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1.
Four practical diets containing 2% of crude protein (CP) (180 and 280 g kg?1), with or without menhaden fish meal (FM), were fed to Australian red claw Cherax quadricarinatus during a 97‐day feeding trial. Growth, survival, body composition and processing traits of pond‐cultured red claw were determined. Juvenile red claw (mean individual weight of 5.75 ± 3.3 g) were randomly stocked into twelve 0.04‐ha ponds at a rate of 1000 per pond (25 000 ha?1), and each diet was fed to three ponds. At harvest, the final mean weight of red claw fed Diet 4 (0 g kg?1 FM and 280 g kg?1 CP) and Diet 3 (113 g kg?1 FM and 280 g kg?1 CP) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (62.4 and 58.5 g, respectively) than red claw fed Diet 1 (73 g kg?1 FM and 180 g kg?1 CP; 51.7 g) and Diet 2 (0 g kg?1 FM and 180 g kg?1 CP; 53.0 g). Red claw fed diets containing 280 g kg?1 CP, with or without FM, had significantly higher percent weight gain (894 and 959%, respectively) compared to red claw fed 180 g kg?1 CP, with or without FM (778 and 799%, respectively). Feed conversion ratio, percent survival, and total yield among treatments, which averaged 3.55, 65.2%, and 724 kg ha?1 overall, were not significantly different. Results from this study indicate that pond‐cultured red claw stocked at 25 000 ha?1 can be fed a practical diet containing 280 g kg?1 CP with 0 g kg?1 FM if a combination of plant‐protein ingredients (soybean meal, distillers’ dried grains with solubles, and milo) is added; however, if the percentage of dietary protein level is 180 g kg?1, growth is reduced even if FM is added at 73 g kg?1 of the diet. Use of diets containing plant‐protein sources may help reduce diet costs to producers and thereby, increase profits.  相似文献   

2.
A 14‐week trial was conducted to investigate the effects of antinutritional factors (ANFs) commonly present in soybean ingredients, singly and in combination, on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed from start‐feeding. The experimental diets consisted of a negative control fish meal diet (FM), and a positive control diet with 167 g kg?1 soybean meal inclusion (SBM) and four diets based on the FM diet supplemented with 2 g kg?1 soya‐saponins (SAP), 1.5 g kg?1 isoflavones (IFL), 0.3 g kg?1 phytosterols (PHS) or a mixture of these (MIX). Fish fed the SAP diet showed significantly higher growth performance than those fed FM, while the IFL treatment significantly decreased growth performance of salmon fry. Fish fed the IFL diet had significantly lower maltase activity and higher trypsin activity in proximal intestine than fish fed the FM diet. Histological differences were observed in the liver of fish fed the IFL diet, characterized by reduced size of the hepatocytes. Fish fed the PHS and IFL diets showed the highest frequencies of skeletal deformities among the six treatments. In conclusion, the results indicate that purified isoflavones may negatively affect growth performance, intestinal function, liver metabolism and bone formation of salmon fry.  相似文献   

3.
A digestibility and a growth trial were conducted in this study respectively. Firstly, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients and energy in meat and bone meal, porcine meal (PM), hydrolysed feather meal, poultry by‐products meal, fishmeal (FM), soybean meal and spray‐dried blood meal were determined. In experiment 2, an 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the substitution of FM by PM under the digestible ideal protein concept at two protein levels in the diets of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. A FM‐based control diet (FM diet; FM: 320 g kg?1, crude protein: 434.9 g kg?1, crude lipid: 124.6 g kg?1) and three other diets were formulated to contain 115 g kg?1 PM and only 160 g kg?1 FM. Two diets were formulated on a crude protein basis without (PM diet) or with (PMA diet) essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation respectively. A low‐protein diet was designed (LPMA diet, crude protein: 400.9 g kg?1, crude lipid: 96.3 g kg?1) with the same level of FM and PM but with the same digestible protein/ digestible energy and EAA profile as the FM diet. The results showed that nitrogen and total amino acid digestibility of the tested ingredients were ranged from 85.6% to 95.5% and from 87.6% to 95.5% respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein for FM and PM were 91.2% and 95.9% respectively. In the growth trial, the weight gain rate and feed conversion ratio of fish fed the PMA diet did not show a significant difference from those of the control group, but were significantly higher than those of the PM and LPMA groups (P<0.05). Growth was related linearly to lysine and methionine intakes. It was shown that PM could be utilized in the Japanese seabass diet up to 115 g kg?1 to replace about 160 g kg?1 of FM protein under an ideal protein profile. Essential amino acid deficiency (diet PM) or a lower protein level despite having an ideal amino acid profile (diet LPMA) could not support the optimal growth of Japanese seabass.  相似文献   

