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1.
A finite dose diffusion system was employed to study cuticular penetration of 2‐(1‐naphthyl) [1−14C]acetic acid (NAA) from simulated spray droplets through enzymatically isolated tomato fruit cuticles (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Pik Red). Isolated cuticles were mounted on diffusion half‐cells with the cell wall surfaces facing a 20 mM citric acid receiver solution (pH 3.2, volume 2.9 ml, prepared with deionized water). A 5‐µl donor droplet containing NAA at 100 µM in 20 mM citric acid buffer (pH 3.2) was applied to the outer surface. Penetration was monitored by repeated sampling of the receiver solution. NAA penetration was characterized by (1) an initial lag phase of about 2.3 h, (2) a phase of nearly constant maximum rate of penetration averaging 6.3% of applied NAA h−1 (equivalent to 0.032 nmol h−1) and (3) a plateau phase approaching an asymptote at 81.2% of applied NAA (equivalent to 0.406 nmol) at 120 h. Within 1 h after application droplets appeared dry on visual inspection. Immediately after droplet drying, 7.0% of the applied NAA was sorbed to the cuticle, but only 0.5% penetrated into the receiver solution, indicating that penetration occurred almost exclusively from the apparently dry deposit. At 120 h, 5.2% of the NAA applied was associated with the deposit and 4.3% with the cuticle. The distribution of maximum rates of penetration was log‐normal, but penetration at 120 h followed a normal distribution. Cuticle thickness (estimated 5–25 µm) had no significant effect on NAA penetration. Maximum rates of penetration through pepper fruit and citrus and ficus leaf cuticles were 4.9‐, 2.6‐ and 0.1‐times that through tomato fruit cuticles. At 120 h, penetration averaged 85.5, 79.5 and 34.7% for pepper, citrus and ficus cuticles, respectively. Extracting epicuticular and embedded waxes increased NAA penetration rates through tomato fruit cuticle more than three‐fold, but had little effect on penetration at 120 h (71.0 vs 87.7% for cuticular vs dewaxed cuticular membranes). The maximum penetration rate and total penetration were found to be useful parameters in describing the penetration time‐course. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

2.
Effects of temperature, humidity, rewetting and removal of deposits on penetration of NAA [2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid] through isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruit cuticles were studied using a finite dose diffusion system. In this system, an aqueous 5-microliter droplet (0.1 mM NAA in 20 mM citric acid buffer) is applied to the outer surface of a cuticle, which is mounted in a glass diffusion half-cell. The cell wall surface is in contact with a receiver solution (20 mM citrate). Penetration is monitored by repeated sampling of the receiver solution. Droplets appeared dry on visual inspection within 1 h of application, but significant NAA penetration continued after droplet drying. Maximum rates of NAA penetration increased exponentially as temperature was increased (from 5 degrees to 35 degrees C), the energy of activation averaging 153 (+/- 11.6)kJ mol-1. At 35 degrees C, penetration reached a plateau within 10 h of application (at 91.1 (+/- 1.0)% of dose applied) while at 5 degrees C penetration after 800 h reached only 30.2 (+/- 7.5)%. Increasing relative humidity from 20 to 80% increased maximum rates [from 1.0 (+/- 0.21) to 2.7 (+/- 0.80)% h-1] and penetration at 120 h after application [from 36.8 (+/- 2.1) to 64.3 (+/- 3.7)%]. Rewetting deposits at 120, 240 and 360 h after application resulted in increased NAA penetration. However, amounts and rates of NAA penetration progressively decreased with each subsequent rewetting. Removal of deposits by cellulose acetate stripping at various times after droplet application resulted in a rapid decrease in NAA penetration. NAA penetration following deposit removal was always less than 6.1% of the amount of NAA applied and averaged 0.5 (+/- 0.2)% when deposits were removed immediately after droplet drying.  相似文献   

3.

BACKGROUND

Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a fumigant being commercialized worldwide as an alternative phytosanitary treatment to methyl bromide (MB) for forest products. The penetration characteristics of MB and EDN were measured through the bark of wooden blocks (100 × 100 × 50 mm) cut from the upper (average bark thickness 5 ± 2 mm) and lower (average bark thickness 25 ± 5 mm) trunk of recently felled pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) trees. Doses of 48 g m−3 MB and 50 g m−3 EDN were applied to chambers at 10 and 20°C for 10 h.

