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1.
Matteo Garbarino Emanuele Lingua Marta Martinez Subirà Renzo Motta 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(4):491-502
As a consequence of land abandonment and marginalization, open areas and traditionally managed wood pastures are disappearing
from many alpine valleys. Landscape and stand scale dynamics were analyzed in two neighboring inner valleys of central Italian
Alps (Valmalenco, SO) dominated by larch (Larix decidua Mill.) forests and experiencing different historical land use intensities. Land cover mapping obtained from object-oriented
analysis of aerial photographs was used to quantify land cover changes between 1961 and 2003. Spatial statistics were used
to quantify landscape patterns, and intensive sampling in permanent plots was employed to perform point pattern analysis at
the stand scale. Expansion of forested area at the expense of wood pastures was the main land cover transition observed. Differences
in land use intensities were responsible for different patterns at the landscape scale: (1) heavier grazing and human pressure
created a more diverse and fragmented mosaic of meadows, open woodlands, forests and wood pastures, (2) lower human impact
favored a more homogeneous and stable system. A decline in grazing pressure in the late 1970s favored the establishment of
larch and spruce in a clustered pattern, typical of the subalpine belt. Subalpine wood pastures, likewise many other semi-natural
environments, are in danger of disappearing and lose their productive and cultural characteristics, because they are developing
into more closed and dense stands. 相似文献
2.
Yalina Ventura-Aquino Beatriz Rendón Silvia Rebollar Gilberto Hernández 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,73(3):167-180
The Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca is considered an area with high diversity of ecosystems, and low levels of fragmentation
due to human disturbance. An indigenous people, the Zapotecs, have inhabited this area for centuries and Zapotec communities
have used and continue to make use of local resources for their subsistence. Agroforestry systems provide timber, firewood,
and non-timber forest products to local communities. Despite the ecological and cultural relevance of this region, basic information
about local practices of management and harvesting are lacking. Little is known about the possible effects of these practices
on biodiversity conservation. The objectives of this study were: to determine the local uses of forest wood resources in the
municipality of San Agustín Loxicha, to determine the tree species most used by the inhabitants of this municipality and to
discuss the implications of this management in the conservation of plant cover in this Priority Terrestrial Region. The reported
main use of tree species was firewood, obtained by gathering dry branches and bark, as well as by felling dead trees. To a
lesser extent, tree species are used to build houses and make furniture. Local people collect trees from the surrounding vegetation,
so the richness and abundance of tree species in the area surrounding each community will always influence the ability of
the communities to meet their needs. These practices do not have drastic effects on plant cover, mainly in areas of established
forests. These traditional practices are involved in an empirical strategy to conserve and manage local resources. 相似文献
3.
Jalal Henareh Khalyani Manouchehr Namiranian S. M. Heshmatol Vaezin Jahangir Feghhi 《林业研究》2014,25(1):205-210
We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests cover 6.07 million ha and support rich plant and animal diversity. Changes in local community social and economic sys-tems and the inefficiency of traditional forest management led to a criti-cal situation in the stability of forest regeneration in recent decades. Due to a shortage of productive and arable lands and resulting unemployment and poverty, people overexploited the Zagros forests. Outside interven-tion in traditional forest management creates conflicts between local peoples and forest management organizations. To achieve sustainable forest management, including forest resources conservation and im-provement of natural resource based livelihoods of communities, it is desirable to implement Forestry Incentive Programs （FIP） based on the important functions of forests. Detailed information on the so-cio-economics of communities, the effect of forests on local livelihoods, and lists of products extracted from the forest were obtained from a sur-vey of local communities though questionnaire, interview and observa-tion. We studied 276 households in three villages and completed 76 ques-tionnaires by householders in the quantitative analysis. Sampling was performed by simple random sampling （SRS）. The needs of rural com-munities, such as livestock husbandry, mainly arise from the characteris-tics and environmental features of villages. We identified the driving forces, pressures, status, impacts and responses （DPSIR） to design incen-tive programs, by DPSIR analysis and interaction analysis. Evaluation of local community benefits from forests showed that in order to improve forest management, 319 dollars per year would be needed by each family as an incentive in 2010 to prevent lopping and firewood collecting, the main causes of forest degradation. 相似文献
4.
