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1.
以佛山云勇林场4种类型人工林为研究对象,包括针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、桉树林和杉木林,分析不同类型人工林溪流水水质特征,并综合评价其水质等级。结果表明,不同类型人工林溪流水pH值为5.93~6.34,均为弱酸性水;同一林龄段中,针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林溪流水中总氮含量均显著低于桉树（Eucalyptussp.）林（P＜0.05）。桉树林和杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）林溪流水总氮含量均大于2.0 mg·L-1,超过地表水V类标准限值,为富营养型水质;不同林龄段人工林溪流水总磷含量达到地表水Ⅱ类或Ⅲ类标准。不同林龄段人工林溪流水总硬度、Cd和Hg含量达到饮用水标准,氟化物、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr6+和As含量达到地表水I类标准。灰色关联度分析和主成分分析表明杉木林溪流水水质最好,其次为桉树林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林。 相似文献
2.
对湖州市7种主要林分类型植被的枯落物层持水性能和土壤层蓄水能力进行了研究.结果表明:7种林分类型林地枯落物层和土壤层的持水量存在差异,枯落物现存量变化范围为5.92～ 9.88 t/hm2,土壤总孔隙度的变化范围为49.00％ ～58.11％,土壤最大持水量的变化范围为1 934.8～2 324.4 t/hm2.枯落物最大持水量依次为针阔混交林＞常绿阔叶林＞疏林＞马尾松林＞灌木林＞杉木林＞毛竹林,林地水源涵养能力依次为针阔混交林＞常绿阔叶林＞疏林＞灌木林＞毛竹林＞马尾松林＞杉木林,毛竹林的林地持水能力要好于马尾松林和杉木林.全市非毛管总蓄水量为12 919.2万t,最大蓄水量为43 617.7万t. 相似文献
3.
《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,(7)
【目的】了解四川盆周山地西缘5种典型林分（杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林、柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei林、杉木-柳杉混交林、人工-天然混交林、天然次生林）林下植物多样性的现状和差异。【方法】选择立地条件和林龄相近的5种典型林分，进行灌木和草本物种多样性调查，计算其物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson和Pielou指数，采用单因素方差分析和多重比较分析林分之间的物种多样性差异，用Jaccard相似性指数来衡量林分之间的物种相似性。【结果】1）人工林（杉木林、柳杉林、杉木-柳杉混交林）的草本优势种均为蕨类，如红盖鳞毛蕨Dryopteris erythrosora、尖头蹄盖蕨Athyrium vidalii；人工林的优势灌木主要为耐荫的常绿种类，如西南红山茶Camellia pitardii、川黔尖叶柃Eurya acuminoides；天然次生林优势灌木为喜阳的先锋种类，如高粱泡Rubus lambertianus、川莓R. setchuenensis。2）天然次生林的林下灌木层和草本层物种多样性高于其余4种林分，其灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数分别为4.37、4.63,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为1.20、1.29,Simpson指数分别为0.63、0.67。3）杉木林、柳杉林、杉木-柳杉混交林、人工-天然混交林4种林分之间灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均无显著差异（P 0.05),4种林分的草本层Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数亦无显著差异。4)3种人工林之间（杉木林和柳杉林、杉木林和杉木-柳杉混交林、柳杉林和杉木柳杉混交林）的相似系数分别为19.35%、23.60%和21.95%，大于其他林分之间的群落物种相似系数。【结论】1）在四川盆周山地西缘5种典型林分中，天然次生林林下的物种多样性水平最高。2）杉木林、柳杉林、杉木-柳杉混交林、人工-天然混交林的林下物种多样性水平相当。 相似文献
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对广东省蕉岭长潭自然保护区的阔叶混交林、马尾松林、杉木林、毛竹林、针阔混交林等五种典型林分的土壤水分物理性质进行了研究,结果表明：（1）五种林分类型土壤自然含水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量的排序为毛竹林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林〉阔叶混交林;非毛管孔隙度和非毛管持水量的排序为针阔混交林〉阔叶混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林〉毛竹林。（2）五种林分的非毛管孔隙度;阔叶混交林、杉木林、针阔混交林的总孔隙度;阔叶混交林的毛管持水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、非毛管持水量;针阔混交林的自然含水量、毛管持水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、非毛管持水量都是随着土层深度的增加而减少。阔叶混交林、毛竹林、杉木林、针阔混交林的土壤容重是随土层深度的增加而增加。（3）同一土层不同林分间的容重、孔隙度、自然含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管持水量和最小持水量都没有显著差异,而同一林分的物理性质和持水特性在不同土层之间存在显著差异。 相似文献
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7.
