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1.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy: application to biology and technology 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM) are scanning probe microscopes capable of resolving surface detail down to the atomic level. The potential of these microscopes for revealing subtle details of structure is illustrated by atomic resolution images including graphite, an organic conductor, an insulating layered compound, and individual adsorbed oxygen atoms on a semiconductor. Application of the STM for imaging biological materials directly has been hampered by the poor electron conductivity of most biological samples. The use of thin conductive metal coatings and replicas has made it possible to image some biological samples, as indicated by recently obtained images of a recA-DNA complex, a phospholipid bilayer, and an enzyme crystal. The potential of the AFM, which does not require a conductive sample, is shown with molecular resolution images of a nonconducting organic monolayer and an amino acid crystal that reveals individual methyl groups on the ends of the amino acids. Applications of these new microscopes to technology are demonstrated with images of an optical disk stamper, a diffraction grating, a thin-film magnetic recording head, and a diamond cutting tool. The STM has even been used to improve the quality of diffraction gratings and magnetic recording heads. 相似文献
2.
The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to image a reduced TiO(2)(110) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. Structural units with periodicities rangng from 21 to 3.4 angstroms have been clearly imaged, demonstrating that atomic resolution imaging of an ionic, wide band gap (3.2 electron volts) semiconductor is possible. The observed surface structures can be explained by a model involving ordered arrangements of two-dimensional defects known as crystallographic shear planes and indicate that the topography of nonstoichiometric oxide surfaces can be complex. 相似文献
3.
Deformation of metals and alloys by dislocations gliding between well-separated slip planes is a well-understood process, but most crystal structures do not possess such simple geometric arrangements. Examples are the Laves phases, the most common class of intermetallic compounds and exist with ordered cubic, hexagonal, and rhombohedral structures. These compounds are usually brittle at low temperatures, and transformation from one structure to another is slow. On the basis of geometric and energetic considerations, a dislocation-based mechanism consisting of two shears in different directions on adjacent atomic planes has been used to explain both deformation and phase transformations in this class of materials. We report direct observations made by Z-contrast atomic resolution microscopy of stacking faults and dislocation cores in the Laves phase Cr2Hf. These results show that this complex dislocation scheme does indeed operate in this material. Knowledge gained of the dislocation core structure will enable improved understanding of deformation mechanisms and phase transformation kinetics in this and other complex structures. 相似文献
4.
A new crysallographic technique has been developed, which has been applied to the problem of locating the cations in a natural olivine crystal with the composition (Mg(0.90)Fe(0.10)Ni(0.004)Mn(0.002))(2)SiO(4). The method uses the variation of characteristic x-ray emission with the direction of an exciting electron beam in an analytical transmission electron microscope. It may be applied to nanometer-sized areas and to concentrations as low as 0.1 atomic percent, is capable of distinguishing neighbors in the periodic table, and does not require external standards. The iron atoms in this crystal are evenly distributed between the two available crystal sites M1 and M2 (49.6 +/- 1 percent on M1), whereas the trace elements nickel and manganese occupy the M1 and M2 positions, respectively (97 +/- 5 percent nickel on M1 and 1 +/- 5 percent manganese on M1). 相似文献
5.
在深入分析电化学腐蚀原理的基础上,发现了一种提高针尖的尖锐程度的新方法,即:利用下端腐蚀方法得到了比传统的上端腐蚀方法更尖锐的针尖.通过对腐蚀电压、腐蚀溶液浓度、切断时间的研究和分析,总结出下端腐蚀法制备纳米级STM探针的最佳综合条件;并通过对前人方案的修改和完善,研制了一套自动控制切断电路装置,该电路装置可以任意设置切断条件,以此得到不同粗细的针尖;最后将据此制作的纳米级针尖成功地应用于Unisoku-STM仪器的扫描,得到了清晰、稳定的原子级分辨Bi(0001)图像. 相似文献
6.
Spin structures of nanoscale magnetic dots are the subject of increasing scientific effort, as the confinement of spins imposed by the geometrical restrictions makes these structures comparable to some internal characteristic length scales of the magnet. For a vortex (a ferromagnetic dot with a curling magnetic structure), a spot of perpendicular magnetization has been theoretically predicted to exist at the center of the vortex. Experimental evidence for this magnetization spot is provided by magnetic force microscopy imaging of circular dots of permalloy (Ni(80)Fe(20)) 0.3 to 1 micrometer in diameter and 50 nanometers thick. 相似文献
7.
In vivo one-dimensional imaging of phosphorus metabolites by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J C Haselgrove V H Subramanian J S Leigh L Gyulai B Chance 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,220(4602):1170-1173
A phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technique has been used to obtain information on phosphorus metabolites from different spatial regions of tissues in vivo. The technique for selection of planes through the tissue is based on phase-encoding of spin echoes and was used to obtain one-dimensional discrimination of phosphorus-31 spectra from different parts of the tissue simultaneously. Specimens were resolved into 16 distinct slices and a signal-to-noise ratio of about 20 to 1 was obtained in 1/2 hour. Results are presented for phantoms, rat legs, and gerbil heads. 相似文献
8.
