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Responses of rare and common segetal species to wheat competition and fertiliser type and dose 
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下载免费PDF全文 Fertiliser application is considered crucial for determining the crop–weed competition relationship by stimulating plant growth and modulating the competition for below‐ground (soil nutrients) and above‐ground resources (e.g. light and space). Segetal species, those preferentially inhabiting cereal fields, have suffered a strong decline, owing to agricultural intensification. Under continued pressure, particularly the rarest species may disappear. In this study, we aimed to assess the competitive ability of common and rare segetal species when growing with wheat and how this competitive relationship is modulated by the type (organic and mineral) and dose (low or high) of fertilisation in a pot experiment. The segetal species grew better at higher doses of fertilisers when growing alone. However, when growing with wheat, they were outcompeted by the cereal plants. Overall, flowering was not affected by the competition with wheat under the different fertiliser regimes. Only the onset of flowering of some segetal weeds tended to be delayed by crop competition. Some rare species were more affected by the competition with wheat, indicating that they may be disadvantaged in a community context. However, not all rare segetal species tested responded in the same way, which highlights that competitiveness alone is a poor predictor of the rarity of segetal species. 相似文献
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Growth response of six weed species and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) to increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A glasshouse experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth of six common weed species growing alone or in competition with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Chenopodium album, Papaver rhoeas, Sinapis arvensis, Spergula arvensis, Viola arvensis and spring barley were grown in pots with different levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha?1) or phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 kg P ha?1). The aboveground parts of the plants were harvested after 7 weeks and the dry weight of shoots, percentage N and P content of the shoot and uptake of N and P were determined. A linear or a polynomial model was used to describe the data. Growing alone, Spergula arvensis was the only weed species that increased its dry weight at the same rate as barley. Weed species with low dry weight increase had larger increases in percentage N or P content than barley, indicating a luxury accumulation of nutrients. The uptake of N and P per pot did not differ much between weeds and barley. V. arvensis and P. rhoeas accumulated least nutrients (per cent of dry matter) and Spergula arvensis accumulated most. Weeds grew poorly in competition with barley. The percentage N and P content in barley did not change when they grew in competition with weeds. 相似文献
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M Jamil T Charnikhova F Verstappen Z Ali H Wainwright H J Bouwmeester 《Weed Research》2014,54(3):307-313
Strigolactones, plant‐secreted underground signalling molecules, play an important role in agricultural ecosystems, because they mediate the interaction of crops with symbiotic AM fungi and parasitic weeds like Striga hermonthica. Cereal host plants secret these signalling molecules particularly under nutrient‐deficient conditions and especially when phosphate (P) is limiting. The objective of the present study was to see the potential of P seed priming for S. hermonthica management in cereals in relation to strigolactone production. It has been demonstrated that P fertiliser application down‐regulates the production of these signalling molecules in the rhizosphere, which results in lower S. hermonthica infection of cereals. The laboratory study showed maximum production of strigolactones from dry and water‐soaked seeds, while seed soaking in P solution reduced their production. Similarly, maximum S. hermonthica infection was observed under control treatments with dry sowing or water soaking, while P seed soaking decreased S. hermonthica germination, emergence and dry biomass in all cereal crops. Our study shows that P seed priming resulted in lower exudation of strigolactones, which induced less S. hermonthica seeds germination and hence may lead to lower S. hermonthica infection. P‐based seed priming could prove to be an effective and affordable strategy to reduce S. hermonthica infection in cereals. Further research for practical field application is needed. 相似文献