4.
Juvenile cobias, Rachycentron canadum, were fed extruded diets containing toasted defatted soybean meal (SBM) or untoasted defatted SBM [white flakes (WF)] to study growth and feed conversion, and to study if SBM induces morphological changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Three diets were produced: a fish meal‐based control diet (FM diet) with 558 g FM kg?1, and two diets with 335 g FM and either 285 g SBM kg?1 (SBM diet) or 285 g WF kg?1 (WF diet). The diets were extruded at approximately 120°C with 280 g kg?1 moisture. Triplicate groups of cobias (mean weight: 25.9 g) were fed the diets during 6 weeks. Feed intake of the FM and SBM diets were not significantly different, whereas the cumulative feed intake of cobias fed the WF diet was lower (P < 0.05) than that of cobias fed the FM and SBM diets after the first 21‐day period. Specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different between cobias fed the FM and SBM diets, but significantly poorer results were obtained in cobias fed the WF diet. No morphological differences in the GI tract could be attributed to the diets, and cobias fed soy did not develop enteritis in the distal intestine.  相似文献   

5.
Aquaculture of redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, is rapidly developing in tropical and sub‐tropical regions of the world. As the industry is still in its infancy, grow out diets are generally not formulated specifically for this species as there is limited data on nutrient requirements and the acceptability of various ingredients. Given the recent increases in the price of fish meal (FM), the use of alternative protein sources such as poultry by‐product meal (PBM) may be more cost effective. The present research evaluated the response of juvenile redclaw to practical diets utilizing PBM as a replacement for FM. Juvenile redclaw crayfish (0.45 g ± 0.01) were stocked into 24, 600‐L, outdoor round tanks at a density of 12.5 m?2. Tanks were supplied water from a watershed reservoir and maintained on a flow through regime. Crayfish in four replicate tanks were maintained on one of the six diets formulated to contain 260 g kg?1 crude protein and 70 g kg?1 crude fat which had previously demonstrated good growth under similar conditions. FM in the basal diets was replaced with PBM at various levels, on an iso‐nitrogenous basis, so that the diets contained 150, 120, 90, 60, 30 and 0 g FM kg?1 diet and 78, 105, 132, 158, 185 and 212 g PBM kg?1 diet, respectively. At the conclusion of the 56‐day growth trial, survival (>83%) and growth (>11.3 g or 2400%) of the crayfish were not significantly different among treatments. Based on these results, PBM appears to be a viable candidate as a replacement for FM in redclaw crayfish diets.  相似文献   

6.
An experiment with 0.2‐kg Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar in saltwater was conducted to determine if the fish could grow normally, and maintain normal nitrogen (N) and mineral balance when fed a diet with the majority of the protein (75%) derived from soy‐protein concentrate (SPC). The two diets contained 50% SPC and 15% fish meal (FM) or 60% FM as the sources of protein. No calcium phosphate was added to the diets in order to assess the availability of P from the ingredients. A second aim was to investigate if whole‐body concentrations of essential elements and growth were related in individual salmon. Growth (SGR=0.88–0.89) was similar in salmon fed the two diets, and the fish nearly doubled their body weights during the 84 days of feeding. Feed conversion was more efficient for the FM diet (0.81 kg intake kg?1 gain) than for the SPC diet (0.89 kg kg?1). The intake of N was similar, faecal loss of N was lower, while the metabolic N excretion was greater in the fish fed the FM than the SPC diet. This resulted in a total excretion of 35.4 g N kg?1 gain for the salmon fed the FM diet and 35.5 g N for the fish fed the SPC diet. Both the intake, faecal and metabolic excretion of P were higher in the fish fed the FM diet than the SPC diet, resulting in a total excretion of 10.5 g P kg?1 gain for the FM diet and 7.2 g P for the SPC diet. Whole‐body concentrations of Ca, Mg, P and Zn were lower in the fish fed the SPC diet, while the Ca–P ratio was decreased, both when compared with the fish at the start of the experiment, and the fish fed the FM diet. The differences in elemental composition were ascribed to a combination of reduced availability of elements due to phytic acid and lower concentration of elements in the SPC than in the FM. No reduction in growth of individual fish, which could be ascribed to reduced availability of essential elements, was seen.  相似文献   