Control of magnetism on the atomic scale is becoming essential as data storage devices are miniaturized. We show that antiferromagnetic nanostructures, composed of just a few Fe atoms on a surface, exhibit two magnetic states, the Néel states, that are stable for hours at low temperature. For the smallest structures, we observed transitions between Néel states due to quantum tunneling of magnetization. We sensed the magnetic states of the designed structures using spin-polarized tunneling and switched between them electrically with nanosecond speed. Tailoring the properties of neighboring antiferromagnetic nanostructures enables a low-temperature demonstration of dense nonvolatile storage of information. 相似文献
9.
Uniaxial compression at 800 degrees C and 5 kilobars confining pressure of a specimen cored from a single crystal of orthoenstatite [(Mg,Fe)SiO(3)] produced fine lamellae 100 to 1000 angstroms thick of untwinned clinoenstatite. The two phases are joined along (100) planes and have b and c axes in common. The orientation of the clinoenstatite a axis contradicts several previously suggested transformation mechanisms and reduces the set of possible mechanisms by a factor of 2. 相似文献
10.
Golovchenko JA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,232(4746):48-53
A new instrument called the tunneling microscope has recently been developed that is capable of generating real-space images of surfaces showing atomic structure. These images offer a new view of matter on an atomic scale. The current capabilities and limitations and the physics involved in the technique are discussed along with specific results from a study of silicon crystal surfaces. 相似文献
11.
为探明文冠果Xanthoceras sorbifolia新梢发育过程中矿质元素的变化特性,找出新梢发育过程中影响各部位发育的关键营养元素,以文冠果为研究对象,通过连续流动分析仪和原子吸收仪测定了新梢生长发育过程中不同部位矿质元素（氮、磷、钾、铁、锰、铜、锌、钙、镁、钠）的质量分数,明确各元素在文冠果新梢内不同部位的分布规律与年动态变化趋势。结果显示:①文冠果新梢发育过程中不同部位氮、磷、钾、铜、铁、锌等质量分数下降,而钙、镁、锰、钠等质量分数则上升。②茎尖矿质元素质量分数接近于幼嫩叶片,并始终高于幼嫩叶片。③除了5月7日外,各时期叶片中的氮、磷、铁、锰等质量分数均高于茎段;各时期内茎尖、茎段、叶片中的钠质量分数差异均不显著。④在新梢生长初期叶片中的镁、锌、铜等质量分数高于茎段,生长后期叶片低于茎段;在新梢生长初期茎段中钾、钙元素质量分数高于叶片,生长后期茎段低于叶片。⑤因子分析结果显示:磷、氮、钾、铜、铁等质量分数对文冠果新梢的发育有重要影响;其中磷、氮、铜是影响茎尖发育的主要矿质元素,磷、氮、钾是影响茎段发育的主要矿质元素,磷、铜是影响叶片发育的主要矿质元素。⑥相关分析表明:氮、磷、钾、铜、锌这5种矿质营养元素之间的吸收与积累呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,而钙、镁、锰、钠等元素与氮、磷、钾、铜、锌等元素呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）。磷、氮、钾、铜、铁等对文冠果新梢的发育有着重要影响,在施肥时应该注意补充磷、氮、钾、铜、铁等影响较大的矿质元素。同时合理搭配其他必需的矿质元素,注意用量的协调,保证文冠果树体营养均衡、植株健康,使文冠果树施肥达到合理化和规范化。 相似文献
12.
磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子由于体积小、比表面积大、具有表面效应和超顺磁性等优良特性在农学相关领域得到了广泛的应用。综述了磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子在磁性固相萃取、食品工业、控释农药、农药增效及光催化降解等农学相关领域的应用,比较了磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子不同制备方法的优缺点,探讨了磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子在应用中存在的挑战和未来的发展趋势。 相似文献
13.
The high-transition-temperature superconducting ceramic material YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x) (0< x < 0.5) has been examined by field ion microscopy. Specimens from nominally superconducting and nonsuperconducting samples(determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements) were studied by field ion microscopy and significant differences were found. Preferential imaging of atomic or molecular layers, due to preferential field evaporation, field ionization, or both, was found in the superconducting phase below the transition temperature and is interpreted as possible evidence for the occurrence of relatively highly conducting layers in the YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x) unit cell perpendicular to the orthorhombic c-axis. Similar results were obtained for YbBa(2)Cu(3)(7-x). 相似文献
14.
