共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
The hydrolysis of raw starch catalyzed by glucoamylase has been studied with starch granules of different sizes by use of an amperometric glucose sensor by which the direct and continuous observation of the concentration of glucose can be achieved even in a thick raw starch suspension. The initial rate of the enzymatic hydrolysis in the raw starch suspension increased with increasing concentration of the enzyme to approach a saturation value and was proportional to the amount of substrate. Also, the rate was proportional to the specific surface area of the substrate. The experimental results can be explained well by the rate equations derived from a three-step mechanism, which consists of adsorption of the free enzyme onto the surface of the substrate, reaction of the adsorbed enzyme with the substrate, and liberation of the product. 相似文献
2.
O'Loughlin IB Murray BA Kelly PM FitzGerald RJ Brodkorb A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(19):4895-4904
The effects of heat-induced denaturation and subsequent aggregation of whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. Both heated (60 °C, 15 min; 65 °C, 5 and 15 min; 70 °C, 5 and 15 min, 75 °C, 5 and 15 min; 80 °C, 10 min) and unheated WPI solutions (100 g L(-1) protein) were incubated with a commercial proteolytic enzyme preparation, Corolase PP, until they reached a target degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 5%. WPI solutions on heating were characterized by large aggregate formation, higher viscosity, and surface hydrophobicity and hydrolyzed more rapidly (P < 0.001) than the unheated. The whey proteins exhibited differences in their susceptibility to hydrolysis. Both viscosity and surface hydrophobicity along with insolubility declined as hydrolysis progressed. However, microstructural changes observed by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) provided insights to suggest that aggregate size and porosity may be complementary to denaturation in promoting faster enzymatic hydrolysis. This could be clearly observed in the course of aggregate disintegration, gel network breakdown, and improved solution clarification. 相似文献
3.
Van der Plancken I Delattre M Indrawati I Van Loey A Hendrickx ME 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(18):5621-5626
A kinetic study was conducted on the effect of heat pretreatment in the temperature range of 50-85 degrees C at atmospheric pressure and of high hydrostatic pressure pretreatment (100-700 MPa) at four temperatures (10, 25, 40, and 60 degrees C) on the susceptibility of egg white solutions (10% v/v, pH 7.6) to subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis by a mixture of trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin at 37 degrees C and pH 8.0. Both heat pretreatment at atmospheric pressure and high-pressure pretreatment resulted in an increase in degree of hydrolysis (DH) after 10 min of enzymatic reaction (DH10) of egg white solutions, as measured using the pH-stat method, which could be described by a fractional conversion model (based on an apparent first-order reaction kinetic model). The temperature dependence of the corresponding rate constants could be described by the Arrhenius equation. At elevated pressure, a negative apparent activation energy was obtained, implying an antagonistic effect of pressure and temperature. The pressure dependence of the rate constants could be described by the Eyring equation, and negative activation volumes were observed, which demonstrates the positive effect of pressure on the susceptibility of egg white solutions to subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. 相似文献
4.
beta-Galactosidase (beta-D-galactosidase galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1. 23) isolated and purified from gram chicken bean was immobilized on cross-linked polyacrylamide gel. The activity yield was high and attained up to 72%. Compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme had a wider operational pH range and better thermal stability. Lyophilized pieces exhibited good stability when stored at room temperature for 60 days and a favorable operational stability when used eight times repeatedly without loss of enzymatic activity under the same conditions. Kinetic data (K(m), V(m), and E(a)) for the free and the immobilized enzymes were determined using O-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside (ONPG) and lactose as substrates. The result of time courses of hydrolysis of lactose showed that beta-galactosidase from the plant gram chicken bean would have a promising application in the hydrolysis of lactose in milk. 相似文献
5.
Lin Teng Shee F Arul J Brunet S Bazinet L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10019-10026
Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide composed of beta-1,4 linked d-glucosamine residues, can be depolymerized into oligomers by enzymatic reaction with chitosanase. Recently, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) has been used for chitosan solubilization and for terminating the enzymatic reaction by action of electrogenerated acid and base, respectively. The aim of the present study was to test a complete "3-in-1" process using a three-compartment BMED configuration to perform simultaneously the solubilization of chitosan, the inactivation of chitosanase, and the demineralization of the oligomers. In addition, the BMED process was compared to a conventional process using chemical acid and base. The BMED method was found to be as effective as the conventional method for solubilizing the chitosan and for inactivating the chitosanase. Furthermore, the use of BMED allowed a demineralization rate of 53% of the chito-oligomer solution in the diluate compartment. A global process of chitosan hydrolysis into its oligomers using a BMED system was proposed. This technology has great potential for industrial application in chitosan oligomer preparation, because it is convenient and ecological and it produces chito-oligomers with a lower mineral content compared with the conventional method. 相似文献
6.