7.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P), citric acid (CA) and formic acid (FA) supplementation on growth and loading of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in juvenile yellowtail fed fish meal (FM) and alternate plant protein (APP) diets. Six diets designated as F49 (490 g kg?1 FM‐based), F49 + P (490 g kg?1 FM with 5 g kg?1 inorganic P), F31 + CA (310 g kg?1 FM containing 200 g kg?1 APP with 5 g kg?1 CA), F31 + FA (310 g kg?1 FM having 200 g kg?1 APP with 4 g kg?1 FA), F23 + CA (230 g kg?1 FM containing 300 g kg?1 APP with 5 g kg?1 CA) and F23 + FA (230 g kg?1 FM having 300 g kg?1 APP with 4 g kg?1 FA) were formulated. Yellowtails were fed one of the diets for 12 weeks under on‐site conditions at water temperature 22.0–27.0 °C. F49 + P gave the best growth, while F23 + CA the lowest. Specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of F31 + CA were similar with control group. Addition of CA to APP diets significantly increased retention of P; hence, its excretion was lowered. The results of this study suggest that FM could be replaced up to 70% with the addition of 5 g kg?1 CA to a low P‐containing plant protein sources diet without inorganic P supplementation in juvenile yellowtail diets, which in turn would enable a reduction in environmental pollution from aquafeeds.  相似文献   

8.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and shrimp head meal (SHM), rapeseed meal (RM) and peanut meal (PM) on a digestible basis of crude protein and lysine and methionine in five practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp at the FM levels of 300, 250, 200, 150 and 100 g kg?1 under laboratory conditions. Each of the five experimental diets was hand‐fed to four replicate tanks of shrimp with an average weight of 0.33 ± 0.03 g to satiation at each meal. The shrimp were fed three times a day over a six‐week period. The per cent weight gain of initial body weight (WG%) was significantly lower in shrimp fed 100 g kg?1 FM diet, but the value for hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) tended to be higher in shrimp fed 100 g kg?1 FM diet than those in shrimp fed other diets. The lowest value for feeding rate (FR) occurred for shrimp fed the basal diet and was significantly lower than that in shrimp fed the FM diets at 100–150 g kg?1. Shrimp fed diets containing 200 g kg?1 or lower FM had significantly lower feed utilization than those fed the 250 g kg?1 FM diet and the basal diet. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) in the shrimp fed the basal diet was significantly higher than in the other FM diets. Decreasing the FM replacement level significantly reduced nutrient digestibility except in the cases of ash and gross energy, but it did not affect the survival, condition factor (CF), body composition, digestive enzyme activity or plasma transaminase activity. The results of the study indicate that feeding a diet formulated on a digestible basis and involving FM replacement with other protein sources at a greater replacement proportion will not produce a level of shrimp growth equal to that achieved by feeding the basal diet.  相似文献   