Tjutju Nurhayati Yani Waridi Han Roliadi 《中国林学(英文版)》2006,8(3):1-8
1 Introduction Wood and charcoal belong to an energy convention which can sustain fluctuation in their status as a non-conventional fuel, coupled with their uncertain supply. Customers or users of firewood stem from a former era, which until the present, remain associated with simple communities, while the consumption of fossil fuels indicates an industrial society. Along with the progress in industrial development where markets can provide cheap and easy fuel, inherently sim- ple-community co… 相似文献
5.
Glen Murphy John Lyons Michael O’Shea Garret Mullooly Enda Keane Ger Devlin 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(6):1057-1067
A set of tools are described for optimal allocation of wood fibre at an operational planning level. These were applied to
a case study in Ireland. Allocation was based on optimising net value recovery (delivered price minus harvesting and transportation
costs) while meeting market demands and operational constraints (mainly crew capability and productivity limits). Two new
models were developed to predict harvesting costs and transportation costs for Irish forest conditions. A new model was developed
to link Sitka spruce biomass expansion factors to optimal log-making algorithms so that log and bio-energy product yields
could be estimated for individual harvest areas. An existing operational allocation model based on a tabu search heuristic
procedure was used. The case study included 16 forest harvest areas and 12 processing plants (saw logs, pallet logs, stakes,
pulp, bio-energy slash bundles, etc.). New terrestrial lidar scanning procedures were used to obtain representative stem profiles
from over 4,000 trees for the 16 forests. We demonstrated that optimal allocation of bio-energy and log products, while complex,
can be achieved through the use of appropriate management tools. 相似文献
6.
7.
Among other factors, harvesting intensity in private forests depends on property, resource and forest owner characteristics. The research was conducted in Slovenia, a Central European country with very fragmented and small-scale forest property, a large number of owners and co-owners and a long tradition of sustainable forest management. In the nationwide study, data from the Land and Property Register and forest inventory database were used to build a logistic regression model to identify factors that influence harvesting intensity. The results of the model revealed that growing stock, share of conifers, share of forest area under regeneration, total size of forest property in owner- and co-ownership, parcel size and accessibility of the forest area to forest operations increase harvesting intensity. Slope, number and age of owners and co-owners, and skidding distance negatively influence harvesting intensity. The results can offer useful information for policy and decision makers for formulating policy as well as implementing the most suitable mix of policy instruments. 相似文献
8.
Attitudes of human societies toward tree plantations can be a critical factor in determining the source of wood supply in the future. Because human populations will expand substantially in the next century, considerable increases in the demands on native forests will occur. Currently, only a limited amount of tree plantations have been established specifically to provide firewood in developing countries. This may be the result, in part, of a world society that has evolved a general preference for pastures, but an aversion to tree plantations. In total, pastureland and tree plantations amount to 26 percent and 1 percent of the world's land base, respectively. Nevertheless, our actions today will determine whether children in the future collect firewood from natural stands or from tree plantations. It is estimated that a substantial afforestation program could increase the amount of tree plantations to equal 5 percent of the world's land base by the year 2050. Ten billion dollars (United States) is a rough estimate of the annual costs for such a program (assuming no overhead or administrative costs). Most of the wood needs could be met from tree plantations. However, if the world's society wants most of its wood in 2050 to come from natural stands (>80 percent), then tree plantations can be limited to just 1 percent of the land base. 相似文献
9.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1):67-79
Abstract Two communities, Ixtlan and Chalchijapa, located in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, are compared based on their utilization of local forests. The long-settled community of Ixtlan, with its pine-oak forests, is compared to the recently established village of Chalchijapa which is located in rain forest on the edge of the Chimalapas nature reserve. Constraints such as forest type and management, land ownership and tenure, and current and future plans for timber extraction and utilization are examined, as are methods of wood processing and milling. The degree and type of wood utilization carried out by these two timber-dependent communities is greatly reflective of the local forest type and social structure. 相似文献
10.