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Senecio jacobaea is a poisonous weed in grasslands of various countries (e.g. Great Britain, New Zealand, Central European states) and the further spread of the species into farmland must be prevented. To assess the influence of management practice and site conditions on the occurrence of S. jacobaea, we conducted a survey in the northern and central part of Switzerland. Botanical assessments were carried out on grassland plots with S. jacobaea occurrence and on neighbour plots without S. jacobaea. For these plots, we analysed the soil nutrients and the details of management practice, such as type and intensity of management and fertiliser application. The most important factors influencing the occurrence of S. jacobaea were related to management: There was a high risk for the occurrence of the species on parcels with low nitrogen fertilisation, continuous‐extensive grazing (set stocking) and a very open sward. Senecio jacobaea was not present in intensively managed meadows cut more than twice per year. As an exception, with a high propagule pressure from the vicinity, S. jacobaea was also found in intensively grazed pastures and in meadows of moderate management intensity (two cuts). We conclude that long‐term control of S. jacobaea can best be achieved by avoiding sward damage and by preventing the species’ seed formation in the pasture and local vicinity. 相似文献
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Summary A field study was undertaken to examine the effect of fertiliser type and weed control system on grain yield, yield components and weed population in durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum. var. durum) grown in a 4-year rotation [bare fallow–barley ( Hordeum vulgare )–vetch ( Vicia sativa )–wheat]. Fertilisation treatments were: no fertilisation, organic fertilisation with 2500 kg ha−1 of compost (sheep manure and cereal straw) and chemical fertilisation with 100–60–60 kg ha−1 of NPK. Weed-control treatments were: no control, herbicide, harrowing with long-flex spring tines and strip sowing with inter-row hoeing. Chemical fertilisation increased grain yield with respect to the other treatments, amongst which no significant differences were noted. Weed-control systems afforded no improvement in yield compared with controls; indeed, yields obtained using inter-row hoeing were lower. The weed population consisted of a large variety of species, of which the most important were Convolvulus arvensis and Polygonum aviculare . Application of weed-control systems reduced weed density. Herbicide was the most effective, reducing weed biomass by 80%, whilst harrowing and hoeing reduced weed biomass by 40% and 52% respectively. Inter-row hoeing does not appear to be a viable alternative to herbicides, when used as the sole weed control method in a non-diverse cropping system in Mediterranean climates. The lack of response to compost suggests a need for further long-term research. 相似文献
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We develop a new conceptual model we call the Resource Pool Diversity Hypothesis (RPDH) aimed at explaining how soil resource pool diversity may mediate competition for soil resources between weeds and crops. The primary tenets of the RPDH are that (i) in plant communities, the intensity of inter-specific competition can depend upon the degree to which niche differentiation and resource partitioning occur among species, (ii) agricultural systems are unique in that management practices, such as crop rotation, source of fertility and weed management, result in inputs to the soil and (iii) these inputs directly or indirectly become soil resource pools from which crops and weeds may partition resources. The RPDH leads to the novel prediction that along a gradient of increasing cropping system diversity, yield loss due to weed–crop competition (i.e. the impact on yield per unit weed density) for soil resources should decrease. Similarly, the degree to which crops and weeds overlap in soil resource niche breadth (which is determined by species-specific functional traits for resource acquisition), will determine the extent to which weed–crop competition weakens as resource pool diversity increases. While there have been no direct tests of the RPDH, we highlight evidence from the agricultural literature that provides strong support for components of the hypothesis. Validation of the RPDH would have important implications across a broad range of cropping systems for the development of management strategies that aim to reduce yield loss impact per unit weed plant density and the fundamental principles of integrated weed management, such as the concepts of weed thresholds and critical periods. 相似文献