9.
An 8‐week growth trial was conducted using a 2 × 3 factorial design to evaluate the effect of substitution of fishmeal (FM) by rendered animal protein blend [APB, comprised of 400 g kg?1 poultry by‐product meal, 350 g kg?1 meat and bone meal, 200 g kg?1 hydrolysed feather meal (HFM) and 50 g kg?1 spray‐dried blood meal] in diets of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt. Two isoenergetic control diets were formulated to contain two different protein levels [high‐protein control (400 g kg?1), with 483 g kg?1 of FM] and [low‐protein control (360 g kg?1), with 400 g kg?1 of FM]. At each protein level, dietary FM protein was replaced by APB at 75% and 100% levels and supplemented with crystallized essential amino acid under ideal protein concept. The six diets were named as HC, HAPB75, HAPB100, LC, LAPB75 and LAPB100, respectively. No significant differences were found in weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR), but fish fed with the low‐protein diets showed higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Plasma growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factors I of each group were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The whole‐body composition and liver composition were not affected by dietary protein levels, replacement or their interaction. Muscle protein and lipid contents of fish fed with diet LAPB100 were significantly lower than those of HC group. Digestibility of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were reduced with higher APB inclusion levels, but productive N and P values of all groups were not different. Lower N and P intake induced lower nutrients losses (P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary protein level could be reduced to 360 g kg?1 from 400 g kg?1 without affecting WGR or SGR and significantly reduced nutrients lose. Furthermore, dietary FM protein can be totally replaced by APB in feed formulation either at 400 g kg?1 or at 360 g kg?1 protein level.  相似文献   

10.
Economical, nutritious diets for hybrid striped bass (HSTB) are required for the continued expansion and sustainability of this industry. Turkey meal (TM) is a by‐product of the US turkey industry and is a potentially‐valuable local, alternative protein source for use in aquaculture diets because of its excellent nutritional composition and quality. TM may substitute for more expensive fish meal (FM)‐based diets; however, there are no published data with regard to using this ingredient in sunshine bass diets. Therefore, a 16‐week feeding trial was conducted with juvenile (36 g) sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) to evaluate growth, feed conversion and body composition when fed diets with decreasing levels of FM (300, 200, 100 and 0 g kg?1) and increasing levels of turkey meal (0, 97, 175 and 264 g kg?1). Four practical diets were formulated to contain 400 g kg?1 protein and similar energy levels. Twenty fish were stocked into each of the 12, 1200‐L circular tanks and were fed twice daily ad libitum. At the conclusion of the feeding trial, there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in final mean weight, percentage weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio among treatments, which averaged 363.7 g, 904.3%, 2.02% day?1 and 1.73, respectively. Percentage survival of fish fed diet 4 (0 g kg?1 FM and 264 g kg?1 TM) was significantly (P > 0.05) lower (survival = 88.3%) than fish fed diet 3 (100 g kg?1 FM and 175 g kg?1 TM; survival = 95%), but not different from fish fed diet 1 (survival = 92.5%) and fish fed diet 2 (survival = 93.3%). Fillet weight and amount of abdominal fat were not significantly different among all treatments and averaged 258 and 58 g kg?1, respectively. Fish fed diet 1 (300 g kg?1 FM, 0 g kg?1 TM) and diet 2 (200 g kg?1 FM and 970 g kg?1 TM) had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower hepatosomatic index (2.83 and 3.01, respectively) than fish fed diet 4 (3.33), but not different (P > 0.05) compared to fish fed diet 3 (3.14). Lipid in the fillet of fish fed diet 2 (197 g kg?1) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than fish fed all other diets; and the percentage lipid in the fillet of fish fed diet 1 (126 g kg?1) was significantly lower than fish fed diets 2 and 4, but not different (P >0.05) compared to fish fed diet 3. Fillet moisture, protein and ash were similar among fish fed all diets and averaged 748, 798 g kg?1 and 51.0 g kg?1 (dry‐matter basis), respectively. The amino acid composition of fillets was similar among all treatments with a few slight significant differences. Results from the present study indicate that tank‐grown sunshine bass can be fed a diet containing 264 g kg?1 TM with 0 g kg?1 FM, compared to diets containing up to 300 g kg?1 FM, without adverse effects on weight gain, growth rate, feed conversion and body composition. Further research should be conducted using lower‐protein diets to determine minimum protein level for tank‐grown sunshine bass.  相似文献   