Motivating factors and facilitating conditions explaining women's participation in co-management of Sri Lankan forests 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Among South Asian countries, Sri Lanka has only recently ventured into community management of its forests. This paper focuses on a qualitative exploration of two communities in a rainforest conservation project in Sri Lanka. The high level of women's participation is attributed to motivating factors and facilitating conditions. Obstacles to forest co-management outcomes include reduced forest dependency and top–down decision making. Adaptive implementation strategies compensate for these obstacles by establishing strong networks and structural organizations in forest boundary communities. This suggests that an intervention addressing the actual needs of stakeholders, rather than focusing on perceived problems, would allow for increased participation. 相似文献
11.
Maik Rehnus Annemarie Nazarek Davlet Mamadzhanov Bronislav Ivanovitch Venglovsky Jean-Pierre Sorg 《林业研究》2013,24(4):797-800
After Kyrgyzstan gained independence in 1991, the importance of the primary sector for food-and energy-supply increased significantly. This has led to a discussion about the sustainability of current f... 相似文献
12.
The aims of forestry are to supply what is wanted from the forests.As the scale and nature of the demands on the forests change,so must the aims change. In Europe, even by 1975, half the demandfor wood, other than firewood, is likely to be for pulp andpanels, not for sawn wood. By the year 2000 the gap in Europebetween production and consumption will be very large indeed.There is already, throughout the world, a marked change, encouragedby mechanization and the scarcity and cost of labour, towardsplanting the lighter, faster-growing timbers and towards monocultureas the simplest and cheapest form of silviculture. 相似文献
13.
Olli-Pekka Tikkanen Anna Ruokolainen Raimo Heikkilä 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(2):152-161
Regeneration of natural forest structures and dead wood has a key role in the long-term maintenance of biodiversity in most parts of the boreal zone. In order to obtain benchmarks for practical dead wood management rapidly, we utilised unintended historical experiments in land use by studying the recovery of forests surrounding abandoned villages along 2.5-km transects in NW Russia. The signs of past human forest use declined as a function of distance from villages. We found that the closest forests were 130 yr old or younger and contained very few elements typical of natural forests. Forests at a distance of between 1 and 1.5 km were older than 150 yr but showed marks of selective cuttings and had a less complete continuum of dead wood than forests that were 2–2.5 km from the villages. The most remote stands, which were generally older than 200 yr, predominantly had no signs of past forest use and had the most diverse dead wood composition. Our study shows that full recovery of the dead wood continuum in middle boreal forests is a slow process and also that less intensive past forest use can have a significant effect on the dead wood continuum. 相似文献
14.
Information about people’s preferences as to wood products is of relevance to several decision makers in the forest sector.
Studies revealing consumer preference provide information that can be used for marketing and manufacturing of wood products,
but these also provide information of relevance to designers and decision makers involved in building design and construction
processes. Previous studies show that the overall harmony of the visual surface is correlated with preference. In this study,
perceived visual homogeneity is modeled for five copper-impregnated and five organic biocide-impregnated decking materials
with different visual quality. The models are based on visual variables. Homogeneity is a function of material-dependent variables
(dry knots, knot shape, and splay knot), production-dependent variables (stain), and surplus color, which is a combination
of both wood property and treatment. The results imply that homogeneity is influenced by both wood properties and treatment.
Producers of decking should, while maintaining a focus on using high-quality raw material, also focus on producing a product
with an unstained appearance. 相似文献
15.
论述我国集体林权制度改革的4个历史时期森林资源产权的基本情况及特点,对私有及公有的森林资源所有制分别进行了经济学分析,认为在森林资源集体所有的制度下无人真正关心森林资源经营管理的原因是,每个家庭对共有林的关心值以及全部家庭对共有林的总关心值均趋于零．藉此,提出了对林权制度改革的建议． 相似文献
16.
Understanding the changes occurring within the forestry sector is complicated by socio-economic and demographic changes within
rural communities - sometimes in areas where commercial forestry has a long tradition. These changes in some rural communities,
particularly coastal New South Wales, appear significant for forestry because land ownership and management are increasingly
disconnected from the traditional agricultural land use. There is an increasing population of landowners in ‘lifestyle’ landscapes
who do not appear primarily driven by maximising the profitability of farming. The shift from ‘production’ to ‘lifestyle’
landscapes also reflects a transition in community expectations for forestry - a profound change that is likely to require
quite different approaches to management. Landholders may be more likely to be interested in forestry with multiple values,
including both timber products and environmental services. Furthermore, well-managed native forests that are integrated into
individual properties and wider landscapes, may increase the market value of the property, representing a prudent business
investment. This paper presents a method for analysing the relationship between rural land values and the estimated agricultural
value of typical farms in a number of localities in New South Wales, as a means of interpreting the underlying social values
of landholders. It is argued that such analysis can be helpful in identifying changes in community values as a signal that
approaches to private native forestry may also need to change to accommodate the aspirations of ‘lifestyle’ landholders, who
may value the aesthetics of native forests more highly than timber production. 相似文献
17.
