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1.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the retention of menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (MNB; vitamin K3) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Another objective was to find a reliable method for determination of menadione in fish feed, and to include and validate more matrices in the methods for phylloquinone and menaquinones (vitamin K2). Duplicate tanks of Atlantic salmon (～93 g) were fed four levels (0–1000 mg menadione kg?1 feed) of MNB for 9 weeks. The concentration of menadione and phylloquinone in the feed and the concentration of phylloquinone and menaquinone‐4 (MK‐4) in the tissues were determined. The analysed concentration of dietary menadione found in feed indicated a substantial loss of MNB during feed production. This assumption was supported by screening 15 commercial fish feed samples which also revealed menadione concentrations far below the recommended level. MNB fed salmon showed only a minor increase in liver MK‐4 concentration, compared to salmon fed phylloquinone which had a considerably higher level of liver phylloquinone, indicating a higher retention of phylloquinone compared to menadione in Atlantic salmon. Due to highly varying stability and bioavailability of the different vitamin K derivatives, vitamin K supplementation in fish feed needs a revision.  相似文献   

2.
SUMMARY: The effect of different dosages of vitamin K, either as phylloquinone or menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB), on vertebrae formation during growth of mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus was investigated. Diets without vitamin K caused a significantly higher incidence of bone deformity in fish than diets supplemented with MSB or phylloquinone ( P < 0.01). These results indicate that vitamin K is essential for mummichog. A massive dose of MSB caused a high incidence of bone deformity compared with a lower dose, while an increased dose of phylloquinone brought about no significant difference in deformity incidence. The vertebral deformity was significantly higher ( P < 0.01) in fish fed a vitamin K-free diet (Control Group) and MSB-supplemented diet (Group MSB25) compared to fish fed a phylloquinone-supplemented diet (Group PK1). These results indicate that phylloquinone is more suitable than MSB as a vitamin K source in fish feed.  相似文献   

3.
A total of 1400 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (8.93 ± 0.03 g) were fed diets containing graded levels of vitamin K at 0.027 (basal diet), 1.52, 3.02, 4.51, 6.02 and 7.52 mg kg?1 diet for 60 days to investigate the effects of vitamin K on growth, enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Percentage weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency of fish were improved by vitamin K. Activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the intestine and hepatopancreas and Na+, K+‐ATPase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in the intestine were increased by vitamin K. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine were decreased with vitamin K supplements. Certain level of vitamin K increased antihydroxyl radical, antisuperoxide anion, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and glutathione contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Intestinal Lactobacillus, E. coli and Aeromonas were changed with vitamin K supplements. Together, these results indicate that vitamin K improved fish growth, digestive and absorptive ability, and anti‐oxidant capacity. The dietary vitamin K requirement of juvenile Jian carp (8.93–73.7 g) based on PWG was 3.13 mg kg?1 diet.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of the present study was to elucidate if increasing levels of added vitamin K in the feed influenced fish growth, health or the incidences of bone deformities in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) from onset of start feeding to ∼100 g in freshwater. Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon fry (∼0.20 g) were fed eight levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 mg menadione kg−1) of the vitamin K derivate menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (MNB) in a regression design for 28 weeks. All fish maintained high growth rates throughout the experiment, and showed no significant differences in specific growth rate, condition factor, whole body proximate analysis, blood coagulation time, vertebra morphology or mechanical properties of vertebrae. We found a dose-response between whole body vitamin K concentration and the dietary MNB supplementation level. Analysis of liver γ-glutamylcarboxylase activity revealed significant dose-dependent differences between groups given the 0, 10 and 50 mg MNB kg−1 diets. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon seems to require low levels of dietary vitamin K, and the amount of vitamin K found naturally in the presently used feed ingredients may be enough to maintain optimal growth, health and bone strength in Atlantic salmon fry from start feeding.  相似文献   

5.
Utilization of ascorbate-2-sulfate in fish   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Although most vertebrate animals synthesize L-ascorbic acid (C1), some animal species lack the ability to produce L-gulonolactone oxidase and are thus dependent upon a dietary source of vitamin C. Fish are unique among this latter group in that they store a chemically stable form of vitamin C and appear to metabolize this compound differently from other vitamin C-requiring organisms. Ascorbate-2-sulfate (C2) contributes to total body stores of ascorbate, but the commonly used assays for ascorbate concentrations in tissues and body fluids do not generally measure C2. An HPLC assay distinguishes between and measures both C1 and C2. Modification of the less exact but commonly used DNPH method can provide adequate data to estimate total vitamers C, C1, and (by difference) C2. Since vitamin C is a required component of feed for salmonids, catfish, eels, shrimp and carp, use of C2 in feed formulation would provide a bioavailable form of ascorbate which is heat and water stable at pH 4–13.  相似文献   