纤维素酶解效率是木质纤维素经济、高效生化转化的限制瓶颈。该文讨论了影响纤维素酶酶解经济性与高效性的多个要素,如:高滤纸酶活菌株的选育、发酵、酶解机理、酶解影响因素及酶解混合体系的优化等。该文研究表明,纤维二糖水解酶可能是决定发酵体系中滤纸酶活高低的关键单酶组分,同时,该酶可能也是预处理后生物质酶解体系中决定滤纸酶活效率的关键单酶组分。酶解过程中关键限速反应的认识及关键限制因素形成机制的揭示将成为纤维素酶生化转化研究的重点,这些机理机制的建立可为构建高比活力纤维素酶提供理论依据。 相似文献
7.
Cardelle-Cobas A Corzo N Villamiel M Olano A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(22):10954-10959
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) obtained during the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose contain large amounts of glucose, galactose, and unreacted lactose, which do not have prebiotic properties and increase the calorific value of the product. In this work, the isomerization of the GOS mixture by the action of sodium aluminate has been studied. During the reaction, lactose, glucose, and galactose were isomerized to lactulose, fructose, and tagatose, respectively, and in addition allolactose, 6-galactobiose, and 6'-galactosyl-lactose were also converted to the corresponding keto-sugars. The effect of time, temperature, and aluminate/initial lactose ratio has been studied. After 9 h at 40 degrees C and molar ratio aluminate/lactose 3:1, the isomerization yield was >60%, and the amount of final carbohydrates was close to 90% of the initial product. This process considerably decreases the amount of lactose, glucose, and galactose. 相似文献
8.
Garna H Mabon N Wathelet B Paquot M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(15):4652-4659
A new method for the determination of the main neutral sugars in pectin has been developed. The sample preparation involves a mild chemical attack followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis. The completeness and nondestructive character of the method are demonstrated by comparison of the results obtained with different acids such as H2SO4, HCl, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at different concentrations (2, 1, or 0.2 M) at two temperatures (80 or 100 degrees C). The chemical hydrolysis of pectin neutral sugar chains with strong acid (1 or 2 M) and high temperature (100 degrees C) shows that the liberation of the pectin sugars is not realized at the same rate for each sugar. Different optimum conditions are thus obtained. However, the chemical pectin hydrolysis with 0.2 M TFA at 80 degrees C is characterized by the liberation of pectin neutral sugar side chains without any degradation within 72 h of hydrolysis. Under these conditions, the liberation of some pectin sugars, essentially galactose, glucose, and rhamnose, was not complete. An enzymatic hydrolysis is necessary to obtain a complete release of all the sugars. The combination of the two treatments, a chemical hydrolysis realized with diluted acid (0.2 M) for 72 h at low temperature (80 degrees C) on one hand and an enzymatic hydrolysis on the other hand, allow a total liberation of pectin sugars. The quantitative analysis of the carbohydrates is realized with accuracy, high selectivity, and sensitivity with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed-amperometric detection. The sugars can be analyzed without any derivatization with a limit of quantification of 0.1 mM. 相似文献
9.
竹子蒸汽爆破法预处理及酶解获取可发酵单糖 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
竹子的生物量很高,可作为生物能源生产的重要原料.预处理是纤维素乙醇生产中的关键技术,该文以孝顺竹和大木竹为原料,采用蒸汽爆破法对竹子进行预处理,并进行酶解试验,用高效液相色谱法测定预处理滤液和酶解液中的可发酵单糖含量.结果表明,采用0.5％稀硫酸预浸泡能使总糖得率提高49％;汽爆强度对预处理效果有显著影响,汽爆强度指数为3.35时,预处理后固形物的酶解转化率最高;汽爆强度指数为3.65时总糖得率最高,每千克干基竹粉可得单糖289.5 9.汽爆法预处理存在聚糖分解后进入滤液、单糖分解等现象,通过质量平衡才能准确预测其单糖产率.汽爆预处理后竹子的酶解率不及玉米秸秆等生物质原料,可能与其木质化程度高、微观组织结构更为致密等因素有关. 相似文献
10.
