共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Dzolkhifli Omar Graham A. Matthews Martyn G. Ford David W. Salt 《Pest management science》1991,32(4):439-450
The effect of droplet diameter (36-274 μm) and concentration (10-400 g litre?1) of permethrin on the knockdown and mortality of 2nd-instar Plutella xylostella larvae was investigated. Larvae were placed on brussels sprout leaf discs treated with residual deposits of permethrin applied as ULV or emulsion formulations. The LD50 of permethrin decreased with droplet size at all concentrations tested. This effect could not be accounted for solely by increased drop numbers per unit area of leaf, suggesting that for both formulations transfer of permethrin to larvae is more efficient for deposits composed of small drops. The concentration of permethrin in the ULV formulation could be reduced to approach a minimum quantity of toxicant per unit area to maintain 50 per cent mortality. The approach to the minimum dose varied with drop size and drop number per unit leaf area. The ULV formulation was approximately 2.7 times more effective at killing larvae than the emulsion, presumably as a result of greater availability of toxicant and transfer to larvae. 相似文献
2.
M. HOROWITZ 《Weed Research》1966,6(2):91-103
Summary. Experiments with granular dichlobenil have been carried out under glasshouse conditions, in order to estimate the area of contamination near the surface and the leaching beneath by the toxicant from individual granules. Special techniques using a restricted range of granule size and ryegrass as indicator plant have been developed.
The area of contamination produced by grouping several granules together or by granules containing different concentrations of toxicant, increased generally with, but not in proportion to, the amount of toxicant applied. The area of contamination and the depth of leaching were smaller in moist soil than in drier soil, due possibly to the transport and action of dichlobenil in the vapour state. When granules were placed on sub-irrigated soil, the maximum area of contamination was reached after 6 days for 7.5% granules, and after 12 days for 15% and 25% granules; after 19 days, the area decreased markedly, especially in the case of 7.5% granules. Soil composition, especially organic matter content, affected strongly the area of contamination near the surface and the leaching beneath.
The importance of uniform distribution of granules in field practice is stressed in conclusion.
Migration dans le sol du dichlobénil appliqué sous forme de granules 相似文献
The area of contamination produced by grouping several granules together or by granules containing different concentrations of toxicant, increased generally with, but not in proportion to, the amount of toxicant applied. The area of contamination and the depth of leaching were smaller in moist soil than in drier soil, due possibly to the transport and action of dichlobenil in the vapour state. When granules were placed on sub-irrigated soil, the maximum area of contamination was reached after 6 days for 7.5% granules, and after 12 days for 15% and 25% granules; after 19 days, the area decreased markedly, especially in the case of 7.5% granules. Soil composition, especially organic matter content, affected strongly the area of contamination near the surface and the leaching beneath.
The importance of uniform distribution of granules in field practice is stressed in conclusion.
Migration dans le sol du dichlobénil appliqué sous forme de granules 相似文献
3.
Vertebrate pest control in California is often accomplished through the use of rodenticide grain baits. These grain baits are composed of steam-rolled oats (SRO), a toxicant, an indicator dye and an oil combination. A series of tests were performed to determine the effects of various dye and oil formulations on acceptance of grain bait by Norway rats [Rattus norvegicus (Berk)], California ground squirrels [Spermophilus beecheyi (Richardson)] and pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae Eyd & Gerv). Seven different dyes, four oil formulations and clean (untreated) oats were tested for acceptance. The addition of the selected oils and dyes to grain resulted in no significant differences in consumption. This indicates that there is a wide variety of dyes that could be used in the formulation of rodenticides. These alternatives could aid in proper pesticide use, the deterrence of bait consumption by birds and possibly in ingredient adhesion to the finished bait. 相似文献
4.
Various granular formulations based on a non-disintegrating granular carrier of the aphicide, pirimicarb, were tested for release rate under natural conditions by placing the granules in small bags made of a non-woven fabric in various soils and analysing the contents at monthly periods. There was complete release from the control formulation within 1 month. The other formulations contained slow release additives. These slowed down the release rate but half of the active ingredient was still released in the first month from the formulation with the slowest release rate. It appears that if very slow rates of release are required than a different type of granule is needed. Laboratory release rates bear some relationship to field results justifying the use of laboratory tests as a method for selecting a short list of formulations for testing in the field. 相似文献
5.
