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1.
Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.  相似文献   

2.
Lapointe NWR, Thorson JT, Angermeier PL. Seasonal meso‐ and microhabitat selection by the northern snakehead (Channa argus) in the Potomac river system.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 566–577. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – The northern snakehead (Channa argus) is a large piscivorous fish that is invasive in eastern Europe and has recently been introduced in North America. We examined the seasonal habitat selection at meso‐ and microhabitat scales using radio‐telemetry to increase understanding of the ecology of this species, which will help to inform management decisions. After the spawning season (postspawn season, September–November), northern snakeheads preferred offshore Eurasian water‐milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) beds with shallow water (～115 cm) and soft substrate. In the winter (November–April), these fish moved to deeper water (～135 cm) with warmer temperatures, but habitat selection was weak at both scales. Northern snakeheads returned to shallower water (～95 cm) in the prespawn season (April–June) and used milfoil and other cover. Habitat selection was the strongest at both meso‐ and microhabitat scales during the spawning season (June–September), when fish preferred macrophytes and cover in shallow water (～88 cm). Our results help to identify habitats at the risk of invasion by northern snakeheads. We suggest that control efforts and future research focus on shallow waters, and take into consideration the seasonal habitat preferences.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract Intraspecific, seasonal and diel variation in movement behaviours of three stocks of juvenile (age‐2; 399–610 mm total length) muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, were assessed using radio telemetry in Forbes Lake (225 ha), IL, USA. Experimental populations included muskellunge from the Upper Mississippi (Leech Lake, MN, USA) and Ohio (Cave Run Lake, KY, USA) river drainages, as well as progeny from North Spring Lake, IL, a mixed‐origin stock. No differences in hourly movement rates or home ranges were detected among stocks. Movement rates were greatest during spring (mean ± SE = 42 ± 4 m h?1), lowest during summer (16 ± 3 m h?1) and intermediate in autumn (28 ± 5 m h?1). Additionally, movement rates during the summer were greater at night than crepuscular periods. Home range sizes were similar during spring and autumn (mean ± SE = 17–18 ± 3–4 ha) and decreased during summer (5 ± 3 ha). Although habitat selection characteristics were generally similar among stocks, fish from the Upper Mississippi River drainage occupied deeper water more frequently and selected the pelagic zone more strongly during the spring than those from the Ohio River and mixed‐origin stocks. Within the littoral zone, muskellunge selected coarse woody habitat and aquatic macrophytes. Collectively, these findings suggest little behavioural differentiation among genetically divergent stocks when evaluated in a common reservoir environment.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract Non‐native lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), threaten native salmonid populations in the western United States. Effective management of lake trout requires understanding movements within connected lake and river systems. This study determined the seasonal movements of subadult lake trout in the Flathead River upstream of Flathead Lake, Montana, USA using radio telemetry. The spatiotemporal distribution of lake trout in the river was related to water temperature. Lake trout were detected in the river primarily during autumn, winter and spring, when water temperatures were cool. By contrast, fewer were detected when temperatures were warmest during summer and during high spring flows. Downriver movements to Flathead Lake occurred throughout autumn and winter when water temperature decreased below 5 °C, and in late spring as water temperature rose towards 15 °C and river discharge declined following spring runoff. Upriver movements occurred primarily in October, which coincided with migrations of prey fishes. These results suggest that lake trout are capable of moving throughout connected river and lake systems (up to 230 km) and that warm water temperatures function as an impediment to occupancy of the river during summer. Controlling source populations and maintaining natural water temperatures may be effective management strategies for reducing the spread of non‐native lake trout.  相似文献   

5.
The movement of adult muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, has been investigated in a variety of systems, but temperature selection by muskellunge has not been examined where well‐oxygenated waters were available over a range of temperatures for much of the year. Thirty subadult and adult muskellunge tagged internally with temperature‐sensing radio tags were tracked from March 2010 to March 2011 in a Tennessee reservoir. Mean tag temperatures were 18.9 °C in spring (March to May), 22.1 °C in summer (June to August), 16.5 °C in autumn and 9.8 °C in winter (December to February). When the greatest range in water temperatures was available (7.1–33.3 °C; May to early August 2010), their realised thermal niche (mean ± 1 SD) was 22.3 °C ± 1.8; the realised thermal niche was affected by fish size (smaller fish selected slightly warmer temperatures) but not sex. An electric generating steam plant discharging warm water resumed operation in January 2011, and most (86%) tagged fish occupied the plume where temperatures were ≈10 °C warmer than ambient water temperatures. No mortalities were observed 15 days later when plant operations ceased. Their affinity for the heated plume prompted concerns that muskellunge will be too easily exploited when the plant operates during winter.  相似文献   