Paramagnetic resonance spectra of Apollo 11 fines and rocks were measured at 9 and 35 gigahertz and at 4 degrees , 80 degrees , and 300 degrees K. At both frequencies the material has an intense absorption at g = 2, with a line width of approximately 950 gauss. Fe ions with strong exchange interactions produce this resonance. A comparison of the resonance absorption due to Fe(3+) showed that the energy of the crystal field interaction was approximately 0.1 per centimeter. Mn(2+) was identified in several samples, and an absorption at g = 1.89 was tentatively attributed to Ti(3+). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of (27)Al had a distribution of asymmetry parameters eta ranging from 0.25 to 0.75 and had nuclear quadrupole coupling constants e(2)qQ/h of approximately 3 megahertz. 相似文献
15.
[目的]研究双过渡金属-类金属的三元合金纳米线各成分的改变对磁学性质的影响。[方法]在氧化铝模板中用电化学沉积法制备2种体系的Fe-Co-P三元合金纳米线。[结果]用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观测氧化铝模板和纳米线的形貌。选区电子衍射和X射线衍射结果表明,(Fe1-xCox)0.88P0.12纳米线为非晶结构,而(Fe1-xCox)0.92P0.08纳米线近似为晶态结构。用振动样品磁强计和穆斯堡尔谱仪研究了非晶态体系和晶态体系在室温下的宏观和微观磁性。随Co含量x的变化,每个体系磁参量的变化趋势基本相似,而当x相同时两体系的磁学性质又有所不同。[结论]纳米线中非晶体系的形状各向异性比晶态更明显,更适宜用于垂直磁记录中。 相似文献
16.
The miniaturization of magnetic devices toward the limit of single atoms calls for appropriate tools to study their magnetic properties. We demonstrate the ability to measure magnetization curves of individual magnetic atoms adsorbed on a nonmagnetic metallic substrate with use of a scanning tunneling microscope with a spin-polarized tip. We can map out low-energy magnetic interactions on the atomic scale as evidenced by the oscillating indirect exchange between a Co adatom and a nanowire on Pt(111). These results are important for the understanding of variations that are found in the magnetic properties of apparently identical adatoms because of different local environments. 相似文献
17.
Helical spin order in magnetic materials has been investigated only in reciprocal space. We visualized the helical spin order and dynamics in a metal silicide in real space by means of Lorentz electron microscopy. The real space of the helical spin order proves to be much richer than that expected from the averaged structure; it exhibits a variety of magnetic defects similar to atomic dislocations in the crystal lattice. The application of magnetic fields allows us to directly observe the deformation processes of the helical spin order accompanied by nucleation, movement, and annihilation of the magnetic defects. 相似文献
18.
Low-field magnetic separation of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanocrystals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yavuz CT Mayo JT Yu WW Prakash A Falkner JC Yean S Cong L Shipley HJ Kan A Tomson M Natelson D Colvin VL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5801):964-967
Magnetic separations at very low magnetic field gradients (<100 tesla per meter) can now be applied to diverse problems, such as point-of-use water purification and the simultaneous separation of complex mixtures. High-surface area and monodisperse magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals (NCs) were shown to respond to low fields in a size-dependent fashion. The particles apparently do not act independently in the separation but rather reversibly aggregate through the resulting high-field gradients present at their surfaces. Using the high specific surface area of Fe3O4 NCs that were 12 nanometers in diameter, we reduced the mass of waste associated with arsenic removal from water by orders of magnitude. Additionally, the size dependence of magnetic separation permitted mixtures of 4- and 12-nanometer-sized Fe3O4 NCs to be separated by the application of different magnetic fields. 相似文献
19.
Fang Z Nagaosa N Takahashi KS Asamitsu A Mathieu R Ogasawara T Yamada H Kawasaki M Tokura Y Terakura K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5642):92-95
Efforts to find the magnetic monopole in real space have been made in cosmic rays and in particle accelerators, but there has not yet been any firm evidence for its existence because of its very heavy mass, approximately 10(16) giga-electron volts. We show that the magnetic monopole can appear in the crystal momentum space of solids in the accessible low-energy region (approximately 0.1 to 1 electron volts) in the context of the anomalous Hall effect. We report experimental results together with first-principles calculations on the ferromagnetic crystal SrRuO3 that provide evidence for the magnetic monopole in the crystal momentum space. 相似文献
20.
Kawasaki M Takahashi K Maeda T Tsuchiya R Shinohara M Ishiyama O Yonezawa T Yoshimoto M Koinuma H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,266(5190):1540-1542
The atomically smooth SrTiO(3) (100) with steps one unit cell in height was obtained by treating the crystal surface with a pH-controlled NH(4)F-HF solution. The homoepitaxy of SrTiO(3) film on the crystal surface proceeds in a perfect layer-by-layer mode as verified by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Ion scattering spectroscopy revealed that the TiO(2) atomic plane terminated the as-treated clean surface and that the terminating atomic layer could be tuned to the SrO atomic plane by homooepitaxial growth. This technology provides a well-defined substrate surface for atomically regulated epitaxial growth of such perovskite oxide films as YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta). 相似文献