Factors influencing the performance of various granular formulations of disulfoton and phorate after foliar application to field beans were investigated by bioassay in controlled environment rooms. Frequent rainfall and high temperature increased activity considerably but humidity had little effect. With disulfoton formulation on pumice rather than fuller's earth, and toxicant concentrations of 7.5% rather than 10% increased toxicity, but effects of formulation were small with phorate. The influence of rainfall and formulation were confirmed in a field experiment. There was evidence for an initial fumigant effect, particularly for phorate, in both laboratory and field experiments. The detailed effects of the various factors at different intervals after applying the granules are discussed in relation to the physical properties of the insecticides and granular carriers. It is suggested that the possibilities of controlling performance by influencing release rates from granules are limited for chemicals such as phorate and disulfoton which are appreciably adsorbed by soil. 相似文献
6.
The volatility of tri-allate from different formulations when mixed with 2 soils containing water at 2%, 6% and field capacity was estimated in the laboratory. Volatility increased with increasing water content in each case. It was generally highest from an emulsifiable concentrate and lowest from a granule formulation with that from unformulated tri-atlate intermediate. In a greenhouse experiment rates of loss of tri-allate from a dry soil were similar for both emulsifiable concentrate and granule formulations, but from a wet soil and an aluminium foil dish losses were much greater from the emulsifiable concentrate. The persistence of trii-allate from granules applied in the field was virtually the same for granules containing 2.5, 5 or 10% active ingredient. 相似文献
7.
Anthony W. C. White Robert Martin Duncan C. Stewart John C. Wickham 《Pest management science》1992,34(2):153-162
The development of a mathematical model which, by quantifying the interaction of a population of houseflies with an ageing spray cloud, is capable of predicting the knockdown and kill performance of insecticidal aerosol formulations shown against houseflies, Musca domestica L., will be presented in a series of four separate papers. In this first paper, measurements were made of insecticide collected by houseflies during free flight using a standard room-spray technique. With pressure-packed aerosol formulations where the solvent is the principal change, it was shown that both knockdown and mortality responses of the insects were directly related to dose collected. The process of droplet collection was most significantly influenced by their size and availability, dependent upon the time after spraying, the position of insect release and the activity of individual adult M. domestica. The knockdown or mortality response of the insect to given amounts of insecticide was largely unaffected by the remaining solvent, although, with mineral oil, some inhibition was noted at low mortality levels. The amount of insecticide accumulated by houseflies in their initial flight was of prime importance in determining the overall effect. Flies remaining not knocked down at the end of the exposure period were shown to be so because they had accumulated less toxicant and not necessarily because they were more tolerant of the insecticide. The establishment of a relationship between the number of flies in flight and time after release has provided a key function for incorporation into the model. 相似文献
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农药剂型、喷雾参数与采样方法对代森锰锌在小油菜上原始沉积量的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
以代森锰锌为对象,研究了农药剂型、喷雾参数和采样技术对小油菜施药后原始沉积量的影响。结果表明:不同剂型、相同有效成分用药量的代森锰锌在小油菜上的原始沉积量不同,30%代森锰锌悬浮剂喷雾后在小油菜上的原始沉积量(94.4~115.8mg/kg)明显高于70%可湿性粉剂(34.3~86.1 mg/kg) 和75%水分散粒剂(61.1~82.4 mg/kg);同种剂型和剂量条件下,施药液量的多少对代森锰锌在小油菜上的原始沉积量有显著影响,随着施药液量的增加,沉积量呈递减趋势;喷片孔径从0.7 mm增大至1.6 mm时,代森锰锌在小油菜上的沉积量由86.3 mg/kg减小至65.1 mg/kg;喷雾压力对代森锰锌在小油菜上的原始沉积量影响不大;采用对角线采样方法,当采样数量为5时,代森锰锌在小油菜上的原始沉积量与采样数量15,25相比差异显著;当采取随机采样方法,采样数量分别为25,50和100时,三者之间代森锰锌在小油菜上的原始沉积量差异不显著,但与对角线采样法相比差异显著。可见农药剂型、喷雾参数和采样方法成为影响农药原始沉积量的主要因素。 相似文献
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Total labor time on paddy rice has been decreasing year by year with the development and introduction of appropriate herbicides, especially ‘one‐shot' herbicides. However, in the case of application of granules, it is still difficult for a farmer to apply herbicides while carrying heavy power backpack sprayers. New formulation recipes and different application technology such as a throw‐in type formulation on jumbo granules or flowable has improved heavy workloads in comparison with granule application by using heavy power backpack sprayers. In addition, other advantageous points such as application volume and elimination of the drift problems of this new application technology were introduced and confirmed. As a result of this introduction, these formulations were used in 830 000 ha and reached 30% of the total treatment area in paddy rice in 2000. 相似文献
13.