11.
A 17‐week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary L‐carnitine level in beluga, Huso huso. A total of fish averaging 1247 ± 15.6 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 18 fibreglass tanks, and each tank holding 10 fish was then randomly assigned to one of three replicates of six diets with 50, 150, 350, 650, 950 and 1250 mg L‐carnitine kg?1 diet. At the end of 17 weeks of feeding trial, average weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and condition factor (CF) of fish fed 350 mg kg?1 diet were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish fed 50, 150, 950 and 1250 mg kg?1 diets. WG, FE, PER and CF of beluga fed 650 mg kg?1 diet were also significantly higher than those of fish fed 50, 950 and 1250 mg kg?1 diets. Whole body and muscle protein were significantly improved by the elevation of dietary L‐carnitine level up to 350 mg kg?1. Liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities of fish fed 350 and 650 mg kg?1 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed 50, 950 and 1250 mg kg?1 diets. The dietary L‐carnitine level of 350–650 mg kg?1 diet could improve growth performance, feed utilization, protein‐sparing effects of lipid, antioxidant defence system and reproductive success. Polynomial regression of WG suggested that the optimum dietary L‐carnitine level was 480 mg kg?1 diet. Therefore, these results may indicate that the optimum dietary L‐carnitine could be higher than 350 but <650 mg kg?1 diet in beluga reared in intensive culture conditions.  相似文献   

12.
Two feeding trials were conducted to initiate the development of a practical soy‐based diet for California yellowtail (YT), Seriola lalandi. The first trial evaluated fish meal (FM), FM + solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SBM) or FM + soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diets and a commercial reference diet (Skretting Marine Grower). Final weights (31.8–67.6 g), per cent gain (492.8–1059.9%) and feed conversion ratio (1.11–1.59) all followed a similar response in that fish offered the commercial diet performed significantly better than fish maintained on the other diets. The second trial was designed to evaluate the replacement of FM with increasing levels of soy protein. The basal diet contained 400 g kg?1 FM and 240 g kg?1 SBM. The FM was then reduced to 300 g kg?1, 200 g kg?1 and 150 g kg?1 of the diet using SPC as the replacement protein. Final weight (41.2–64.1 g) and per cent gain (110.5–226.5%) followed similar trends with decreases in performance as the FM level was reduced. No gross signs of enteritis were noted, indicating that reduced performance was likely due to nutrient deficiencies or palatability problems rather than an allergic response. Results demonstrate that there is potential to develop reduced FM diets for this species using soy protein.  相似文献   

13.
A 6‐week feeding trial was carried out in glass tanks to determine the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with a combination of meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), blood meal (BM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) in practical diets on the growth, nutrient digestibility and body composition of Pacific white shrimp. Six practical diets were formulated, containing two levels of crude protein (CP) (330 and 380 g kg?1) and similar crude lipid (CL) levels. For the 330 g kg?1 dietary protein level, 0, 357 and 714 g kg?1 FM were replaced by the mixture in Diets 1–3, respectively; while 0, 514 and 784 g kg?1 FM were replaced in Diets 4–6, respectively, for 380 g kg?1 dietary protein level. White shrimp‐fed diets containing 330 g kg?1 CP had significantly lower weight gain compared with white shrimp fed diets containing 380 g kg?1 CP. Increasing the mixture and dietary protein level significantly raised the body ash content of white shrimp. White shrimp fed a low‐protein diet obtained better nutrient digestibility compared with those fed a high‐protein diet.  相似文献   

14.
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for dry matter, crude protein, energy and essential amino acids for five commonly used feed ingredients were determined for juvenile spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (average body weight 90.6 g). ADCs were determined using the stripping technique to collect faeces after fish were fed a reference diet and test diets composed of 700 g kg?1 reference diet and 300 g kg?1 test ingredient. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was used as an inert indicator. Ingredients tested included sardine fishmeal (FM), canola meal (CM), tuna by‐products meal (TBM), poultry by‐product meal pet grade (PBM‐PG) and solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SBM). In general, all ingredients showed high digestibility values for all essential amino acids, although differences were detected among ingredients. ADC values for dry matter, protein and energy ranged 77.0–80.4%, 84.3–82.5% and 89–88.8%, respectively, for marine ingredient and land‐based animal protein sources, and 75.0–74.2%, 81.5–80.9% and 87.4–86.8%, respectively, for the plant‐based protein source. SBM, TBM and PBM‐PG should be further evaluated in feeding trials as partial FM replacements in rose snapper L. guttatus diets. Knowledge of ADC values for these ingredients will allow feed producers to develop nutritionally balanced, low‐cost feed formulations for this species.  相似文献   