6.
Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) perform large‐scale oceanic migrations between their spawning ground and growth habitats in continental waters during life history. However, between these migrations, they spend most of time in growth habitats such as rivers. To investigate the diel and seasonal activities, homing behaviour and home range of yellow‐phase Japanese eels in the lower reach of the Tone River, we tracked them throughout a year using a fine‐scale positioning system (VPS) based on acoustic telemetry. The tracked eels were generally nocturnal, but not exclusively. They were mainly mobile from spring to autumn, with little or no activity observed during winter. A transport‐release experiment showed that most eels returned to their original capture area within 13 days after release. The eels had very small home ranges (mean ± SD = 0.085 ± 0.068 km2), core areas (0.014 ± 0.014 km2) and linear home ranges (744 ± 268 m). They also tended to be distributed on one particular side of the river (right or left bank) and in one particular shore type (revetment or vegetation), rarely moving from one to the other. This study provides evidence for nocturnal, dormancy, homing behaviours, limited habitat use and small home range size in Japanese eels. The eels clearly showed strong fidelity to a “familiar” site, which contrasts with the long distances travelled during upstream and downstream migration phases in the river, and during spawning migrations in the ocean.  相似文献   

7.
We explored the seasonal potential fishing grounds of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the western and central North Pacific using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models fitted with squid fishery data as response and environmental factors from remotely sensed [sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), eddy kinetic energy (EKE), wind stress curl (WSC) and numerical model‐derived sea surface salinity (SSS)] covariates. The potential squid fishing grounds from January–February (winter) and June–July (summer) 2001–2004 were simulated separately and covered the near‐coast (winter) and offshore (summer) forage areas off the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition and subarctic frontal zones. The oceanographic conditions differed between regions and were regulated by the inherent seasonal variability and prevailing basin dynamics. The seasonal and spatial extents of potential squid fishing grounds were largely explained by SST (7–17°C in the winter and 11–18°C in the summer) and SSS (33.8–34.8 in the winter and 33.7–34.3 in the summer). These ocean properties are water mass tracers and define the boundaries of the North Pacific hydrographic provinces. Mesoscale variability in the upper ocean inferred from SSH and EKE were also influential to squid potential fishing grounds and are presumably linked to the augmented primary productivity from nutrient enhancement and entrainment of passive plankton. WSC, however, has the least model contribution to squid potential fishing habitat relative to the other environmental factors examined. Findings of this work underpin the importance of SST and SSS as robust predictors of the seasonal squid potential fishing grounds in the western and central North Pacific and highlight MaxEnt's potential for operational fishery application.  相似文献   

8.
Previous studies have suggested that sardine, Sardinops sagax, off eastern Australia spawns across its entire range when habitat conditions are suitable. However, recent studies have suggested that separate sub‐populations and spawning groups may occur in the region. Spawning patterns off eastern Australia were investigated using data collected during nine ichthyoplankton surveys conducted between 1997–2015, and adult reproductive data obtained from ad hoc commercial sampling off New South Wales (NSW). The egg surveys covered the known distribution of sardine off eastern Australia and included year‐round sampling in the northern and southern parts of this range. Egg distributions and analysis of gonadosomatic indices identified two spatio‐temporally separate spawning groups; one occurring off southern Queensland to northern NSW during late winter and early spring, and a smaller group off eastern Tasmania to southern NSW during summer. Most eggs were collected from waters 50–90 m deep, with sea surface temperatures of 18–23°C. Additive modelling indicated depth was the most significant factor driving selection of spawning habitat, followed by the interaction of month and latitude. Low egg densities were recorded in waters between 34–37°S, despite conditions within the ranges suitable for spawning. The presence of two spawning groups of sardine off eastern Australia supports recent findings that two sub‐populations occur in the region. Findings of this study will help to optimise the spatio‐temporal extent of future egg surveys and further confirm the need to coordinate future management of each sub‐population among relevant jurisdictions.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract The timing of ovulation and survival of eggs following exposure of 2-sea-winter Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to different temperature regimes during the spawning season were investigated. Water temperature was either increased from 10 to 13–14°C (warm water), decreased abruptly from 10 to 5–7°C (cold water), or gradually decreased from 10 to 8°C (ambient control) from 1 November onwards. Median ovulation time was delayed by 5 weeks in the warmwater group compared with ambient controls, with 43% of the females remaining non-ovulated at the end of the study. Only minor effects were observed on timing of ovulation in the coldwater group compared with ambient controls. Survival of eggs to the eyed stage was significantly higher in the coldwater group (92·1%), compared with both the ambient control group (84·5%) and the warmwater group (76·6%). The results indicate that high water temperature during the spawning season inhibits ovulation and has a detrimental effect on gamete quality in Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