病死猪酶解及超声波预处理工艺优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
病死畜禽资源化利用是解决病死畜禽污染的一条重要途径。为探索病死猪肉酶解工艺条件,该文以猪肉为原料,以胰蛋白酶为试验用酶,以水解度为指标,选取加酶量、底物浓度、pH值、温度作为试验因素,通过单因素试验初步确定了胰蛋白酶的水解条件,并分析了各因素对酶解反应的影响规律。应用Box-Behnken中心组合设计建立数学模型,以水解度为响应值,进行了四因素三水平的响应面优化试验,确定了最佳酶解工艺条件,并通过响应面模型的曲面图直观地分析了各影响因素之间的交互作用。在此基础上,探索频率为20 k Hz,功率为500 W的超声波预处理猪肉20 min对酶解效果的影响,并应用扫描电子显微镜在微观结构上对其原因进行了分析。结果表明,各因素对酶解反应的影响大小依次为:加酶量温度pH值底物浓度,在试验范围内得到的酶解最佳工艺条件为:加酶量为1.15%(质量分数)、底物质量浓度为80.5 g/L、pH值为7.96、温度为40.6℃,酶解1 h的预测水解度可达16.74%,验证试验水解度为16.77%,表明试验结果与软件分析结果相符,最佳水解时间为6 h,此时的水解度为28.91%。超声波预处理后,最佳水解时间为4 h,水解度达到32.86%,因此超声波预处理能缩短水解周期2 h,提高水解度4个百分点。由此可见,应用超声波预处理可以提高酶解效率,缩短工作时间。 相似文献
11.
Baks T Bruins ME Matser AM Janssen AE Boom RM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(2):488-495
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch can be used to obtain various valuable hydrolyzates with different compositions. The effects of starch pretreatment, enzyme addition point, and hydrolysis conditions on the hydrolyzate composition and reaction rate during wheat starch hydrolysis with alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis were compared. Suspensions of native starch or starch gelatinized at different conditions either with or without enzyme were hydrolyzed. During hydrolysis, the oligosaccharide concentration, the dextrose equivalent, and the enzyme activity were determined. We found that the hydrolyzate composition was affected by the type of starch pretreatment and the enzyme addition point but that it was just minimally affected by the pressure applied during hydrolysis, as long as gelatinization was complete. The differences between hydrolysis of thermally gelatinized, high-pressure gelatinized, and native starch were explained by considering the granule structure and the specific surface area of the granules. These results show that the hydrolyzate composition can be influenced by choosing different process sequences and conditions. 相似文献
12.
乙二醇-氯化铁预处理对棉秆酶水解效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为提高棉秆的纤维素酶水解效率,该研究以乙二醇为预处理溶剂,氯化铁为催化剂对棉秆进行预处理,实现了棉秆木质素和半纤维素的有效去除,提高了酶水解效率。以木质素和半纤维素的去除率为指标,运用正交试验方法优化乙二醇-氯化铁预处理条件。结果表明,棉秆在90%乙二醇水溶液,0.1 mol/L氯化铁,固液比1∶15,160 ℃条件下处理20 min,木质素和半纤维素去除率分别为85.7%和88.9%。相较原料,预处理后棉秆酶解率提高了7.6倍,葡萄糖产率达到100%（基质浓度5%,酶载量8.3 FPU/g,水解72 h条件下）。通过结构表征发现乙二醇-氯化铁预处理使棉秆的比表面积增大,致密结构被破坏,有效提高了棉秆的纤维素酶可及性。 相似文献
13.
为探究超声辅助酶解促进草鱼磷胶原肽水解进程的内在原因，分别研究了超声对底物蛋白（草鱼鳞）的分子结构、表面疏水性、粒径等理化特性和蛋白酶酶解能力的影响机制，在此基础上，对超声酶解进程进行了动力学拟合，从酶解动力学角度进一步评估了促进草鱼鳞胶原肽水解进程的"超声-酶"耦合效应。结果表明，适当的超声强度（300 W、20 min）可以使底物蛋白的结构展开，此时其表面疏水性最大、粒径最小，使之更适合后续酶解，但当超声功率大于300 W时，底物蛋白会重新聚集，其中的部分疏水基团被掩埋，不利于酶解的进行。同时，当超声功率为300 W、时间为20 min时，单酶酶解组和分步酶解组的酶解能力从2.35×105 U/g、3.41×105 U/g分别提高至3.44×105 U/g、3.86×105 U/g，且表现出显著性差异（P<0.05）。通过动力学模型对超声辅助单酶酶解（r2=0.988 8）和分步酶解进程（r2=0.960 7）进行了动力学拟合，依据建立的反应动力学方程，证实了超声辅助分步酶解进程更快，研究结果为超声辅助酶解工艺制备胶原肽提供了一定理论基础。 相似文献
14.
