34, US$ 6.84 and US$ 7.86 per cow/year were obtained for WW, year weight, yearling weight, final weight, WR and PR, respectively. The payment system for carcass quality showed that the scenario considering that 100% of the animals displayed uniform carcasses exhibited the highest EV and was considered optimal. Considering the sensitivity analysis, the price paid per animal was the factor that most affected the EV in both systems. The selection indexes obtained may be used in similar production systems, and the use of EV and selection indexes are important tools for any production system with positive change in profit after selection. 相似文献
20.
A mathematical computer model of beef cattle production systems was developed at Montana State University. The objective of this report was to describe the rationale and procedures used to simulate animal and system performance. The model was designed to simulate the dynamic relationships among cattle genotype, physiological state, forage quality, and management in range environments. Forage intake, energy and protein metabolism, growth, reproduction, lactation, and changes in chemical body composition are simulated for individual animals over complete life cycles. Expenses driven by animal performance, management decisions, and land resources are tabulated. Several biological and economic measures of system performance can be computed, including ratios of inputs (e.g., DM, CP, ME, dollars) to outputs (e.g., weight, lean), break even prices, and annual gross margin per cow or ranch. Primary uses of the model include the evaluation of system responses to changes in breeding strategies and management in range production/marketing systems. 相似文献