15.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of replacing fish meal (FM) with blends of alternative proteins in diets for white seabass (WSB, Atractoscion nobilis) at a starting weight of 5.6 g. Five diets were formulated with 400–440g kg?1 crude protein (380g kg?1 digestible). These included a high 520g kg?1 FM control diet, a series of three diets with a sequential replacement of FM containing 410g kg?1, 510g kg?1 and 630g kg?1 of a soy‐based protein blend (SPC) and 200g kg?1, 100g kg?1 and 0g kg?1 FM, respectively and a fifth diet containing 550g kg?1 of a corn‐based protein blend (CGM) and 100g kg?1 FM. Survival was highest in the FM control group at 99% but all other performance measures (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein retention efficiency) were worse than the other treatment groups. Weight gain reached a maximum of 595% in the SPC 200g kg?1 FM treatment group. Performance decreased as inclusion of the soy‐based protein blend increased. The CGM treatment performed comparably to the SPC 100g kg?1 FM treatment among all measures, except for survival, which was higher in the CGM 100g kg?1 FM treatment. With nutrient levels and alternative protein blends used in this study, FM can be reduced to 100g kg?1 of the diet for WSB without reductions in performance.  相似文献   

16.
A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, feed utilization and body composition of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (4.5 ± 0.2 cm; 2.58 ± 0.04 g), fed five isonitrogenous (350 g kg?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.7 kJ g?1 metabolizable energy) diets in which the main protein contributors were: diet I, fish meal (FM); diet II, soybean meal (SBM); diet III, groundnut meal (GNM); diet IV, equal amounts of SBM, GNM and canola meal (CM); diet V, equal amounts of FM, SBM, GNM and CM. Fish were stocked in triplicate groups of 25 fish held in 70 L flow‐through tanks (water volume 55 L) and fed twice daily (0900 and 1700 hrs) to apparent satiation. Fish fed diet I exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) values for live weight gain and specific growth rate (% per day). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio were better (P < 0.05) in fish‐fed diets I and II. Fish‐fed diet II exhibited lower (P < 0.05) fat and ash contents in carcass. Based on these findings, a 70‐day trial (Experiment II) was conducted with six diets fed under the same conditions where FM was incrementally replaced with SBM. Fingerling L. rohita (6.7 ± 0.4 cm; 4.07 ± 0.02 g) were used for the study. Crystalline l ‐methionine was added to diets containing more than 250 g kg?1 SBM. This second study showed no significant (P > 0.05) variation in growth, feed utilization and carcass composition for fish fed the different diets. In conclusion, SBM was more effective than GNM or CM, as FM was replaced in feeds for fingerling L. rohita and could completely replace FM when supplemented with methionine and fortified with minerals under the conditions of this study.  相似文献   

17.
This study investigates the effect of digestible protein levels in experimental diets for meagre (Argyrosomus regius). A group of 253 fish, 52 g of mean weight, was distributed in 12 tanks, three replicates per treatment. Four isolipidic diets (170 g kg?1 crude lipid) with different digestible protein levels (350 g kg?1, 430 g kg?1, 490 g kg?1 and 530 g kg?1) were formulated using commercial ingredients. The trial lasted 62 days. Meagre fed diets 430, 490 and 530 g kg?1 obtained higher TGC (2.47, 2.57, 2.69 × 10?3, respectively) than fish fed diet 350 g kg?1 (2.14 × 10?3). Group of fish fed diet with 350 g kg?1 DP showed the lowest ammonia excretion level. According to the in vitro digestibility trial diets with 350 and 430 g kg?1 DP released less amino acids in comparison with diet with 49% DP, although in vivo digestibility test did not show significant differences among diets 430, 490 and 530 g kg?1 DP. Using the quadratic regression, optimal digestible protein intake according to the ECR for rearing juvenile meagre was recorded in 0.8 g DP/100 g fish and day.  相似文献   