千岛湖地区不同森林类型枯落物水文功能研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过对千岛湖库区富溪林场针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林、新造林、马尾松林、杉木林7种林分林下枯落物层的厚度、储量及其持水特性的研究,揭示了该区不同森林类型林下枯落物层的水文生态功能。在实验室进行持水试验得出各种林分最大含水量大小顺序是：灌木林〉阔叶林〉混交林〉新造林〉杉木林〉毛竹〉马尾松;前30min内林地枯落物持水作用最强,其吸水速率顺序为：混交林〉毛竹林〉灌木林〉阔叶林〉杉木林〉新造林〉马尾松林;各林分枯落物有效拦蓄量大小顺序为：混交林〉阔叶林〉杉木林〉灌木林〉毛竹林〉新造林〉马尾松林;从水文效应各项指标来比较,阔叶林水文生态效应最好,马尾松林最差。 相似文献
8.
3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对常绿阔叶混交林地、常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地这3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性进行了研究,结果表明：土壤细菌数量大小排序为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,真菌数量为常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿针阔混交林地,放线菌数量为常绿针阔混交林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林的土壤有利于微生物的发育;脲酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地,磷酸酶活性为常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地,过氧化氢酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林地能够供给土壤微生物较多的营养物质,从而提高了土壤酶的活性. 相似文献
9.
毛竹林群落类型水源涵养功能的初步研究 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：14
对毛竹林群落类型水源涵养功能的研究结果认为:1.植冠截留量,毛竹、常绿落叶阔叶混交林>毛竹纯林>毛竹、杉木混交林;2.枯枝落叶层持水量,毛竹、常绿落叶阔叶混交林>毛竹、杉木混交林>毛竹纯林;3.土壤层的蓄水功能,毛什、常绿落叶阔叶混交林>毛竹纯林>毛竹、杉木混交林。通过本研究,将为毛竹林群落类型的科学管理及其生态经济功能发挥,提供依据。 相似文献
10.
对信丰县金鸡林场次生常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和天然马尾松林３森林类型进行了研究。表明，３种森林类型下木层组成结构次生常绿阔叶林最复杂、杉木人工林次之、天然马尾松林最简单、下木层植物种类分别为７８种、４６种和２８种；Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多亲性指数分别为４．１－４．９，１．４－４．１和０．７－１．９；林分蓄积量杉木人工林最高、次生常绿阔叶林次之、天然马尾松林最一次生绿阔叶要高于杉木人林；枯落 相似文献
11.
Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics
and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by
an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares
techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order
of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization
was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect
to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best
among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity
and crystalline structure.
Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002
Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing
the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses. 相似文献
12.
Sasa Sofyan Munawar Kenji Umemura Fumio Tanaka Shuichi Kawai 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(1):28-35
This study focused on the effects of treatments of alkali, mild steam, and chitosan on the surface morphology, fiber texture,
and tensile properties of pineapple, ramie, and sansevieria fiber bundles. The fibers were treated with NaOH (2%), mild steam
(0.1 MPa), and chitosan solutions (4% and 8%). The properties of these treated fibers were characterized and compared with
the untreated fibers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of those
fibers. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy was used to observe the fiber textures. Tensile properties of the treated and
untreated fibers were also recorded. SEM micrographs showed that the surfaces of the NaOH-treated fibers were more damaged
than those of the steam-treated fibers. The 4% chitosan solution covered the fiber surface more uniformly than the 8% chitosan
solution. The steam-treated fibers had higher values of degree of crystallinity, crystallite orientation factor, and crystallite
size than the NaOHtreated fibers. Ramie fiber showed greater mechanical properties than the other fibers. The values of tensile
strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness of the steamtreated fibers, which were similar to those of the 4% chitosan-coated
fibers, were higher than those for the other treatments. 相似文献
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14.
林地土壤pH值，磷，钾，有机质和水含量具有可变和可控性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对取自山西省北部不同地点、不同层次的土样的pH值、磷、钾、有机质、水含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明：林地土壤理化性质具有可变性的可控性。 相似文献
15.