6.
Bone deformities represent an increasing, unsolved problem for intensive farming of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. To increase insight into nutritional and environmental impacts on bone mineralization, 16 groups of Atlantic salmon parr were fed diets with different levels of menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), vitamin D3, and calcium (Ca), and exposed to different levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) based on a multivariate factorial design (24). The composition of the experimental diets was either a high or low level of each of the design variables. In addition, four groups (centre points) were fed a diet with intermediate levels of all dietary parameters and exposed to an intermediate level of dissolved CO2 to record the variation among tanks. After 6 weeks in fresh water, fish were marked according to group, transferred to a common net pen in sea water and fed commercial feed for another 11 weeks. High levels of CO2 decreased fish growth both in fresh water and sea water. No visible bone deformities were recorded at any time. Dry matter, protein and ash compositions of bone and concentrations of Ca, phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in bone were not significantly affected by any of the design variables. Minor effects were observed in clinical parameters recording health performance, stress and plasma Ca homeostasis. The mean level of vitamin D3 measured as cholecalciferol in fish organs increased significantly during the freshwater period and reflected dietary vitamin D3, whereas the level decreased when fish were fed commercial feed in sea water. The level of menaquinone in liver increased significantly in response to high dietary levels of MSB, indicating that dietary MSB was converted to menaquinone in salmon.  相似文献   

7.

Although fish roes (or the egg-laden ovary) are seafood products with high nutritional value and are considered abundant in vitamins including vitamin B12, nevertheless, the detailed properties of vitamin B12 have not been fully elucidated in fish roe products. Vitamin B12 content was determined using C18-reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after purification of samples from immunoaffinity columns. Salmon egg-laden ovary products (sujiko), salmon roe products (ikura), dried mullet roe products (bottarga), and white sturgeon roe products (caviar) were found to contain substantial levels of vitamin B12 (more than approximately 15 µg/100 g wet weight). Interestingly, high levels of vitamin B12 per 100 g wet weight have been measured in pollack roe products (tarako) and flying fish roe products (tobiko). Liquid chromatography–electrospray-ionization/tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that vitamin B12 was the predominant corrinoid in the evaluated fish roe products examined, while no inactive corrinoid compounds were identified. These results suggest that commercially available fish roe products could be an important source of vitamin B12 for use as a dietary product for humans.

  相似文献   

8.
This study was conducted to compare l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐glucose (AA2G) with l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐monophosphate‐Na/Ca (AMP‐Na/Ca) for supplying the dietary vitamin C for juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf). Fish were fed one of seven semi‐purified diets containing equivalents of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg ascorbic acid (AA) kg?1 diet in the form of AA2G or AMP‐Na/Ca for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of feeding, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and survival of fish fed the vitamin C‐free diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the vitamin C‐supplemented diets in either form. The hepatosomatic index, condition factor and survival of fish fed AMP‐Na/Ca100, AMP‐Na/Ca200, AA2G100 and AA2G200 diets were significantly higher than fish fed the vitamin C‐free diet. After 9 weeks of feeding, fish fed the vitamin C‐free diet began to show vitamin C deficiency signs such as anorexia and lethargy. At the end of the 12‐week feeding trial, fish fed the vitamin C‐free diet exhibited vitamin C deficiency signs, e.g., anorexia, scoliosis, exophthalmia and fin haemorrhage. Vitamin C retention in the muscle and liver was similar to those of fish fed AA2G‐ or AMP‐Na/Ca‐supplemented diets. In general, there was no significant difference in the muscle and liver vitamin C concen‐tration in fish fed the AA2G and AMP‐Na/Ca diets at the same supplementation levels.  相似文献   

9.
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., (14 g) were fed a practical fish-meal-based diet supplemented with 0. 10, 20. 40, 80 and 160 mg pyridoxine (PN) per kg feed for 20 weeks. Tissue vitamin B6 contents were significantly reduced in fish fed the non-supplemented diet compared with fish fed PN-supplemented diets. Serum haemolytic complement activity and head kidney lysozyme activity, and the specific antibody response following immunization with Vibrio salmonicida. were not influenced by the dietary regimes. Challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida showed that increasing the dietary levels of vitamin B6 did not improve the resistance to furunculosis. Growth, mortality and haematology were not affected by supplementing a practical diet with vitamin B6 In conclusion, feed levels of vitamin B6 higher than the minimum dietary requirement did not enhance immune functions and disease resistance in Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