Evidence suggests that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables may be responsible for this health benefit. However, there is limited knowledge on the bioavailability of specific phytochemicals from whole fruits and vegetables. This study used Caco-2 cells to examine uptake of quercetin aglycon and quercetin 3-glucoside as purified compounds and from whole onion and apple peel extracts. Pure quercetin aglycon was absorbed by the Caco-2 cells in higher concentrations than quercetin 3-glucoside (p < 0.05). Caco-2 cells treated with quercetin 3-glucoside accumulated both quercetin 3-glucoside and quercetin. Caco-2 cells absorbed more onion quercetin aglycon than onion quercetin 3-glucoside (p < 0.05), and the percentage of onion quercetin absorbed was greater than that of pure quercetin, most likely due to enzymatic hydrolysis of quercetin 3-glucoside and other quercetin glucosides found in the onion by the Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells absorbed low levels of quercetin 3-glucoside from apple peel extracts, but quercetin aglycon absorption was not detected. Caco-2 cell homogenates demonstrated both lactase and glucosidase activities when incubated with lactose and quercetin 3-glucoside, respectively. This use of the Caco2 cell model appears to be a simple and useful system for studying bioavailability of whole food phytochemicals and may be used to assess differences in bioavailability between foods. 相似文献
15.
Mao JD Holtman KM Franqui-Villanueva D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(22):11680-11687
Advanced solid-state NMR techniques and wet chemical analyses were applied to investigate untreated corn stover (UCS) and its residues after dilute acid prehydrolysis (DAP) and enzymatic hydrolysis (RES) to provide evidence for the limitations to the effectiveness of enzyme hydrolysis. Advanced solid-state NMR spectral-editing techniques as well as 1H-13C two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation NMR (2D HETCOR) were employed. Our results indicated that dilute acid prehydrolysis selectively removed amorphous carbohydrates, increased aromatic CH/other protonated -C═C- and enriched alkyl CH and CH2 components. Cinnamic acids were increased, and proteinaceous materials and N-containing degradation or condensation compounds were absorbed or coprecipitated in RES. 2D HETCOR experiments indicated a close association between lignin and the residual carbohydrates. Ketones/aldehydes were not detected in the DAP, in contrast to a report in which an appreciable amount of ketones/aldehydes was generated from the acid pretreatment of a purified cellulose in the literature. This suggested that acid pretreatment may modify the structure of purified cellulose more than biomass and that biomass may be a better substrate than model biopolymers and compounds for assessing structural changes that occur with industrial processing. On the basis of NMR and wet chemical analyses, we found the following factors could cause the limitations to the effectiveness of enzymatic hydrolysis: (1) chemical modification of carbohydrates limited the biologically degradable carbohydrates available; (2) cinnamic acids in the residue accumulated; (3) accessibility was potentially limited due to the close association of carbohydrates with lignin; and (4) proteinaceous materials and N-containing degradation or condensation compounds were absorbed or coprecipitated. 相似文献
16.
An enzymatic method based on hydrolysis of starch by amyloglucosidase and measurement of d-glucose released by glucose oxidase-peroxidase was developed to measure both gelatinized starch and hydrolyzable starch in situ of dried starchy products. Efforts focused on the development of sample handling steps (particle size reduction of dry samples followed by a unique mechanical resolubilization step) prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis using native and fully gelatinized flours of corn and rice. The new steps, when optimized, were able to maximize resolubilization of gelatinized/retrograded starch while minimizing solubilization of native starch in dried samples, thus effectively addressing issues of insusceptibility of retrograded starch and susceptibility of native starch to enzymatic attacks and eliminating the need to isolate starch from dry samples before using an enzymatic method. Various factors affecting these and other steps were also investigated, with the objectives to simplify the procedures and reduce errors. Results are expressed as the percentage of the total starch content. The proposed method, verified by measuring mixed samples of native and fully gelatinized flours of five grain species (corn, rice, barley, oat, and wheat) at different ratios, is simple, accurate, and reliable, with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. 相似文献
17.