18.
Aquaculture of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has been increasing, yet there have been few nutritional studies and no evaluations of alternative protein sources in diets. Solvent‐extracted, dehulled soybean meal (SBM) and expelled‐extruded soybean meal (exSBM) were fed to yellow perch to evaluate their effectiveness in replacing dietary fish meal (FM) in isonitrogenous practical feed formulations. Both soy ingredients were incorporated in graded amounts from 100 to 730 g kg−1 of the diet. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and survival were significantly affected by type of soy ingredient, concentration and the interaction of the two main effects. Consumption was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 400, 600 and 730 g kg−1 compared to fish fed diets containing lower concentrations. Weight gain was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 600 g kg−1 and FE significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 500 g kg−1 compared to fish fed the control diet or lower concentrations of soy ingredients. Most fatty acid concentrations were affected by feeding exSBM compared to fish fed the control diet, but long chain fatty acids remained at relatively high concentrations. Based on feed consumption, weight gain and FE data, yellow perch are able to effectively utilize both soy ingredients in practical diets. A conservative recommendation of 300 g kg−1 diet appears appropriate for growout diets.  相似文献   

19.
A net pen experiment was carried out to examine the effect of dietary protein level on the potential of land animal protein ingredients as fish meal substitutes in practical diets for cuneate drum Nibea miichthioides. Two isocaloric basal (control) diets were formulated to contain 400 g kg?1 herring meal but two different digestible protein (DP) levels (400 versus 350 g kg?1). At each DP level, dietary fish meal level was reduced from 400 to 280, 200, 80 and 0 g kg?1 by incorporating a blend that comprised of 600 g kg?1 poultry by‐products meal (PBM), 200 g kg?1 meat and bone meal (MBM), 100 g kg?1 feather meal (FEM) and 100 g kg?1 blood meal (BLM). Cuneate drum fingerling (initial weight 42 g fish?1) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Fish fed the test diets exhibited similar feed intake. Final body weight, feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention efficiency was not significantly different between fish fed the basal diets containing 350 and 400 g kg?1 DP. Weight gain decreased linearly with the reduction of dietary fish meal level at the 350 g kg?1 DP level, but did not decrease with the reduction of dietary fish meal level at the 400 g kg?1 DP level. Results of the present study suggest that fish meal in cuneate drum diets can be completely replaced with the blend of PBM, MBM, FEM and BLM at the 400 g kg?1 DP level, based on a mechanism that excessive dietary protein compensate lower contents of bio‐available essential amino acid in the land animal protein ingredients relative to fish meal.  相似文献   

20.
A 60‐day feeding trial to determine the nutritional value of marine by‐product meals in diets for longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana juveniles (48.1 ± 0.6 g initial weight) was conducted. Five diets were evaluated: a reference diet (RD; 500 g kg?1 CP, 130 g kg?1 L), containing 500 g kg?1 of fish meal (FM); three experimental diets with 125 g kg?1 of shrimp head (SM), Catarina scallop viscera (CM) or Pen shell viscera (PM) meals; and one diet (SCP) containing 125 g kg?1 of each of the experimental meals, to partially replace FM. Survival was not significantly affected by any treatment. Individual weight gain per day was high for the PM (5.3 ± 0.51 g d?1) and SM (4.7 ± 0.32 g d?1) diets, being significantly higher than the RD (3.5 ± 0.23 g d?1) and the other treatments (<1.2 g d?1). Feed intake was high in PM and SM diets, and very low in SCP and CM diets. Biochemical and haematological parameters were similar among treatments RD, PM and SM, while fish fed CM and SCP exhibited lower levels of total protein, cholesterol, haematocrit and haemoglobin. The results indicate that SM or PM can be used to partially replace FM in diets for yellowtail juveniles.  相似文献   

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