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1.
Rafał P. Chudy Hanne K. Sjølie Greg S. Latta Birger Solberg 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2019,34(3):218-227
Second-generation biofuels are often seen as essential element in the future bioeconomy strategy. Countries with extensive forest resources such as Norway often view wood as preferred bio-feedstock, yet the effects of wood demand on assortments of harvested wood and other wood-based industries are unclear. Focusing on the importance of feedstock choice, we analyse the impacts of establishing a second-generation medium-scale biofuel plant in Norway. For the analysis, a dynamic forest sector model where the choice of tree species, wood assortments, production of bioenergy, and forest industry products are explicitly included, was applied. We find the optimal biofuel feedstock mix to be dominated by softwood chips from pulpwood comprising 48% of total biomass inputs in 2030 and increasing to 67% by 2055, followed by hardwood chips from birch, comprising initially 34% of total biomass inputs and 16% by 2055. The proportion of harvest residues remained constant at about 18% over time and roundwood was not used at all for biofuel production. Despite the additional demand for chips, the single medium-scale biofuel plant will have only minor effects on existing forest industries and harvests in Norway, as the domestic impact is dampened by changes in foreign trade flows, especially of chips. 相似文献
2.
We used the portfolio method to examine how a forest company can lower investment risk by producing a mix of timber products. We derived optimum combinations of pine (Pinus patula) saw timber production and eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis) pulpwood production at landscape level. Our results indicate that producing a product mix rather than a single product improves aggregated financial returns and lowers investment risk over multiple rotation periods. The optimum mixture depended on past timber price correlations for pulpwood and sawn timber in South Africa between 1980 and 2011. This ideal mixture is comprised of areal ratios of about 45% saw timber and 55% pulpwood. Our example shows how economic risk of a forest investment can be reduced by creating a portfolio of a number of products. The risk that an investor has to accept for each monetary unit that is expected in return can be reduced by over 40% when comparing the risk–return combinations of a pure pine saw-timber stand with that of a portfolio of forest products. The risk associated with the production can be reduced by 20% when growing a portfolio of products rather than eucalypt pulpwood only. 相似文献
3.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):423-430
This paper tries to reconcile casual empiricism of what has been happening in the pulpwood market in Sweden with a stochastic version of the theory of monopsony. This means that the firm, which is using wood as an input in production, has to make a price and/or quantity decision before the actual supply curve of pulpwood is revealed. We show that excess demand tendencies are to be expected, if the production function is close to linear in the wood input. We also show that pricing behavior and stochastic supply can explain why the paper and pulp industry often produces at a lower level than full capacity utilization. 相似文献
4.
龙陵县非木质林产品种类繁多,包括香料类、食用类、药用类、树脂类、野生观赏植物及花卉类.文中分析了龙陵县非木质林产品没有形成规模化生产,生产加工种类少,利用程度低,掠夺式的采集活动导致野生资源遭到毁灭性破坏等非木质产品开发、采集与利用现状.进一步分析了非木质林产品的不合理采集利用对森林可持续利用产生的影响,包括森林植被遭到破坏,导致森林功能退化,生物多样性减少,危及野生动物栖息地等.藉此,提出开展村民生态环境保护意识教育,防止野生资源过度采集,注重非木质林产品深加工,提高产品附加值,加大人工培育和技术投入等非木质林产品采集利用管理对策. 相似文献
5.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):395-406
Electricity prices in Sweden will most probably double, or more, during the next 10 to 15 years as a result of the decision to discontinue nuclear power production. This will substantially change the comparative advantage of all forest‐based product industries, some to the worse, some to the better. Roundwood prices and fellings will be affected and possibly the competitive position of wood‐based energy production. This paper estimates various types of effects with a long run pulpwood market model. The effects on electricity intensive production (CTMP, newsprint, etc.) may be drastic. However, the fall in total industrial consumption and price of pulpwood will be limited. The reduction in price is not sufficient to make pulpwood economically attractive as fuel. Own‐price elasticities of electricity demand are greater than reported elsewhere. 相似文献
6.