10.
Howell PJ, Dunham JB, Sankovich PM. Relationships between water temperatures and upstream migration, cold water refuge use, and spawning of adult bull trout from the Lostine River, Oregon, USA.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 96–106. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA Abstract – Understanding thermal habitat use by migratory fish has been limited by difficulties in matching fish locations with water temperatures. To describe spatial and temporal patterns of thermal habitat use by migratory adult bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, that spawn in the Lostine River, Oregon, we employed a combination of archival temperature tags, radio tags, and thermographs. We also compared temperatures of the tagged fish to ambient water temperatures to determine if the fish were using thermal refuges. The timing and temperatures at which fish moved upstream from overwintering areas to spawning locations varied considerably among individuals. The annual maximum 7‐day average daily maximum (7DADM) temperatures of tagged fish were 16–18 °C and potentially as high as 21 °C. Maximum 7DADM ambient water temperatures within the range of tagged fish during summer were 18–25 °C. However, there was no evidence of the tagged fish using localized cold water refuges. Tagged fish appeared to spawn at 7DADM temperatures of 7–14 °C. Maximum 7DADM temperatures of tagged fish and ambient temperatures at the onset of the spawning period in late August were 11–18 °C. Water temperatures in most of the upper Lostine River used for spawning and rearing appear to be largely natural since there has been little development, whereas downstream reaches used by migratory bull trout are heavily diverted for irrigation. Although the population effects of these temperatures are unknown, summer temperatures and the higher temperatures observed for spawning fish appear to be at or above the upper range of suitability reported for the species.  相似文献   

11.
Surface water in the North Equatorial Current (NEC) is composed of southern low‐salinity water diluted by precipitation to less than 34.2 psu and northern, high‐salinity tropical water greater than 34.8 psu. Analyses of 27‐year historical data, observed in winter and summer along the longitude 137°E by the Japan Meteorological Agency, shows that an obvious salinity front (34.5 psu) generated by the two water masses was usually located around 15°N. However, the salinity front has been moving northward during the past three decades. El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affected salinity in the surface layer, while temperature changed in the middle layer. The salinity front sometimes moved southward, mainly south of 5°N, and the movement was well correlated with the southern oscillation index (SOI). Because precipitation at Yap (9.5°N, 138.1°E) fluctuated with SOI, this spike‐like southward movement of the salinity front was probably affected by reduction of low‐salinity water during El Niño in the north‐western Pacific Ocean. However, ENSO only induced such large southward movements of the salinity front when the time lag between the low precipitation and low SOI was short (within four months). This salinity front is quite important for long‐distance migrating fish such as the Japanese eel because the eels spawn just south of the salinity front in the NEC. This behaviour suggests that the movement of the salinity front associated with ENSO may control the success of larval transport from the spawning ground in the NEC to the nursery ground in East Asia. In fact, catch of the Japanese eel larvae in Japan was well correlated with fluctuation of SOI and the location of the salinity front, and lower catch occurred during El Niño. The salinity front has moved from 13°N to 17°N during the past three decades. Considering that conditions of larval transport are worse north of 15°N, we suggest that decadal‐scale linear decrease of glass eel catch during the past three decades also can be explained by the displacement of the salinity front.  相似文献   

12.
The neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii), which is the target of an important North Pacific fishery, is comprised of an autumn and winter–spring cohort. During summer, there is a clear separation of mantle length (ML) between the autumn (ML range: 38–46 cm) and the winter–spring cohorts (ML range: 16–28 cm) despite their apparently contiguous hatching periods. We examined oceanic conditions associated with spawning/nursery and northward migration habitats of the two different‐sized cohorts. The seasonal meridional movement of the sea surface temperature (SST) range at which spawning is thought to occur (21–25°C) indicates that the spawning ground occurs farther north during autumn (28–34°N) than winter–spring (20–28°N). The autumn spawning ground coincides with the Subtropical Frontal Zone (STFZ), characterized by enhanced productivity in winter because of its close proximity to the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF), which move south to the STFZ from the Subarctic Boundary. Hence this area is thought to become a food‐rich nursery ground in winter. The winter–spring spawning ground, on the other hand, coincides with the Subtropical Domain, which is less productive throughout the year. Furthermore, as the TZCF and SST front migrate northward in spring and summer, the autumn cohort has the advantage of being in the SST front and productive area north of the chlorophyll front, whereas the winter–spring cohort remains to the south in a less productive area. Thus, the autumn cohort can utilize a food‐rich habitat from winter through summer, which, we hypothesize, causes its members to grow larger than those in the winter–spring cohort in summer.  相似文献   