RESULTS

Penetration of MB was influenced by the interaction between fumigation time and temperature, with concentrations increasing at a higher rate at 20°C compared with at 10°C. After 10 h, an average concentration of 8.05 ± 0.89 g m−3 had penetrated the bark of log sections at 20°C, whereas 5.20 ± 0.89 g m−3 was measured at 10°C. By contrast, the factors examined in this study did not significantly impact the penetration of EDN. Concentration × time (CT) values for MB under the bark were 35.20 ± 2.30 g h m−3 at 10°C and 55.85 ± 9.58 g h m−3 at 20°C; whereas for EDN, CT values were 19.50 ± 6.80 g h m−3 at 10°C and 19.08 ± 4.10 g h m−3 at 20°C.

CONCLUSION

MB can achieve a higher concentration under the bark of log sections during simulated fumigations, but all of the factors examined affected the ability of MB to penetrate the bark of wooden blocks. By comparison, the penetration of EDN through the bark is more consistent than MB under laboratory conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

4.
Intrinsic activities of monodisperse ethoxylated dodecanols (MEDs), diethyl suberate (DESU) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were investigated using Stephanotis floribunda leaf cuticular membranes (CMs) and [14C]2,4‐dichlorophenoxy butyric acid (2,4‐DB) as a model solute. When sorbed in cuticular membranes, MEDs, DESU and TBP increase solute mobility and are called accelerators for this reason. With MEDs, dose‐effect curves (log mobility vs accelerator concentration) were linear but, with DESU and TBP, curves convex to the x axes were obtained that approached a maximum at 90 and 150 g kg−1, respectively. Accelerators increased the mobility of 2,4‐DB in the CMs by 9‐ to 48‐fold, and effects were larger at lower temperatures (range 15–30 °C). Activation energy for diffusion of 2,4‐DB was 105 kJ mol−1, decreasing with increasing accelerator concentrations to 26 kJ mol−1 with DESU at 90 g kg−1 and 64 kJ mol−1 with TBP at 150 g kg−1. Thus, the intrinsic activity of DESU was much higher than that of TBP, which implies that, for a given effect, less DESU than TBP would be needed. MEDs were also very effective accelerators, lowering activation energies to 36 kJ mol−1. Data are discussed in relation to increasing rates of foliar penetration of active ingredients at low temperatures. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

5.
The hydrolysis of triasulfuron, metsulfuron‐methyl and chlorsulfuron in aqueous buffer solutions and in soil suspensions at pH values ranging from 5.2 to 11.2 was investigated. Hydrolysis of all three compounds in both aqueous buffer and soil suspensions was highly pH‐sensitive. The rate of hydrolysis was much faster in the acidic pH range (5.2–6.2) than under neutral and moderately alkaline conditions (8.2–9.4), but it increased rapidly as the pH exceeded 10.2. All three compounds degraded faster at pH 5.2 than at pH 11.2. Hydrolysis rates of all three compounds could be described well with pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) in the rate constants (k, day−1) of the three compounds in soil suspensions from those in buffer solutions within the pH ranges studied. A functional relationship based on the propensity of nonionic and anionic species of the herbicides to hydrolyse was used to describe the dependence of the ‘rate constant’ on pH. The hydrolysis involving attack by neutral water was at least 100‐fold faster when the sulfonylurea herbicides were undissociated (acidic conditions) than when they were present as the anion at near neutral pH. In aqueous buffer solution at pH > 11, a prominent degradation pathway involved O‐demethylation of metsulfuron‐methyl to yield a highly polar degradate, and hydrolytic opening of the triazine ring. It is concluded that these herbicides are not likely to degrade substantially through hydrolysis in most agricultural alkaline soils. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