10.
Due to problems with bone deformities in farmed Atlantic salmon, there is a growing interest in the possible involvement of vitamin K in normal bone development, and sensitive biomarkers for evaluating vitamin K status are therefore needed. The vitamin K-dependent (VKD) enzyme γ-glutamylcarboxylase (GGCX, EC 6.4.x.x) requires vitamin K as a cofactor for its post-translational modification of glutamic acid (Glu) residues to γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues in VKD proteins, and is required for their function in haemostasis and bone metabolism. The present study was designed to evaluate the enzyme assay for GGCX activity in isolated liver microsomes and its distribution in the tissues of Atlantic salmon. The effect of KH2 and menadione on the GGCX activity in salmon liver was also compared. Results from the present study show a widespread tissue distribution and expression of GGCX in Atlantic salmon. The GGCX activity and ggcx expression in all bony tissues examined imply the presence of vitamin K, and suggest the involvement of vitamin K in bone metabolism of Atlantic salmon. We propose the GGCX assay as a sensitive marker for vitamin K status, and confirm that menadione does not work as a cofactor for GGCX in Atlantic salmon liver.  相似文献   

11.
The distribution and kinetics of LDH isoenzymes in red and white muscles of 5 species of salmonids, 4 species of cyprinids and one coregonid species were studied. In all species the white muscles are characterized by the occurrence of only the most cathodic isoenzymes, or groups of isoenzymes. The red muscles contained either the full set of isoenzymes (cyprinids) or a selection in which the anodic forms dominated (salmonids, coregonid). The most striking difference between the two types of muscle was met inCoregonus sp. The temperature profiles of pyruvate affinity are similar in all species of fish studied. On the other hand, Km(pyr) values and degree of pyruvate inhibition are closely related and vary greatly with temperature, with the taxonomic position (and thus biology) of the species, and with electrophoresic mobility of the isoenzyme. Highest affinity and strongest inhibition occurred in the anodic (H4) isoenzymes of cyprinids at low temperature; lowest affinity and zero inhibition in the cathodic isoenzymes (M4 M4) of salmonids and coregonids at high temperature. In salmonids the more recently duplicated loci of the M-group of isoenzymes possess identical Km values at all temperatures, whereas the two older M and H loci differ greatly in this respect. Thus the more recent duplication of LDH loci in salmonids and coregonids may be seen as a mechanism by which the tetramers required for LDH activity can be constructed from more closely related subunits than are provided by the older M and H loci.Some problems in connection with the determination of the kinetic constants of the lactate oxidase reaction are discussed and it is suggested that an alkaline, pyruvate trapping system provides conditions which are more realistic than those of other assay systems. The Km(lactate) values found are in the biological range and, at 20°C, provide further circumstantial evidence that the red muscles of fish should be capable of oxidizing the lactate produced by the white muscles during strenuous exercise. At 4°C the Km(lactate) values are abnormally high in all muscle preparations and thus are not correlated with the Km(pyruvate) values which are lowest at this temperature.  相似文献   

12.
The present experiment shows that ascorbate-2-sulfate (AS) is not equivalent to ascorbic acid (AA) as a dietary vitamin C source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Within reasonable feed supplemental levels AS does not provide the tissues with adequate supplies of vitamin C to secure optimal physiological functions as demonstrated by biochemical and haematological analyses. AS could not be detected in the liver of fish fed either AA or AS, nor in vitamin C — deprived salmon, suggesting that AS is not the natural storage form of vitamin C in this species. There were no significant differences in antibody production against a soluble artificial antigen (NIP11-LPH) in fish fed 500 and 5000 mg AA/Kg dry diet or equivalent amounts of AS during a period of six weeks at a water temperature of 7.2°C.  相似文献   