13.
This study examined the seasonal variation in the condition index (CI) of Crassostrea gigas postlarvae (<5 mm) that were cultivated at a commercial hatchery. Oysters were sampled weekly at the nursery using seawater from a lagoon for the grow‐out that precedes commercialization. Temperature, salinity, seston, chlorophyll a, oxygen and pH were recorded at each sampling and water samples were taken to identify phytoplankton groups and their abundance. High levels of primary productivity, chlorophyll a and seston were detected during summer, but the highest CI occurred in winter. During winter, elevated phytoplankton biomass was composed by diatoms and phytoflagellates, which served as the main food source and promoted weight gain in this season. Variations in salinity, oxygen and pH were not related to differences in the CI. However, it appears that the wide temperature variation affected functions, such as feeding activity, apparently enhancing ingestion during winter (mean 16.5±1.4 °C) and reducing ingestion during summer (mean 31±1.5 °C). Winter production resulted in postlarvae with a homogeneous size range and a high CI, indicating that winter is more favourable to start cultivation. The CI represents a practical means to determine the physiological state of postlarvae before transfer to cultivation sites.  相似文献   

14.
Sardinella aurita is the most abundant small pelagic fish in the Senegalese–Mauritanian region. The success of its reproduction crucially depends on the local circulation as this determines whether larvae reach coastal nursery areas favorable to their survival or are dispersed into the open ocean. As a first step towards evaluating sardinella vulnerability to climate‐driven hydrodynamical changes, this study aims at underpinning how transport pathways drive optimal spatial and seasonal patterns for sardinella reproduction. We have used two estimates of the Senegalese–Mauritanian coastal seasonal circulation simulated by two hydrodynamical model configurations that differ in their forcing and topography. Nursery areas are determined by evaluating coastal retention with a Lagrangian individual‐based model that accounts for processes such as diel vertical migration and mortality as a result of lethal temperature exposure. Our results suggest that the shelf zones located at the Arguin Bank (19.5°N–21°N) and south of Senegal (12°N–14.75°N) are highly retentive. We find maximum retention rates in July–August and November–December over the Arguin Bank; from February–July and November–December over the southern Senegalese shelf; and lower retention rates over the central region (14.75°N–19.5°N) that are locally maximum in June–July when the upwelling weakens. These retention areas and their seasonality are in agreement with previously reported spawning patterns, suggesting that the Sardinella aurita spawning strategy may result from a trade‐off between retention patterns associated with the seasonal circulation and food availability. Exposure to lethal temperatures, although not well studied, could be a further limiting factor for spawning. The Lagrangian analysis reveals important connectivity between sub‐regions within and south of the system and hence underlines the importance for joint management of the Sardinella aurita stock.  相似文献   

15.
海州湾日本枪乌贼和短蛸空间结构的季节变化   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
都煜  徐宾铎  薛莹  纪毓鹏  任一平  张崇良 《水产学报》2017,41(12):1888-1895
日本枪乌贼和短蛸是头足类中重要的经济种类,一般为一年生,其空间分布受季节变化的影响较大。由于受调查时间的限制,鲜有在该方面的研究报道。本研究根据2011年春季(5月)、秋季(9月)和冬季(12月)在海州湾及邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用全局空间自相关、热点分析以及变异函数等方法分析了日本枪乌贼和短蛸的空间结构的季节性变化。研究表明:(1)日本枪乌贼和短蛸全局空间自相关性不强,存在局部空间热点,变异函数分析结果与全局空间自相关结果基本一致。(2)日本枪乌贼和短蛸空间自相关的尺度存在季节变化,两个物种均表现为在春季的空间结构性较强,而在秋、冬季的空间结构性较弱,春季的空间自相关性程度高于秋、冬季。(3)在春季,二者均在35.0°~35.5°N、120.0°~121.0°E海域存在一个空间热点,在资源密度最高的季节时其空间分布呈现出随机性特征。物种的空间分布模式可能与环境的季节变化以及其洄游分布和摄食习性相关。本研究有利于深入了解日本枪乌贼和短蛸的生活史特性及其栖息地,可为该资源的合理利用和保护以及后续研究提供理论参考。  相似文献   