We address the question of how credible knowledge that will contribute to more effective forest policy and management can
be produced. We argue that some forest-related knowledge-producing practices of professional scientists and of local people
are similar, and given the differences in the knowledge they produce, we explore how they might be used productively together
to create better understandings of forests with resulting better forestry practice and policy. Using a case study of participatory
forest ecology research, we demonstrate that when professional (conventional) scientists do research in collaboration with
local experts (civil scientists), the resulting knowledge can be more accurate and more policy relevant than they could produce
doing research on their own or only with other conventional scientists. 相似文献
16.
本文就核桃采收时间、脱皮方法及坚果分级标准进行了初步研究总结,为实现核桃优果优价、提质增效提供了切实可行的理论依据。 相似文献
17.
Seedling emergence, growth, and allocation of Oriental bittersweet: effects of seed input, seed bank, and forest floor litter 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Joshua W. Ellsworth Robin A. Harrington James H. Fownes 《Forest Ecology and Management》2004,190(2-3):255-264
The establishment of invasive plant populations is controlled by seed input, survival in the soil seed bank, and effects of soil surface disturbance on emergence, growth, and survival. We studied the invasive vine Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Oriental bittersweet) to determine if seedlings in forest understory germinate from the seed bank or from seed rain. We also conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the role of leaf litter mass and physical texture on seedling survival, growth, and allocation. In the understory of an invaded mixed hardwood forest, we measured seed input, seedling emergence with seed rain, and seedling emergence without seed rain. Mean seed rain was 168 seeds m−2: mean seedling emergence was 107 m−2, and there was a strong correlation between seed rain and seedling emergence. The ratio of seedlings to seed input (0.61) was close to the seed viability (0.66) leaving very few seeds to enter the seed bank. Seed bank germination under field conditions was low (1 seedling m−2). Soil cores were incubated in a greenhouse to determine seed bank viability, and germination from these soil cores did not occur. To determine how litter affects seedling establishment and growth, we measured seedling emergence and biomass allocation in a greenhouse experiment. Seeds were placed below intact and fragmented deciduous leaf litter in amounts ranging from zero to the equivalent of 16 Mg ha−1. Seedling emergence was not affected by fragmented litter, but decreased to <20% as intact litter increased to 16 Mg ha−1. Increasing litter resulted in greater allocation to hypocotyl and less to cotyledon and radicle, and this effect was greater in intact litter. C. orbiculatus seedlings achieve emergence through forest floor litter through plasticity in allocation to hypocotyl growth. The low survival of C. orbiculatus in the seed bank suggests that eradication of seedling advance regeneration and adult plants prior to seed rain may be an effective control strategy. However, the intact forest floor litter of an undisturbed forest will not prevent seedling establishment. 相似文献
18.
Behavioral responses,rate of mortality,and oviposition of western cherry fruit fly exposed to malathion,zeta-cypermethrin,and spinetoram 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest of sweet and tart cherry, Prunus avium L. (L.) and P. cerasus L., respectively, in western North America. This fly is commonly controlled with spinosad bait sprays. Spotted wing drosophila,
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is potentially a new pest of cherries in this region that could be a threat to orchards at the same time as R. indifferens. Drosophila suzukii apparently is not controlled using spinosad bait sprays, but may potentially be controlled using malathion, zeta-cypermethrin,
and spinetoram. However, how well these last three materials protect fruit against reproductively mature R. indifferens is not known. In laboratory observations, R. indifferens spent the least amount of time on cherries treated with zeta-cypermethrin, possibly because of its toxicity and irritant
effects. In laboratory experiments, zeta-cypermethrin killed flies more quickly than malathion and spinetoram, causing up
to 100% mortality 2 h after exposure. Zeta-cypermethrin prevented all oviposition when flies walked on dried residues for
20–25 min or were directly sprayed, and then exposed to cherries with dried residues, simulating exposure of mature female
flies in a treated orchard. Malathion and spinetoram reduced oviposition compared with controls, but did not prevent it, when
flies contacted residues or were directly sprayed at a high volume. Results suggest zeta-cypermethrin is the most effective
of the three materials at protecting cherries against mature R. indifferens and could be used in an integrated control program for it and D. suzukii. 相似文献
19.
This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m-2 yr-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m-2yr-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production. 相似文献
20.
Stewart A.W. Diemont Jessica L. BohnDonald D. Rayome Sarah J. KelsenKaity Cheng 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1696-1705
Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration. 相似文献