13.
A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to establish the minimum dietary vitamin E requirement of juvenile red drum by broken-line regression analysis. The semi-purified basal diet was supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 or 80 IU vitamin E kg−1 as all-rac -α-tocopheryl acetate. Juvenile red drum were conditioned by feeding the basal diet for 8 weeks prior to the feeding trial to reduce whole-body vitamin E levels. Then, fish initially averaging 12.2 ± 0.4 g fish−1 (mean ± SD) were fed the experimental diets at a rate approaching apparent satiation for 12 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency responses of fish fed diets were significantly ( P  < 0.01) altered by the level of vitamin E supplementation but not strictly in a dose-dependent manner. Vitamin E concentrations in liver and plasma also were significantly ( P  < 0.001) influenced by dietary vitamin E level. Plasma ascorbic acid in fish fed the basal diet tended ( P  = 0.066) to be lower than in fish fed diets containing the various levels of vitamin E. In addition, fish fed the basal diet showed edema in the heart, while fish fed all other diets were normal. Fish fed 60 or 80 IU all-rac -α-tocopheryl acetate kg−1 diet had significantly higher respiratory burst of head kidney macrophages than fish fed all other diets, although dietary effects on hematocrit and neutrophil oxidative radical production were not significant. The minimum dietary vitamin E requirement of juvenile red drum was established based on broken-line regression of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances to be 31 mg all-rac -α-tocopheryl acetate kg−1 diet.  相似文献   

14.
Vitamin B12 is synthesized by only certain bacteria and archaea but not by animals or plants. In marine environments, bacterial vitamin B12 is transferred and concentrated into fish and shellfish bodies by plankton in the marine food chain. Moreover, marine macrophytic red algae, Porphyra spp. specifically contain substantial amounts of vitamin B12, due to microbial interaction. Although some meats or viscera of edible fish and shellfish are excellent sources of biologically active vitamin B12, an inactive corrinoid, pseudovitamin B12, was found in some edible shellfish using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. To prevent elderly people from developing vitamin B12 deficiency due to food protein-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption, we present a survey of marine foods containing free vitamin B12. The results of our study suggest that bonito and clam extracts (or soup stocks), which contain considerable amounts of free vitamin B12 are useful not only as seasonings and flavorings but also as excellent sources of free vitamin B12.  相似文献   

15.
A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary vitamin K requirements of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis, using menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) as the vitamin K source. Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles with 6.1 ± 0.1 g body weight were individually reared and fed diets containing seven levels of MSB (0.0, 5.0, 8.9, 12.3, 16.6, 20.7 and 41.0 mg/kg). Turtles fed with an MSB‐free diet exhibited the lowest feed utilization, carapace Ca concentrations, carapace strength or liver menaquinone (MK‐4) concentrations among all dietary groups. Weight gain (WG) in the turtles tended to increase with increase in dietary MSB until a dietary MSB level of 16.6 mg/kg, where WG levelled off. Total plasma prothrombin concentrations, an indicator for blood clotting function, in the turtles fed on MSB supplemented diets were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those in turtles fed on MSB supplemented diets. Liver MSB concentrations increased with increase in dietary MSB. Using broken‐line or sigmoidal regression model, the vitamin K requirements of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtles based on WG, total plasma prothrombin concentrations and liver vitamin K were 21.5, 25.8 and 29.9 mg MSB per kg, respectively.  相似文献   

16.
Vitamin A (VA) is an essential micronutrient in fish, vital for reproduction, vision and immunity. Freshwater fish species store and use VA in the form of retinol (ROL), as well as uncommon forms such as 3,4‐didehydroretinol (DROL) and 3‐hydroxyretinol (3ROL). We developed and validated an HPLC method capable of measuring ROL, DROL and 3ROL in the feed and tissues of North American freshwater fish, for which little information on retinoid concentrations is available. DROL and ROL were higher than expected in both fish feed and fish liver (at 9.5–29.6 mg kg?1 DROL and 26.9–79.2 mg kg?1 ROL for feed; and 19.8–548.8 μg g?1 DROL and 10.4–128.8 μg g?1 ROL for liver). Interestingly, DROL concentrations were lower than ROL in fish feed, but often substantially higher in fish liver. Concentrations of ROL and DROL were similar to each other in muscle. 3ROL was detected in fish liver only. To our knowledge, this is the first publication to measure DROL concentrations in North American farm‐raised fish and commercial fish feed. Monitoring of not only ROL, but DROL and 3ROL as well, may be advisable to better assess the VA content of fish feed and tissue.  相似文献   