21世纪中国纸浆用材林综合发展战略 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
针对我国制浆造纸工业和纸浆用材林培育现状和需求,详细分析了我国现有森林资源及纸浆用材供应潜力,探讨了我国纸浆用材林的主要发展途径:①开展纸浆用材树种选择及其生产潜力的研究,进行纸浆用材林基地合理区划;②从遗传控制、立地控制及林分密度控制、经济效益等多个角度开展纸浆用材林优质丰产定向集约技术的研究;③以无性系选择、无性系大规模繁殖利用技术为基础,完善纸浆用材林无性系综合培育体系,发展无性系林业;④维护纸浆用材林长期生产力,实现用材林基地可持续经营;⑤探索营林培育和制浆造纸一体化的发展途径,建立相对稳定的大规模造纸工业原料基地;⑥引进和开发现代林业高新技术,建立纸浆用材林基地信息管理系统。 相似文献
7.
In this study we investigate the implications of reaching the 2 °C climate target for global woody biomass use by applying the Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM) and the recently published SSP-RCP scenario calculations. We show that the higher biomass demand for energy needed to reach the 2 °C target can be achieved without significant distortions to woody biomass material use and that it can even benefit certain forest industries and regions. This is because the higher woody biomass use for energy increases the demand for forest industry by-products, which makes forest industry final products production more profitable and compensates for the cost effect of increased competition over raw materials. The higher woody biomass use for energy is found to benefit sawnwood, plywood and chemical pulp production, which provide large amounts of by-products, and to inhibit fiberboard and mechanical pulp production, which provide small amounts of by-products. At the regional level, the higher woody biomass use for energy is found to benefit material production in regions, which use little roundwood for energy (Russia, North-America and EU28), and to inhibit material production in regions, which use large amounts of roundwood for energy (Asia, Africa and South-America). Even if the 2 °C target increases harvest volumes in the tropical regions significantly compared to the non-mitigation scenario, harvest volumes remain in these regions at a relatively low level compared to the harvest potential. 相似文献
8.
Ruhong Li J. Buongiorno J.A. Turner S. Zhu J. Prestemon 《Forest Policy and Economics》2008,10(7-8):480-490
We assessed the impact on the world forest sector of a progressive elimination of illegal logging. The analysis compared predictions from 2007 to 2020, with and without a gradual reduction of illegally logged industrial roundwood from 2007 to 2011. A large part of the curtailment of timber supply due to the stoppage of illegal logging would be compensated by increased legal production incited by higher prices. As a result, without illegal logging the world annual production of industrial roundwood would decrease by no more than 1%, even though it would decrease by up to 8% in developing countries. World prices would rise by 1.5 to 3.5% for industrial roundwood and by 0.5 to 2% for processed products, depending on the assumption on illegal logging rates. World consumer expenditures for wood products and producer revenues would rise by 1 to 2% without illegal logging. World value added in forest industries would remain the same. However, the changes in consumer expenditures would be more than double the changes in producer revenues in countries dependent on illegally logged timber of domestic or foreign origin such as Indonesia and China. Symmetrically, changes in producer revenues would be almost twice the changes in consumer expenditures in countries with little illegal logging and efficient industries, such as Canada, Germany and the United States. Value added in forest industries would decrease most in countries with heavy illegal logging (12% in Indonesia and up to 9% in Brazil), and it would increase most in Germany, Canada (4%), and the United States (2%). Without illegal logging, the world forest inventory would increase slightly, as the increase in developing countries would more than compensate the decrease in developed countries. 相似文献
9.
亚太地区非木材林产品生产和利用现状及前景 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文概述了在亚太地区日益受到重视的非木材林产品的资源、生产及利用现状, 重点对中国、菲律宾、泰国、印度、马来西亚和印度尼西亚做了介绍, 并对非木材林产品的发展前景进行了描述。 相似文献
10.