6.
The aqueous solubilities and octanol–water partition coefficients (KOW) of the benzoylphenylurea (BPU) insecticides teflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron and hexaflumuron were determined in comparison with the more extensively studied diflubenzuron. Both teflubenzuron and hexaflumuron were substantially less water‐soluble (9.4 (± 0.3) µg litre−1 and 16.2 (± 0.5) µg litre−1 in water, respectively) than the value previously reported for diflubenzuron (89 (± 4) µg litre−1 in water). Log KOW values for diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, flufenoxuron and chlorfluazuron were 3.8, 5.4, 5.4, 6.2 and 6.6, respectively, as determined using reverse‐phase HPLC. Photodegradation of hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron and diflubenzuron in water indicated hexaflumuron to be the most rapidly degraded of the three compounds at pH 7.0 (t1/2 = 8.6 (± 0.4) h) and pH 9.0 (t1/2 = 5 (± 1) h); diflubenzuron was the slowest of the three pesticides to degrade in pH 7.0 (17 (± 4) h) and pH 9.0 (8 (± 2) h) buffered water. In a solar simulator using river water buffered to pH 9.0, teflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron half‐lives were 20 (± 4), 15 (± 2) and 12 (± 1) h, respectively; dark controls showed no loss of parent BPU over similar time periods. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

7.
Effects of droplet size and carrier volume on foliar uptake and transport of daminozide were investigated. A constant dose of daminozide (100 µg per leaf) was applied to both primary leaves of 10‐day‐old Phaseolus vulgaris (cv Nerina) in droplet sizes of 1–10 µl and carrier volumes of 10 to 200 µl per leaf. Decreasing droplet size or increasing carrier volume decreased daminozide penetration, but increased translocation. Plotting the logarithm of the leaf surface/droplet interface area vs daminozide uptake yielded a negative linear relationship, but for translocation an optimum quadratic type relationship was obtained. Some phytotoxicity occurred at low carrier volumes and large droplet sizes. The degree of phytotoxicity was positively related to the amount of daminozide deposited per unit wetted area above 0.7 µg daminozide mm−2. Below this threshold, there was no visual evidence of phytotoxicity. At the breakpoint, the deposit covered an area of 276 mm2 on both primary bean leaf surfaces. Since the maximum in the relationship of translocation with interface area was in close agreement with the threshold amount of deposit above which phytotoxicity occurred, the inverse relationship between daminozide uptake and translocation at low interface areas was attributed to phytotoxicity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
N‐(4‐phenoxyphenyl)‐2‐pyridinecarboxamide (1) was synthesized from commercially available materials and its ovicidal and larvicidal activity against Cydia pomonella (L) was tested. The compound showed a LC50 of 0.98 mg ml−1 when eggs less than 24 h were sprayed using a Potter Tower, but it had no effect when eggs older than this were sprayed. The compound did not have larvicidal activity when larvae were treated with 1200 µg g−1. However, the larval head capsules were smaller than those in the controls when treated at this concentration. To assess its possible juvenile‐hormone‐like activity, the compound was topically applied to young pupae of Tribolium confusum duVal, where it produced clear juvenilization effects, which were dependent on the applied dose. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
The distribution resulting from the drenching of soil with a suspension concentrate of [14C]metazoxolon was studied in the laboratory and the field. Penetration of soil columns was increased by (a) increasing the drench volume from 1 to 7.8 litres m?2, (b) changing the original soil moisture content from air-dry to field-capacity, and (c) including 1 % of ‘Renex 30’ surfactant in the drench. Penetration was greatest in soils containing large pores and was reduced when aggregates were broken down by sieving. Leaching the column with 1.56 cm of ‘rain’, 15 h after treatment, did not increase the penetration by metazoxolon. In all experiments, the maximum concentration of metazoxolon occurred in the top 2 cm of soil. Equivalent effects were found when metazoxolon was applied to a poorly-structured sandy clay loam in the field.  相似文献   