Problems with the establishment of autumn-reseeded ryegrass can be attributed to a number of causes, one of which is damage by pests, particularly larvae of shoot-boring flies such as the frit fly (Oscinella frit). In trials over a period of 2 years, bendiocarb has been tested as a seed treatment and as spray and granule formulations for the protection of ryegrass seedlings from pest attack. The trials have included both conventional broadcasting of seed following ploughing of the old sward, and direct drilling following the use of total herbicide. Seed treatments at rates of 10 g a.i. kg?1 of seed and above have given greatly improved plant stands, resulting in yield increases in some trials. Spray and granule applications at 0.5-1.0 kg a.i. ha?1 have significantly improved establishment at some sites. Bendiocarb has also been tested on spring reseeded leys and although results have been less dramatic than on autumn sowings, significant increases in plant stand were obtained. No evidence of phytotoxicity has been found with any variety of Italian or perennial ryegrass which has been tested, nor with timothy and cocksfoot which have been included in mixtures. 相似文献
14.
不同剂型吡虫啉在烟叶和土壤中的残留及消解动态 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
采用高效液相色谱检测技术,于2010—2011年开展了吡虫啉可溶液剂、可湿性粉剂、微乳剂和颗粒剂4种常见剂型的不同施药剂量、不同施药次数和采收间隔期的田间试验,研究了不同剂型吡虫啉在烟叶和土壤中的残留降解规律与最终残留量。结果表明,在3个添加水平（0.01~5 mg/kg）、5次重复下,鲜烟叶、干烟叶和土壤中吡虫啉的平均回收率和相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为85.6% ~89.3%,5.0% ~5.7%;85.0% ~88.3%,3.5% ~5.0%;84.1% ~91.5%,3.4% ~8.0%;符合农药残留检测要求。吡虫啉最小检出量（LOD）为0.3 ng（S/N=3）,最低检测浓度（LOQ）分别为:鲜烟叶0.01 mg/kg,干烟叶0.03 mg/kg,土壤0.01 mg/kg。由于推荐剂量不同,不同剂型农药在烟叶上的原始沉积量有较大差别,可溶液剂、可湿性粉剂、微乳剂和颗粒剂4种剂型的吡虫啉降解速率均较快,半衰期分别为5.7~6.6、3.1~3.7、5.0~5.1和10.5~11.4 d。在不同处理的干烟叶中,吡虫啉残留量有明显差异,根据国际烟草科学合作研究中心（CORESTA）的指导性残留限量为5 mg/kg,建议大田喷雾施药的3种剂型（可溶液剂、可湿性粉剂和微乳剂）安全间隔期为14 d,移栽期穴施的颗粒剂安全间隔期为70 d。 相似文献
15.
Abstract During and after sowing of groundnuts, dust, granule and emulsion formulations of some insecticides were tried against grubs of Lachnosterna (Holotrichia) consanguinea Blanch. attacking the crop. On the basis of percentage mortality of plants due to the grubs, phorate granules at 3 kg/ha were found most effective when applied both during and after sowing. Heptachior and Thiodemeton granules at 5 kg/ha were second in merit. Post-sowing treatments with dusts and emulsions were not very effective. 相似文献
16.
Attract-and-kill techniques, associating an attractant and a contact insecticide in a sticky formulation, are a new way of controlling Lepidopteran pests. Insecticide resistance may, however, limit the effectiveness and even the attractiveness of such formulations where resistance pleiotropic effects influence pheromone perception. We have tested this hypothesis on resistant codling moths Cydia pomonella (L) using a commercial formulation containing (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), the major component of the sex pheromone, as an attractant and permethrin as toxicant. We first compared the attractiveness of codlemone in a wind tunnel and the contact toxicity of pyrethroids on males of one susceptible and of three strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron, deltamethrin and azinphos-methyl. The dose-response relationships of males of susceptible and resistant strains to codlemone did not differ significantly. The deltamethrin-selected strain was the most resistant to pyrethroids, exhibiting 138-, 25- and 18-fold resistance ratios to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin, respectively. The efficiency of the attracticide formulation, applied successively on filter paper support, glass support and wood support, was estimated by recording the mortality delay of males after natural contact with the formulation in the wind tunnel. The deltamethrin- and diflubenzuron-resistant strains were significantly less affected than the susceptible strain by contact with the attracticide on the wooden support, exhibiting 58- and 2.3-fold greater LT50 ratios, respectively. Mortality of deltamethrin-resistant moths did not exceed 40% after 48 h. The LT50 value was significantly greater on filter paper support than on the two other supports. Surprisingly, the LT50 ratio of the deltamethrin-resistant strain was markedly higher on filter paper support (1021-fold), which was more absorbent, than on the glass support (31-fold). No sublethal effects in terms of pheromone response, mating or fecundity occurred in moths surviving contact with the attracticide. Choice of insecticides in attracticide formulations will be influenced by the resistance background of the target pests. Principles of insecticide resistance management may also be applied to attract-and-kill technology by alternating with other insecticides or control methods. 相似文献
17.