Debabrata SahaR.C. Sundriyal 《Forest Policy and Economics》2012,14(1):28-40
Community dependence on forest resources for diverse needs has high implications for long term management of forests. Sustainable extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is considered best feasible strategy for forest conservation in biodiversity rich areas. This paper examines the heterogeneity of NTFPs use by tribal communities in northeast India, a global hot spot by examining diversity of NTFPs at-large, its consumption pattern, and contribution to rural income and forest revenue. A total of 343 NTFPs recorded used for diverse purposes by tribal communities. When species choice grouped as per use category, utilization for medicinal (163 species), edible fruits (75 species) and vegetables (65 species) purposes was reasonably high. Community dependence on forest resources was 100% for firewood and house construction material. 76 plant species were sold in three major local markets while an additional 22 species traded at commercial scale mainly outside the state. NTFPs contributed 19-32% of total household income for different tribal communities, which was significant. Illicium griffithii, Rubia cordifolia, Oroxylum indicum, Swertia chirayita, Litsea sebifera, Taxus wallichiana, Valeriana jatamansii, Thalictrum foliolosum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Everniastrum cirrhatum, Cordyceps sinensis, Aconitum fletcherianum, Nardostachys jatamansi, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Gymnadenia orchidis, Calamus, Quercus and Pinus roxbughii were important commercial species. NTFPs also generated substantial revenue to the State government, though it is falling year after year, which is alarming. To meet community livelihoods, income and forest revenue from NTFPs, it desires a thorough management plan and policy guidelines for these resources from all line departments. The knowledge on diversity, its consumption pattern, and contribution to rural income and forest revenue may enable planners to accurately plan sustainable management of NTFP resources and community development in near future. 相似文献
18.
In densely populated regions, forests can help protect communities and infrastructures from natural hazards such as avalanches and rockfall. To promote the protective function, substantial efforts are made to actively manage forest stands. In 2009 alone the Swiss government invested more than 60 million sfr for the maintenance of protection forests. However, to date there has been no comprehensive evaluation of how the structural development of actively managed stands differs from that of passively managed stands in the Alps. Over the past century the structure of Norway-spruce dominated subalpine forests of the Swiss Alps has been changing and it is not clear how these changes affect the potential protective function of these forests, as well as other forest functions such as wildlife habitat. Furthermore, it is not clear how stand dynamics and structural changes differ between stands that are actively managed and those that are passively managed, and thus to what degree active efforts of forest management are contributing to stands that actually have a greater protective function than passively managed forests.In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of subalpine forests using time series of forest inventory data and examined the influence of active vs. passive management, exposition, distance to treeline, elevation and slope steepness on stand structure and dynamics. We analyzed data from 395 plots in dense, subalpine, spruce-dominated forests in the Swiss Alps. Data were collected during three distinct periods (1983-1985, 1993-1995 and 2004-2006) as part of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI). Using regression trees and multivariate statistics, we investigated which factors have the most important influence on tree growth and stand development.Overall, forest density increased significantly over the last 20 years and the predominance of dense forests increased at higher elevations. However, forest density has not increased in actively managed forests over the past 10 years. In passively managed stands, density was higher on south-facing slopes than on north-facing slopes. The volume and density of dead wood has increased over the last 20 years in both actively managed and passively managed forests. Active management over the last 20 years has maintained forest conditions that adequately maintain stands’ protection functions in the Swiss Alps. However, stand development, especially increasing density, in the passively managed stands of the Swiss Alps suggests that the majority of passively managed stands also provide adequate protective functions against rock and avalanche hazards without the high costs of active management. 相似文献
19.