10.
The mobility of chlorfenvinphos in isolated pear (Pyrus communis cv. Bartlett) leaf cuticular membranes (CM) was studied as a function of concentration of chlorfenvinphos sorbed in the cuticle. Mobilities of chlorfenvinphos increased approximately 9-fold when the amount sorbed increased from 1 to 100 μg cm−2 pear leaf cuticle. From the amounts per area, average volume fractions of chlorfenvinphos in the cuticle were calculated ranging from 2×10−3 to 5·1×10−2. The increase in mobilities was steepest at the lower and levelled off at higher volume fractions. This correlation could be described for the whole range of volume fractions investigated by an equation which assumes homogeneously dispersed chlorfenvinphos. Temperature dependence of mobilities was studied at 17, 25 and 35°C and chlorfenvinphos volume fractions of 5·5×10−3 and 0·12, respectively. Arrhenius graphs were linear for both volume fractions, showing that cuticles did not undergo a phase transition due to the high amount of sorbed chlorfenvinphos. However, at a volume fraction of 0·12, the activation energy of diffusion, ED, was significantly lower (83·6 kJ mol−1) than at 5·5×10−3 (135 kJ mol−1). We interpret these findings as evidence for a plasticising effect on cuticular waxes by chlorfenvinphos. So far, such an effect had been demonstrated only for certain adjuvants (ethoxylated alcohols) but not for active ingredients. Chlorfenvinphos not only increased its own mobility in pear leaf cuticles, but also that of 2,4-D in Citrus leaf cuticles. This would be expected if plasticising of waxes was the sole mechanism responsible for increased mobilities. From these data we predict that permeabilities of cuticles to chlorfenvinphos are not constant. Depending on temperature as well as types and amounts of adjuvants, rates of foliar penetration of chlorfenvinphos can be higher if its concentration in the spray liquid is increased.  相似文献   

11.
Growth of the submerged weed Potamogeton pectinatus L. is a major problem in the irrigation channels located in the Lower Valley of the Colorado River (39°10′–39°55′S; 62°05′–63°55′W) in Argentina. Previous studies indicate that weed control with acrolein is effective in reducing submerged plant biomass. In this study, we evaluated the influence of some variables affecting acrolein and its dissipation in water. Three main parameters, acrolein dosage, the height of the plants and the velocity of water contributed to 80% of the reduction of the submerged weed biomass. Water flow and concentration of the chemical explained 68% of the factors influencing the dissipation of the herbicide. Water velocity, electrical conductivity, pH and the duration of application have a secondary effect in the dissipation process. The constant rate of dissipation (K) was 0.235 L h−1 (SD ±0.125), implying that the chemical will disappear from the system in <24 h. As a practical guideline for the control of mature, dense stands of P. pectinatus within the irrigation system under study, the following conditions are advisable: flow volumes of 500 L s−1 or higher, water velocity of 0.42 m s−1 or more and c. 6.5 mg L−1 concentration of acrolein for at least a 11-h period.  相似文献   

12.
Carbofuran was incubated in top‐soil and sub‐soil samples from a pesticide‐free site at a range of initial concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mg kg−1. Amounts of the incubated soils were removed at intervals over the subsequent 12 months, and the rate of degradation of a second carbofuran dose at 10 mg kg−1 was assessed. An applied concentration as low as 0.1 mg kg−1 to top‐soil resulted in more rapid degradation of the fresh addition of carbofuran for at least 12 months. The degree of enhancement was generally more pronounced with the higher initial concentrations. When the same study was conducted in sub‐soil samples from the same site, an initial dose of carbofuran at 0.1 mg kg−1 resulted in only small increases in rates of degradation of a second carbofuran dose. However, degradation rates in the sub‐soil samples were, in many instances, considerably greater than in the corresponding top‐soil samples, irrespective of pre‐treatment concentration or pre‐incubation period. Initial doses of 0.5 mg kg−1 and higher applied to sub‐soil successfully activated the sub‐soil microflora. Application of the VARLEACH model to simulate carbofuran movement through the soil profile indicated that approximately 0.01 mg kg−1 of carbofuran may reach a depth of 70 cm 400 days after a standard field application. The results therefore imply that adaptation of the sub‐soil microflora (c 1 m depth) by normal field rate applications of carbofuran is unlikely to occur. In experiments to investigate this in soils exposed to carbofuran in the field, there was no apparent relationship between top‐soil exposure and degradation rates in the corresponding sub‐soils. The results further confirmed that some sub‐soil samples have an inherent capacity for rapid biodegradation of carbofuran. The high levels of variability observed between replicates in some of the sub‐soil samples were attributed to the uneven distribution of a low population of carbofuran‐degrading micro‐organisms in sub‐surface soil. There was no apparent relationship between soil microbial biomass and degradation rates within or between top‐soil and sub‐soil samples. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