An assessment of the consequences of the controlled release of pesticides from granular formulations
J. M. Osgerby 《Pest management science》1972,3(6):753-769
The value of an analytical approach to the assessment of the advantages resulting from the use of controlled release granular formulations of pesticides is discussed. The methods are illustrated by considering the concentration-time profiles resulting from the application of such formulations to water and to soils. The importance of the particular environment in which these formulations are used and of the dynamic nature of the pest population is emphasised. It is concluded that relatively simple controlled release granular formulations could give improvements in the performance of pesticides compared with conventional formulations but that the practicality of producing such formulations with a sufficiently large range of release rate constants is uncertain. Equally their use under field conditions might be subject to practical difficulties. 相似文献
18.
为评估吡虫啉药剂对水生生态系统的风险,对目前中国水稻上登记使用的吡虫啉单剂品种进行了梳理,基于风险评估保守性的原则,归纳出不同剂型产品所适用的施用量,采用Top-Rice模型和风险商值 (RQ)法,对现有吡虫啉单剂产品进行了水生生态风险评估。结果显示:截至2020年6月,近3年中国水稻上登记的有效吡虫啉单剂产品共375种,其中可湿性粉剂(WP)占比最大,为56.53%;其次为可溶液剂(SL),占11.47%;乳油(EC)、悬浮剂(SC)、水分散粒剂(WG)、微乳剂(ME)、悬浮种衣剂(FS)、泡腾片剂(EB)、片剂(TA)、种子处理可分散粉剂(WS) 分别占9.87%、8.27%、8.00%、3.73%、1.33%、0.27%、0.27%和0.27%。水生生态风险评估结果表明:7种吡虫啉单剂产品在各种场景-时间点施用后,其预测环境浓度(PEC)范围为质量浓度0.19 ~ 51.28 μg/L;在现有登记施用条件下,对鱼类和无脊椎动物的急性暴露风险均可接受;就慢性暴露风险而言,对鱼类和初级生产者的慢性暴露风险均可接受,而对以大型溞和溪流摇蚊为代表的无脊椎生物,仅13.58%的模拟组其 RQ 值小于1,故具有一定的潜在风险。研究结果表明,按照目前登记的施用方法,吡虫啉单剂产品在水稻上使用时对水生生态系统存在一定的风险,但需要说明的是,为综合评价吡虫啉单剂产品对水生生态系统可能产生的风险,本研究中对施用方法的取值分析偏保守,且由于代谢物数据不充分,使得评估结果存在一定的不确定性。 相似文献
19.
To evaluate the fate of pesticides in paddy fields, the pesticide paddy field model (PADDY) has been developed for predicting pesticide concentrations in paddy fields and the run-off amount of pesticides to the aquatic environment. This model focused particularly on granule formulation because these formulations have been used widely as herbicides on paddy fields in Japan. The behavior of pesticides in paddy fields was assessed by considering the main processes on the basis of a compartment system and the mass-balance equations of pesticides in the compartments were derived from kinetic data. The mathematical model, PADDY, was constructed by numerical solution techniques. A method for measuring the pesticide parameters for this model was also developed. To validate the model, a field experiment was carried out on a paddy field and the concentration changes of pesticides in water and soil were measured. These were in reasonably good agreement with those predicted by PADDY. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Experiments on the control of wheat bulb fly larvae by seed dressings compared four organophosphorus compounds in standard siliceous earth formulations with special formulations of the same compounds in polyvinyl acetate, polypropylene or wax. The special formulations allowed more insecticide to be placed on the seeds without affecting germination. Counting shoots damaged by wheat bulb fly larvae showed that: siliceous earth formulations of diazinon gave good control which was not improved by special formulations; control with siliceous earth formulations of dimethoate was poor and was improved only little by the special formulations; and control with siliceous earth formulations of parathion and dichlofenthion was moderate and was improved by special formulations, especially polyvinyl acetate and polypropylene. The results suggest that special formulations are of most value with compounds that are moderately effective but where the amount of insecticide in standard seed dressings cannot be increased without damaging the plants. 相似文献