The development of a market for currently non-merchantable forest material, such as harvest residues or small diameter trees, has been suggested as a possible win-win solution that could: (i) provide a material that can be processed in rural communities reeling from changes in the forest products industry and policy environment; (ii) capture more value from timber management activities; and (iii) provide a financial incentive for treatments to reduce wildfire risk or restore forest stands. Modeling the supply of this material with spatially-explicit potential demand locations allows for a realistic analysis of the feasibility of such a market to stimulate rural development. We model multiple scenarios for the utilization of harvest residues within the current forest products market in western Oregon. Sensitivity analysis explored the effects of cost of the depots on feasibility, including policy designed to support depot establishment through subsidies. Scenarios were also used to assess the effects of increases in federal harvest activities. Results suggest that with relatively high biomass prices, there is some potential for investment in depots to aid rural communities in western Oregon, but there is little change in either the overall feasibility or the location of depot establishment under scenarios of increased federal harvest. 相似文献
11.
Dick Sandberg Mojgan Vasiri Johann Trischler Micael Öhman 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(4):352-359
The forest and forest products form one of the most important basis for the transfer to a bio-based economy in Sweden. About 75% of the area covered by forest in Sweden is used industrially to produce raw material for the wood-refining industries. Every year, this cluster uses 75 million m3 of roundwood and has an export value of €12 billion. This review paper is devoted to the wood mechanical industry, i.e. the industry which turns the forest into sawn timber, packaging, construction wood, furniture and interior fittings. The sawmills consume about half of the volume of softwood which is felled, and about two-thirds of the sawn timber go to export without any further refining within the country. Nevertheless, in spite of the relatively low degree of refinement in the sawmill and the fact that the sawmills in general over time have a very low profitability, they are responsible for 70–80% of the forest owners' profits on the sale of timber. An increased upgrading of the sawn timber within the country is desirable from a national economic viewpoint – increased employment opportunities, increased export income, etc. It should then in the first place be for products with a higher added value, such as furniture and fittings. Today, the refinement value is 15–20 times higher for products from joinery and furniture industries compared to that of the sawn timber, and the added value of the wood within the building industry is only about 1.5 times. 相似文献
12.
Technical change is developing rapidly in some parts of the forest sector, especially in the pulp and paper industry where wood fiber is being substituted by waste paper. In forest sector models, the processing of wood and other input into products is frequently represented by activity analysis (input–output). In this context, technical change translates in changes over time of the input–output (I–O) coefficients and of the manufacturing cost (labor, capital, and materials, excluding wood and fiber). In the case of the global forest products model, the I–O coefficients and the manufacturing costs are determined empirically from historical data, while correcting for possible reporting errors. The method consists of goal programming. The objective function is the sum of the weighted absolute value of the deviations from estimated and observed production in each country of interest. The constraints express the relationship between the multiple output (sawnwood, panels, pulp, paper) and input (wood, waste paper, other fiber) and prior knowledge on the limits of the I–O coefficients. The paper presents observed technical changes from 1993 to 2010 and projections to 2030 with their consequences for the global forest sector in terms of prices, production and consumption, value added, and carbon sequestration in forest biomass. 相似文献
13.
80年代世界林产工业发展概况 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章分别介绍了８０年代发达国家和发展中国家的森林工业政策和实施措施；分析了８０年代世界林产工业发展的特点，对工业材、薪炭材、纸和纸板、人造板等的生产及其增长情况进行了详细论述。 相似文献
14.
浅析山河屯林业局天然次生林现状及管理措施 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
天然次生林面积占黑龙江省山河屯林业局总经营面积的87.3%多,这部分林分整体上树种结构不合理、林相残破、经济利用价值较低而且改造难度较大。但是,并不等于说这部分林分没有较高的利用价值就放弃它,当前应本着珍惜资源的态度,对其加强科学经营管护和改造力度,重经营少砍伐,同时由于林木生长周期长,这部分林分在短期内很难恢复和发展起来,因此应积极发展多元化经济,在现有资源条件下提高木材的利用率,提升木材精深加工水平,积极开发药业、山产品、苗木花卉、旅游等产业,缓解木材生产的压力,繁荣和发展林区经济。 相似文献
15.