13.
BACKGROUND: Sex pheromones of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) are ideal tools to monitor pest flight activity but are not used as means of control. The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of an attract‐and‐kill strategy consisting of pure pheromones and the contact insecticide cyfluthrin as the active ingredient, formulated with plant oils and ultraviolet absorbers, and applied in droplet sizes of 100 µL. RESULTS: Cyfluthrin at a concentration of 5 g L?1 resulted in the highest and fastest killing of males after 48 h, with a 100% mortality after 3–4 days. In contrast, control males survived for 13 days. In olfactometer experiments, the pheromone concentration of 0.5 g L?1 was significantly most attractive against eight virgin females. At controlled conditions (20 °C), no reduction in efficacy of the attract‐and‐kill formulation was observed for a minimum period of 36 days, whereas under natural environmental conditions the efficacy reduced gradually after day 6 of exposure. The longer the droplet was exposed, the longer was the time to reach 100% mortality of males. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with attract‐and‐kill studies for other pest species, the results are promising as a means of achieving highly effective control of potato tuber moths under field conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

14.
RH‐1965 is a new bleaching herbicide which causes newly developing leaf tissue to emerge devoid of photosynthetic pigments. Mode‐of‐action studies revealed that RH‐1965 inhibited the accumulation of both total chlorophyll and β‐carotene. Concomitantly, it induced the accumulation of the β‐carotene precursors, phytoene, phytofluene and, in particular, ξ‐carotene. Inhibition of chlorophyll accumulation by RH‐1965 is attributed to the photo‐oxidative destruction of chlorophyll in the absence of β‐carotene because RH‐1965 blocked chlorophyll accumulation to a greater extent under high light (50–330 µE m−2 s−1) than under low light (0.8 µE m−2 s−1) conditions. Radish (Raphanus sativus L) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli (L) Beauv) were very senstive to RH‐1965. Under high light (330 µE m−2 s−1), the I50 values for inhibition of chlorophyll accumulation were 0.10 and 0.15 µM , respectively. Wheat (Triticum aestivus L), on the other hand, was much less sensitive to RH‐1965 (I50 = 1.4 µM ). It is concluded that the mode of action of RH‐1965 involves the inhibition of ξ‐carotene desaturation. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

15.
The insecticidal activities of four surfactants (Cide‐kick, Silwet L‐77, M‐Pede and APSA‐80), a dishwashing detergent (New Day), a mineral oil (Sunspray oil), a cotton seed oil and a vegetable oil, alone or in combination, were tested against nymphs of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring on collards and tomato. Silwet L‐77 was more effective (>95% mortality) than Cide‐Kick or APSA‐80 at rates from 0.25–1.00 g AI litre−1 but caused severe phytotoxicity to tender tomato leaves at all but the lowest rate. New Day dish detergent at 2.0 ml litre−1 caused mortality (95%) comparable to M‐Pede insecticide soap at 10‐fold greater concentration. A New Day ingredient, cocamide DEA, was considerably more active than the other ingredients or the commercial mixture. Additional surfactants added to Sunspray oil increased efficacy in some treatments, but not others. Toxic responses of 2nd‐ and 3rd‐ instar whiteflies to vegetable oil and cotton seed oil at 5.0 and 10.0 ml litre−1 plus 0.4 g AI litre−1 APSA‐80 ranged from 22.1 to 79.9% and 66.3–88.7% mortality, respectively. Whitefly mortality was greater on tomato than on collard in six of seven instances when differences between host plants were significant. Our results indicate that the these surfactants and oils have good potential for controlling B argentifolii. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

16.
Emission of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) from fields treated with metam‐sodium (sodium N‐methyldithiocarbamate) is a potential environmental and human safety hazard. Concentrations of MITC at three heights above four arable fields were measured following the application of metam‐sodium at a rate of 480 litre ha−1 (166 kg AI ha−1). Two of these fields were treated by injection into a center‐pivot irrigation system (chemigation), while in the other two fields the fumigant was applied through injection directly into the soil. Generally, higher MITC air concentrations were observed above chemigated than above injected fields. Maximum MITC air concentrations were 11.2 and 7.4 µg m−3 recorded 10 cm above ground 6–8 h following application and the minimum concentrations were 0.7 and 0.2 µg m−3 observed at 200 cm 30–35 h after application above chemigated and injected fields, respectively. The estimated MITC respiratory exposure a worker might encounter during the re‐entry period ranged between 1.37 and 0.03 mg day−1 in chemigated fields and between 0.35 and 0.02 mg day−1 in the injected fields. These results suggest that application of the fumigant through injection reduced MITC volatilization losses in comparison with the chemigation method, thus posing a relatively lower risk of exposure to MITC emissions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