16.
Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis and cisco Coregonus artedi are salmonid fishes native to the Laurentian Great Lakes that spawn on rocky substrates in the fall and early winter. After comparing the locations of spawning habitat for these species in the main basin of Lake Huron with surficial substrates and the hypothesized locations of fast‐flowing Late Wisconsinan paleo‐ice streams, we hypothesize that much of the spawning habitat for these species in Lake Huron is the result of deposition and erosion by paleo‐ice streams. This hypothesis may represent a new framework for the identification and protection of spawning habitat for these native species, some of which are currently rare or extirpated in some of the Great Lakes. We further suggest that paleo‐ice streams may have been responsible for the creation of native salmonid spawning habitat elsewhere in the Great Lakes and in other glaciated landscapes.  相似文献   

17.
Jiménez‐Segura LF, Palacio J, Leite R. River flooding and reproduction of migratory fish species in the Magdalena River basin, Colombia.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 178–186. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – In most tropical rivers subject to a single‐yearly flooding, migratory fish usually spawn in the onset of the flooding and larvae drift to their nursery habitats. To define when the migratory fish species reproduce, its relationship with the water level and when nursery areas in floodplain lakes are supplied with ichthyoplankton in the Magdalena River, a two‐yearly peak flooding river, we sampled the ichthyoplankton weekly throughout 2 years. The fish species Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum, Prochilodus magdalenae, Leporinus muyscorum, Sorubim cuspicaudus and Curimata mivartii spawn twice a year in the main channel and its larvae input into the floodplain lakes are not always associated with flooding. Spawning in the main channel and larvae inputs into the floodplain lakes suggest that the habitat used by the migratory fishes may be consistent with some hypotheses on habitats used by these fishes.  相似文献   

18.
The relationship between the level of the intestinal mucosa amylolytic activity (AA) of juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus, carp Cyprinus carpio, roach Rutilus rutilus and perch Perca fluviatilis and the rate of water temperature increase was studied. Increase in water heating rate significantly influences AA and the level of upper lethal temperatures defined by critical thermal maximum (CTM) during different seasons. At a low rate of water temperature increase, 0.04 °C/h, AA and the level of CTM are maximal during all seasons. More rapid rates of heating, 4–50 °C/h, increase the AA during the summer and usually decrease it by 2- to 7.5-fold during other seasons. Rapid increase in ambient temperature in the autumn–winter period, unnatural for seasonal dynamics, produces a negative impact upon the fish’s carbohydrate hydrolysis rate and thermal resistance.  相似文献   

19.
This study examined how muscle metabolic organization varied during an annual cycle in which rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were held in outdoor holding ponds in which they were exposed to natural changes in temperature (range 0.2 to 15.6°C) and photoperiod. We examined the activities of glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes in red and white muscle to evaluate whether trout enhance their capacity for lipid and carbohydrate oxidation during cold-acclimization. When assayed at habitat temperature, the enzyme activities generally increased in spring to reach a maximum in summer followed by a decrease in the fall. This led to significantly higher activities at warm than cold periods for all enzymes measured in red muscle and all but one in white muscle. The activities at 10°C provided little evidence for compensatory adjustments of aerobic capacity. Particularly in red muscle, enzyme levels at 10°C were generally lower during cold than warm periods. The variation of enzyme activities throughout the cycle was not due to changes in protein concentration, as the same responses were observed when activities were expressed per g wet mass or per mg protein. Although the aerobic capacity did not increase with cold-acclimatization, the relative capacity for lipid oxidation was higher in winter than in summer trout. In contrast, the relative capacity for aerobic glycolysis was higher in summer than in winter trout. Thus, the metabolic capacities of trout muscle undergo seasonal reorganization.  相似文献   

20.
The habitat use of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis; PBF) in nursery waters off the southern coast of Japan was investigated using archival tags over a 3 year study period (2012–2015), and the data were used to examine the free‐ranging habitat preferences of PBF and the relationship between their horizontal movements and the path of the Kuroshio off the Pacific coast of Japan. The path of the Kuroshio fluctuated seasonally, leading to changes in water temperature that strongly influenced the habitat use of small PBF (2–3 months after hatching). Most PBF were present in coastal waters inshore of the path of the current, and their habitat use changed in response to the distance of the current from the coast. The Kuroshio typically flowed along the coast from summer to autumn, and PBF remained in the coastal waters off Kochi Prefecture during this period. In contrast, PBF quickly moved eastward in winter when the current moved away from the coast. Throughout the winter and spring, the area of habitat use extended widely from the eastern end of the southern coast of Japan (the Boso Peninsula) to the offshore Kuroshio‐Oyashio transition region. These findings suggest that the seasonal habitat use and movement behavior of juvenile PBF are influenced by the distance of the Kuroshio axis from the coast, and the ultimate drivers are likely variations in oceanographic conditions and prey availability along the southern coast of Japan.  相似文献   

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