Jennifer A. Lewis 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,74(3):293-302
Academic scholarship and development paradigms promote non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as potential options to link environmental conservation with sustainable economic development objectives for rural communities worldwide. The açaí berry (Euterpe oleracea) is a native palm found in forest ecosystems of northern Brazil and historically extracted and sold in regional markets. Recent increases in national and international açaí demand have resulted in dramatic price increases. Management decisions on a local producer level reflect trends not typically associated with traditional NTFPs as future production and income expectations increase. This case study draws on research conducted in peri-urban communities in close proximity to Belém, Brazil. The work draws links between recent açaí intensification trends in upland areas and information pathways that are contributing to this pattern. This paper argues that external information sources regarding land use choices are prioritized over local knowledge and market indicators which previously have been described as drivers for intensification processes of NTFPs. This qualitative analysis highlights the power structures that influence information sharing and in turn, land use choices on a community level. The results of this analysis are important for NTFP intervention initiatives focused on risk management for smallholders. Finally, this study is a useful complement for ecological studies currently being conducted on intensification processes of non-timber forest products. 相似文献
16.
Indonesia has abundant forest biomass resource, which should not be considered as a low economic value resource. This forest biomass resource can be converted into bioenergy through various technologies and it becomes one of sources in Indonesia's energy mix. This paper focuses on forest residues generated primarily from the harvesting of natural production forests and industrial forest plantations; and wood processing mill residues. The estimated total potential forest biomass in Indonesia for bioenergy in the year 2013 was 132 PJ. About 50.4% resulted from harvesting residues and 49.6% from wood processing residues. Riau province has the largest potential bioenergy followed by Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, East Java, South Sumatera, Central Java and Jambi, which all together accounted for 87% of total potential bioenergy. Moreover, three major islands accounted for 95% of total potential bioenergy. Using a conversion return approach, the economic value of forest biomass when it was pelletized was estimated to be about US$ 5.6 per ton wood residues. The economic value of forest biomass is more sensitive to changes in the price of wood pellet than to changes in the collection and hauling cost of wood residues. 相似文献
17.
Nickolas Henry Williams Dean Downes Geoff Tilyard Paul Harrison Peter A. Vaillancourt René E. Potts Brad 《New Forests》2020,51(1):137-158
New Forests - Eucalyptus globulus is widely grown for pulpwood production in temperate regions of the world. However, there is increasing interest in using it for solid-wood products. We studied... 相似文献
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19.
The importance of international trade for the welfare of actors in the forest sector was estimated by comparing the current state of the world with a world in pure autarky with zero imports and exports of roundwood and manufactured wood products. The analysis was done with a comparative statics application of the Global Forest Products Model. The model was first calibrated to replicate observations in the base year 2013, and then solved under autarky conditions. The results showed much variation in the effects of international trade on production, consumption, and prices across countries and sub sectors. Globally international trade did have a positive effect on the economic welfare of the sector. This was due mostly to the positive effect on the surplus of consumers, and to a lesser extent on the increase in value added in forest industries. But value added profited manufacturers in developed countries much more than in developing. Furthermore, while wood producers in developed countries increased their profits with trade, those in developing countries incurred heavy losses that negated any incentive to invest in forest conservation, management and new plantations. 相似文献
20.
Previous studies have mostly focused on the links between the variability of trade of primary sector products and forest transition. This study more widely discusses the effects of economic globalization on forest transition, and explores the links between trade, adjustment of trade structure, FDI and forest transition in nine Asian countries. The study also expands the scope of forest transition study and integrates the analysis of both forest quantity and quality change in forest transition research. The result suggests that the proportion of forestry products in total exports has significantly negative effects on forest area, forest volume and forest density, while the total export value has positive effects on forest area and forest density. It indicates that one country or region may improve forest resources condition through upgrading the export structure by absorbing FDI in manufacturing and service sectors to develop export-oriented manufacturing and service industries. This study demonstrates the need to introduce forest quality analysis in forest transition study. It also indicates that when exploring the relationship between economic globalization and forest transition, one should consider the overall situations how one country participates in economic globalization and the development and adjustment of its industries in the process of economic integration. 相似文献