甜菜细胞壁界面特征显著影响纤维素酶解效率 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
生物质不同器官、组织理化性质各异,这种异质性对纤维素酶解效率的影响有待深入研究。该研究以甜菜为研究对象,系统分析不同器官理化性质与酶解效率间的关系,探究细胞壁与纤维素酶的吸附特点及在酶解过程中的形态变化。结果表明,甜菜根、茎、叶酶解还原糖得率不同,根和茎的还原糖得率相近且高于叶,分别为14.64%和14.26%,叶还原糖得率较低为10.15%;酶解还原糖得率与木质素（P<0.01）、半纤维素（P<0.01）呈极显著负相关,而与比表面积（P<0.01）呈极显著正相关;甜菜根、茎、叶的薄壁组织更容易与纤维素酶结合,并且更易被降解。甜菜细胞壁界面理化特征是影响酶与底物有效吸附,进而影响纤维素酶解效率的关键因素。研究结果可为甜菜农业废弃物的利用提供参考。 相似文献
18.
脱酰胺与双酶协同作用提高小麦面筋蛋白酶解效率 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了探讨了不同脱酰胺处理和双酶协同作用方式对小麦面筋蛋白酶解效率及其产物抗氧化活性的影响,该文研究了小麦面筋蛋白在各种预处理方式和酶解条件下的蛋白回收率、水解度、抗氧化性能及肽分子量分布情况。结果显示,单独热处理(90℃,30 min)小麦面筋蛋白对其酶解效率无显著影响,而采用添加0.5 mol/L柠檬酸溶液进行热处理(质量分数为5%,90℃,30 min)可显著(P0.05)提高其蛋白回收率。此外,酶制剂添加顺序及双酶共同水解作用时间对酶解效率均具有较大影响:加入谷氨酰胺酶预先水解对小麦面筋蛋白的深度水解有促进作用;一定时间内的双酶协同作用有利于酶解的进行,但较长时间的双酶作用反而会抑制酶解效率。采用谷氨酰胺酶(质量分数为0.2%)对经柠檬酸加热处理的小麦面筋蛋白作用12 h后再加入胰酶(质量分数为0.6%)共同作用7 h可使蛋白回收率达70.74%,水解度达到9.88%;另外,酶解产物的自由基清除能力ABTS+(2,2’-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)+)值与氧化自由基吸收能力(ORAC,oxygen radical absorbance capacity)值分别达到478.95 mmol/g和213.85μmol/g,提示该酶解产物是一种潜在优秀食品抗氧化剂。研究结果可为拓宽小麦面筋蛋白的应用领域,以及高效制备抗氧化活性肽提供方法和理论指导。 相似文献
19.
Qingxiang Z Wenying L Guoguang L Xiuling X 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(6):2572-2575
It is reported that 2-chlorobenzamide, one of the chief degradation products of CCU (1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl) urea), a new insect growth regulator, is a potential carcinogen, but few studies about its environmental stability have been found. This paper is concerned with the hydrolysis of 2-chlorobenzamide as part of the environmental study of CCU. The results showed that 2-chlorobenzamide is relatively stable in solutions of pH = 6 and 8, for which the rate constants are 0.00286 h(-)(1) (R = 99.13%, SD = 0. 0095) and 0.00109 h(-)(1) (R = 96.70%, SD = 0.0072), respectively. Hydrolysis was more rapid in acidic (pH = 5), alkaline (pH = 10), and neutral (pH = 7) environments, with hydrolytic rate constants of 0.00417h(-)(1) (R = 95.76%, SD = 0.0390), 0.00411h(-)(1) (R = 99.89%, SD = 0.0162) and 0.00408h(-)(1) (R = 98.29%, SD = 0.0237), respectively. The change of the rate of hydrolysis with pH showed two minima at 25 degrees C. Temperature has some impact on the hydrolysis, showing at higher temperature the larger rate of reaction. 相似文献
20.
Summary The effect of incorporating sesbania and rice straw and of period of decomposition on urea hydrolysis was studied in a wetland soil under laboratory conditions. Urea hydrolysis proceeded more rapidly in the crop residue-amended soil than in the control soil, and increased with increases in the rate of addition of crop residues and with longer periods of decomposition. Irrespective of amendment treatment, urea hydrolysis followed first-order reaction kinetics, and rate constants in the unamended soil ranged from 0.021 to 0.024 h-1 after urea application of 200 g N g-1 soil. In the amended soil, hydrolysis rates ranged from 0.033 to 0.149 h-1 with sesbania and 0.071 and 0.250 h-1 with rice straw, depending on the length of decomposition period. 相似文献