17.
The hydrolysis of [14C] fenpropathrin ( I ) [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] was studied in buffer solutions at pH 1.9–10.4, and in natural river and sea water at 25, 40, 55 and 65°C under laboratory conditions. The hydrolysis of I proceeded predominantly through neutral (pH independent) and base-catalysed processes in the regions below pH 3.9 and above pH 7.0, respectively, whereas both reactions occurred between pH 3.9 and 7.0. The rates of hydrolysis of I in buffer solutions were similar to those in one sample of river and one sample of sea water. If this obtains generally, it may be expected that the half-life of I in natural waters, normally within the range pH 5–9, will range from 1.54 to 1080 days at 40°C, 11.3 to 8520 days at 25°C and, by extrapolation of the data obtained in buffer solutions, 106 to 83 000 days at 10°C. The rate constants for hydrolysis of I in aqueous media can be expressed by: Where log kN = 9.60–(5.56 × 103 T?1) and log kB = 7.32–(2.56 × 103 T?1). The calculated rate constants were in good accord with the observed values in buffer solutions. Cleavage of the ester linkage was more rapid than hydration of the cyano group at any pH and temperature tested.  相似文献   

18.
Penetration of 14C-glyphosate and 14C-diuron through plant cuticles was investigated using cuticles isolated from leaves of the box-tree (Buxus sempervirens) and rubber plant (Ficus elastica) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits. Herbicides were deposited in droplets on to cuticle discs maintained on agar under low or high humidity. The transfer into agar of each herbicide varied between plant species and was generally higher under higher humidity. A pronounced humidity effect was observed for glyphosate transfer through tomato fruit cuticles, reaching 94% transfer for this species but only 1–6% for the other three species. Diuron was well sorbed by cuticles. Its transfer into agar was greater through fruit (76–98%) than through leaf cuticles (2–30%). Kinetic measurements revealed that most penetration into agar occurred after the end of droplet evaporation for glyphosate, but during and after evaporation for diuron. Penetration of diuron through isolated tomato and pepper cuticles was lower from the inner surface than from the outer surface, but the difference between the two directions of penetration was not significant for glyphosate. Penetration of glyphosate through tomato cuticles decreased as cuticle thickness and wax content increased. No similar correlation was observed for diuron. Pénétration du glyphosate et du diuron dans et à travers des cuticules isolées de plantes La pénétration du 14C-glyphosate et du 14C-diuron à travers la cuticule de plantes a étéétudiée a l'aide de cuticules isolées de feuilles (buis, ficus) et de fruits (tomate, poivron). Les herbicides ont été déposés sous forme de gouttelettes sur des disques de cuticules placés sur des blocs d'agar, à faible et forte humidité. Le transfert dans l'agar des deux herbicides varie avec l'espèce végétale et est généralement plus élevé en présence d'une forte humidité. Un effet particulièrement prononcé de l'humidité est observé pour le transfert du glyphosate à travers les cuticules de tomate, la pénétration dans 1'agar atteint 94% pour cette espèce et seulement 1 à 6% pour les trois autres espèces. Le diuron est bien retenu par les cuticules. Son transfert dans 1'agar est plus élevé pour les cuticules de fruit (76–98%) qu'avec les cuticules de feuilles (2–30%). Les études cinétiques montrent que la pénétration dans 1'agar n'intervient qu'après 1'évaporation de la gouttelette pour le glyphosate alors qu'elle se produit durant et après 1'évaporation de la gouttelette pour le diuron. La pénétration du diuron à travers les cuticules isolées de poivron et de tomate est plus faible dans le sens surface interne-surface externe que dans le sens opposé, la différence entre les deux directions de pénétration n'est pas significative pour le glyphosate. La pénétration du glyphosate à travers les cuticules de tomate diminue avec l'augmentation de l'épaisseur ou de la teneur en cires des cuticules. II n'y a pas de corrélation semblable avec le diuron. Penetration von Glyphosat und Diuron in and durch isolierte Pflanzen-Cuticula Die Penetration von 14C-Glyphosat und l4C-Diuron durch die Pflanzen-Cuticula wurde an isolierten Cuticulae von Blättern von Buchsbaum (Buxus sempervirens) und Gummibaum (Ficus elastica) und von Früchten von Tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum) und Paprika (Capsicum annuum) untersucht. Die Herbizide wurden als Tröpfchen auf Cuticula-Scheiben, die bei niedriger oder hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit auf Agar-Agar ausgelegt waren, ausgebracht. Der Übergang der Herbizide in den Agar-Agar war je nach Pflanzenart verschieden, bei hoher Feuchte allgemein stärker. Dieser Effekt war für Glyphosat bei Tomaten-Cuticula besonders deutlich, indem hier 94%übergingen, bei den anderen 3 Arten aber nur l bis 6%. Diuron wurde von den Cuticulae gut aufgenommen, sein Übergang war bei Frucht-Cuticulae stärker (76 bis 98%) als bei Blatt-Cuticulae (2 bis 30%). Messungen der Kinetik ergaben, daß bei Glyphosat die meiste Penetration nach dem Austrocknen der Tröpfchen, bei Diuron aber während und nach dem Austrocknen ablief. Der Ubergang von Diuron durch Tomaten- und Paprika-Cuticula war von den Innenflächen her stärker als von den Außenflächen, was sich für Glyphosat nicht signifikant zeigte. Die Penetration von Glyphosat durch Tomaten-Cuticula nahm mit zunehmender Dicke und Wachsgehalt ab; für Diuron konnte keine solche Korrelation beobachtet werden.  相似文献   