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Weed competition and nutrient scarcity often restrict organic cereal production, especially where the availability of livestock manure is limited. While harrowing of annual weeds and legume cover crops can be used, these methods are both executed in early spring and may hinder each other. Two cycles of a 2‐year crop rotation were carried out in south‐east Norway (60°42′N, 10°51′E, altitude 250 m) with weed harrowing and undersown cover crops (WHCC) at two fertiliser rates (40 and 100 kg nitrogen ha?1). The effect of the WHCC treatments was measured by weed density and species, weed biomass, changes in weed seedbank and grain yield. The weed density depended on the interaction between WHCC, fertiliser and year. On average, pre‐emergence weed harrowing reduced weed density by 32% and weed biomass by 49%, while pre‐ and post‐emergence weed harrowing reduced weed density by 59% and weed biomass by 67% compared with the untreated control. Spergula arvensis became more abundant at low rather than at high fertiliser rates. On average, white clover cover crop sown after pre‐emergence weed harrowing resulted in the highest yields for both oat (+12.1%) and wheat (+16.4%) compared with the untreated control. Despite differences in weed population density and biomass among WHCC treatments within years, the weed biomass, weed density and seedbank increased for all WHCC treatments over the 4‐year period. More research is required into improving the efficacy of mechanical and cultural weed suppression methods that organic systems rely on. 相似文献
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环境条件变化下汾河水库沉积物中重金属形态分布特征及潜在生态风险评价 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
对汾河水库沉积物中重金属的污染特征和潜在生态风险评价结果表明:汾河水库沉积物中Cd含量为11.42±2.84mg/kg,高于中国湖泊底泥重金属含量背景值。沉积物中Cd的单项潜在生态风险系数远大于其它重金属,高达2346.57,具有极强的生态危害性;而Zn、Cr和Cu只显示出轻微的生态危害性,故Cd是导致汾河水库沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险增强的主要贡献者。室内模拟沉积物经历好氧和厌氧等环境条件下,并用EDTA铵盐溶液单一提取法和BCR连续提取法分别研究了汾河水库沉积物中Cd、Zn、Cr和Cu等重金属的形态分布特征;结果表明:在好氧条件下,Cd的形态分布特征变化最为明显,具有潜在环境效应的Cd含量所占总量的比例上升至52.15%;用EDTA单一提取法测定结果表明:生物有效态Cd含量占总量的比例(B/T)在好氧处置后最高,达30.37%;上述试验结果进一步证明了沉积物中Cd具有强烈的潜在生态风险和较高的生物有效性。 相似文献
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本文根据长时间平衡单箱型模式原理 ,结合兰州市城区特有的地形及气候背景 ,利用 1 989年和 2 0 0 0年兰州市采暖期大气污染源调查资料 ,对兰州市城区采暖期SO2 、NO2 允许排放量进行了模式预测 ,并和实际排放量进行了比较 ,结果表明 :通过近十年的环境治理 ,全城区SO2 削减率从 30 .5 %下降到 1 4.6% ;城关区由 2 3.5 %下降到 6.2 % ;西固区由 5 7.7%下降到 48.1 %。NO2 削减率呈上升趋势 ,全城区削减率由 9.2 %上升到了 38.9% ,特别是西固区由60 .8%上升到 73.3% ,说明兰州市除了要继续削减SO2 排放量外 ,还要加大对NO2 的治理措施。 相似文献
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塔里木河中下游农户能流分析及生态经济分形特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
能流分析和分形理论是农业生态经济系统定性研究和定量分析的重要手段之一。把农户作为“分形元” ,以尉犁县兴平乡达西村 4 0个农户为研究对象 ,在绿洲农业生态系统能流分析基础上 ,对不同经营类型农户的生态经济特征进行分形研究 ,结果表明 :(1) 5类农户从总体上都显现生产经营结构单调 ,能量利用和转化链条短 ;牲畜养殖是唯一的次级生产系统 ,能量转化率低 ,增效不明显。 (2 )农田亚系统是农户生产力的主体 ,棉花生产现在和今后若干年内仍将是农户的支柱产业。 (3)基于农户分析的生态效益和经济效益之间没有相关关系 ;生态效益高 ,并不意味着经济效益也高 ,反之亦然。农户生产系统总体的生态经济协调发展水平不高。 相似文献
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塔里木河下游绿色走廊特点及衰败成因分析 总被引：43，自引：7，他引：43
近50年来塔木河上中游的水土开发活动，使得下游地区的来水骤减并中断有近30年的历史，从而引发了下游绿色走廓的逐步走向衰败、土地荒漠化趋势加剧等生态环境恶化问题。本文在前人研究成果基础上，综合分析了塔河下游绿色走廓发生、发展的特殊性和特点，认为绿色走廓衰败主要有5个主要因素：绿色走廓自然生命过程的衰退；新生幼林发生和发育原生机制的中断；土壤盐分的累积和增加；水分条件持续恶化；人类开垦荒地、滥伐、滥控等行为。通过成因分析认为，只有充分考虑到下游绿色走廓的特点及其衰败的原因，才能从根本上解决下游绿色走廓衰败的问题。 相似文献
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采用液体培养基悬浮培养的方法,研究4种不同激素培养基对银柴胡悬浮细胞的生长特性及营养物质的代谢规律的影响,结果表明:当培养到16 d时,M4处理(MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D0.5 mg/L NAA 0.5mg/L)的细胞鲜重、干重、细胞数目均明显高于其他处理;而M4处理的可溶性糖的含量在16 d时处于最低水平;M4处理的电导率在整个培养过程中均高于其他处理;培养到4 d时各处理的磷已消耗60%以上,表明磷是银柴胡细胞生长的限制性因子;硝态氮的吸收主要集中在4 d以后。 相似文献
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为明确平贝母Fritillaria ussuriensis鳞茎腐烂病的病原菌及其防治, 对病原菌进行分离?致病性测定, 通过形态学特征?ITS rDNA?β-tubulin及EF-1α基因序列分析确定其病原为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和芳香镰刀菌F.redolens?通过菌丝生长速率法, 对病原菌进行了室内药剂筛选, 表明8种药剂中25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和43%戊唑醇悬浮剂对病原菌有更好的抑制作用, 处理第6天, EC50均不超过0.7 mg/L?对两种病原菌防效最好的药剂是戊唑醇, EC50分别为0.107?0.169 mg/L?这两种药剂可以选择应用于平贝母生产来防治茎腐病? 相似文献