17.
Salmonid aquaculture has focused for many years on enhancing the quantity of fish produced. However, optimization of the quality of salmonids may lead to improved consumer acceptance and higher prices for the farmed product. The present review evaluates how the quality of salmonids is affected by parameters such as feed type, level of dietary intake (ration) and growth. Feed composition has a major influence on the proximate composition of salmonids. In particular, whole body lipid as well as the lipid content in the edible fillet is directly related to dietary fat content, while the fatty acid composition of the fish flesh is also strongly influenced by the dietary fatty acid profile. While fish body composition appears to be largely influenced by feed composition, an increase in other parameters such as feed ration and fish size also results in enhanced adipose deposition and decreased water content in the fish body. The protein content, however, remains more or less stable. An increase in fish body lipid content is not necessarily a negative factor, depending upon the processing procedure that follows. However, an increase in body fat content is generally accompanied by a reduction in slaughter yield, owing to an increase in the weight of viscera in relation to body weight. Although salmonid flesh quality with respect to levels of proximate constituents and yield appears to be under the strong influence of feed composition and feed amount, the sensory characteristics, such as odour, flavour, texture, etc., are only governed by these factors to a small degree. Tactics for the rearing of salmonids for specific purposes should therefore take into consideration the fact that the level of proximate constituents in the whole body as well as the fillet are readily manipulated by feed composition and feeding strategies, whereas the sensory parameters are less affected by these variables.  相似文献   

18.
The characteristic pink colour of salmonid flesh is a result of deposition of naturally occurring carotenoid pigments. Achieving successful pigmentation in farmed salmonids is a vital aspect of fish farming and commercial feed production. Currently commercial diets for farmed salmonids contain either or both of the synthetic pigments commercially available, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. ( = 220 g initial weight) were given feeds where the pigment source was astaxanthin only, canthaxanthin only or a astaxanthin/canthaxanthin mix. The rearing environment was 12 × 3 m tanks supplied with sea water at the EWOS research farm Lønningdal, near Bergen, Norway. As the proportion of dietary canthaxanthin increased, flesh pigment levels also showed an increase; the pigment content in the muscle of canthaxanthin‐only fed fish was 0.4 mg kg?1 (or 14%) higher than that of the astaxanthin‐only fed fish, with the mixed pigment fed fish being intermediate between the two extremes. Results of cross‐section assessment for Minolta colorimeter redness (a*) values and Roche SalmofanTM scores also showed an increase in colour with increasing proportions of canthaxanthin in the feed. The data reported clearly indicates that S. salar ( = 810 g final weight) of this size deposit canthaxanthin more efficiently than they do astaxanthin. These results contrast with those obtained by other authors with rainbow trout, Oncorynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and imply that the absorption or utilization of the pigments differs between species.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of vitamin D3 on the growth, vitamin D metabolites, and osteocalcin secretion in juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). A 90-day growth trial was conducted with juvenile Siberian sturgeon (initial body weight 3.47 ± 0.14 g) fed seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets (45% CP and 13% lipid) containing 60 (basal diet), 240, 450, 880, 1670, 3300, or 1.0 × 105 IU/kg feed (D60~D 1.0 × 105) vitamin D3. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate increased as the dietary vitamin D3 levels increased from 450 to 3300 IU/kg (P < 0.05). The fish fed with D1670 and D3300 diets had higher crude lipid and ash levels than the fish fed the D60 diet (P < 0.05). The fish fed D880, D1670, or D3300 diets had higher 25-OH-D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-D3 levels than the fish fed the D60 diet (P < 0.05). The fish fed D880, D1670, D3300, or D1.0 × 105 diets had higher osteocalcin levels than the fish fed the D60 diet (P < 0.05). Based on the broken line method analysis of weight gain and osteocalcin, the dietary vitamin D3 requirement of juvenile Siberian sturgeon was estimated to be 1683.30 and 1403.27 IU/kg per diet, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
The effect of the replacement of fish protein hidrolizate and vitamin premix by freeze‐dried biomass of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana in the feed for goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae was tested. Larvae (3.4±0.7 mg) were fed with three experimental microparticulated diets that differ from each other in the percentage of replacement of fish protein hidrolizate (25% or 100%) or vitamin premix by I. galbana biomass. The control diet and the diet containing microalgae biomass as a substitute of 25% of fish protein hidrolizate (MP25) presented the highest survival, being almost 100%, with no significant differences between them. Survival in diets in which 100% of fish protein hidrolizate (MP100) or vitamin premix (MV) had been substituted by microalgal biomass was 78% and 66% respectively. Growth, measured as weight, was lower than with the control diet in all treatments in which microalgal biomass was included, with lowest results being obtained with the MP100 diet. Differences between treatments and control were lower when growth was measured as length. The harvesting and processing microalgae biomass is crucial to maintain the nutritive value and could be the cause for the obtained results.  相似文献   

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