19.
Pharmacokinetic properties and tissue residues of the insecticide sulfluramid (I) and its major metabolite desethylsulfluramid (II) were determined in healthy sheep after bolus intravenous (IV) administration (5 and 15 mg kg−1; n = 10) and bolus intraruminal (IR) administration (100 and 400 mg kg−1; n = 12) of I . Depression, lethargy, and dyspnea were noted for 4 h after the higher IV dose, but not after the other IV or IR doses. The time courses of the mean blood concentrations of I and II were best described by a two-compartment open model with rapid distribution and slow elimination phases. The blood-to-plasma concentration ratios for I and II were 1.43 (± 0.50) and 26.7 (± 9.41), respectively, suggesting binding of II to red blood cells. The T1/2β values for I and II for the higher IV dose of I were 15.3 (± 4.68) h and 63.4 (± 4.75) h and for the higher IR dose of I , 31.5 (± 5.41) h and 74.9 (± 7.49) h, respectively. Bioavailability was 28.6 (± 2.96)% for the lower IR dose and 19.5 (± 0.99)% for the higher IR dose. Cmax values for II were higher in female than male sheep after IR administration of I . Only II was found in tissue samples, with the highest concentration being in liver (9.4 (± 5.2) µg g−1). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
BACKGROUND: Ants often compete with other ants for resources. Although formic acid is a common defensive chemical of formicine ants, it does not occur in any other subfamilies in Formicidae. No information on toxicity of formic acid to red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, is available. This study examined its contact and fumigation toxicity to S. invicta in the laboratory. RESULTS: In a contact toxicity bioassay, 24 h LD50 values of formic acid for workers ranged from 124.54 to 197.71 µg ant−1. Female alates and queens were much less sensitive to formic acid than workers. At a concentration of 271.72 µg ant−1, which killed 81.09 ± 16.04% of workers, the 24 h mortality was up to 39.64% for female alates and 38.89% for queens. In fumigation bioassays, 24 h LC50 values ranged from 0.26 to 0.50 µg mL−1 for workers, 0.32 µg mL−1 for male alates and 0.70 µg mL−1 for female alates. Complete mortality (100%) in queens occurred 24 h after they had been exposed to 1.57 µg mL−1 of formic acid. At a concentration of 2.09 µg mL−1, KT50 values ranged from 23.03 to 43.85 min for workers, from 37.84 to 58.37 min for male alates, from 86.06 to 121.05 min for female alates and from 68.00 to 85.92 min for queens. CONCLUSION: When applied topically, formic acid was significantly less toxic than bifenthrin to red imported fire ants. Although its fumigation toxicity was lower than that of dichlorvos, formic acid had about an order of magnitude higher toxicity to S. invicta than to other insects studied so far. It may be worth investigating the use of formic acid for managing imported fire ants. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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