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1.
华北农业高产粮区地下水面源污染特征及环境影响研究——以山东省桓台县为例 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
研究发现华北典型高产粮区桓台县区域农业硝酸盐面源污染具有非均衡的空间分异特征,即硝酸盐定向迁移导致硝酸盐净输出源区和净输入汇集区,源区硝酸盐污染相对稳定,而汇集区硝酸盐污染趋于恶化,不同程度污染面积占5 6 .5 7% ,其中>10mg/ L污染区域面积占2 0 .5 % ;污染较重的汇集区4年间地下水NO-3 N浓度升高2 7.2mg/ L ,而源区则相对稳定在5 .5～7.2mg/ L ,面源污染空间分布与潜水位等值线的一致性表明地下水流向在农业面源污染空间分异过程中具主导作用。浅层地下水硝酸盐污染已导致5 .8%的饮水源轻度污染和0 .2 %中度污染,有2 5个村3.8万人处于健康危害风险之中。农田硝酸盐沥滤缓慢和随潜水迁移表明,农田耕作管理与浅层地下水硝酸盐含量之间缺乏必然相关性 相似文献
2.
河北省污水灌溉农业环境污染经济损失评估 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
以河北省为例 ,采用市场价值法、人力资本法和工程费用法对污水灌溉所造成的农田土壤、地下水和作物污染及其对人群健康的影响进行经济损失评估 ,研究结果表明 2 0 0 0年河北省污水灌溉造成的环境污染总经济损失为 7.37亿元 ,占农业生产总值的 0 .87% ,其中以人群健康损失所占比重最大 ,占污染总经济损失的 95 .3% ,地下水和作物污染经济损失相对较小 ,故污水灌溉的潜在负面影响 ,尤其是对污灌区人群健康的影响应引起高度重视。 相似文献
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基于条件价值评估法的农业生态补偿意愿及支付水平评估——以甘肃省永登县为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]揭示甘肃省永登县农户对农业生态补偿的意愿及支付水平,为政府未来进行相关农业生态建设提供依据。[方法]在问卷调查的基础上,采用条件价值评估法(CVM)对永登县的农业生态补偿农户意愿和支付水平进行分析。[结果](1)永登县农户生态认知和补偿意愿较好。(2)农户愿意进行补偿的人数达到调查总人数的87.76%,农业生态补偿支付水平均值达到人均52.11元/a。(3)影响农户进行农业生态补偿支付意愿的重要性程度依次为:受教育程度人均年纯收入生态环境的重要程度对自己的影响程度外出打工天数环境关注度是否治理年龄地理区位。[结论]永登县农户的农业生态补偿意愿强烈,支付水平符合实际情况,受个人认知和人均收入影响明显。 相似文献
5.
通过现场采样及室内分析,对天津地区的201个水样进行了硝酸盐污染现状调查研究。结果表明,各类型水体之间硝酸盐浓度存在明显差异。其中,主要水库、河流未发生硝酸盐污染。少部分排污河与农田排灌沟渠水体有硝酸盐污染倾向。地下水硝酸盐浓度较高,平均值达到15.56mg·L^-1,随着地下水深度的加深,地下水硝酸盐浓度呈明显的下降趋势。0～100m的浅层地下水硝酸盐污染状况比较严重,而大于100m的地下水尚未发生硝酸盐的污染。浅层地下水硝酸盐污染程度又与农区种植类型密切相关,大部分蔬菜种植区浅层地下水硝酸盐污染状况十分严重。运用Kriging法绘制了地下水硝酸盐浓度的空间分布图,表明天津市地下水硝酸盐污染存在明显的地区差异性。地下水硝酸盐浓度较高的区域主要分布在武清、西青、静海及宝坻等地区的蔬菜种植区。 相似文献
6.
《南方农业》2017,(21)
河南省是典型的农业大省,在粮食高产的背后,农业面源污染十分严重,威胁着地表水环境的安全。通过构建实证分析模型发现,农业经济规模、农户环保支付意愿、种植业结构均对农业面源污染排放量和排放强度有正向影响,农业结构对农业面源污染排放量有负向影响;农业技术进步对农业面源污染排放量有正向影响,对农业面源污染排放强度有负向影响。基于此,提出如下对策建议:构建农业面源污染与工业点源污染的"双控"模式;制定农业经济发展与面源污染治理的"双赢"政策;制定农业经济发展与面源污染治理的"双赢"政策;建立技术创新和制度创新的"双创"途径;打造政府引导与社会公众广泛参与的多管齐下治污措施。 相似文献
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采用环境经济学方法对北京市郊区农田污水灌溉的正负效应价值进行了评估。结果表明:2002年北京市农田污水灌溉的正效应价值约为4.62亿元,占当年农业增加值的9.3%,其中减少污水处理成本和节约清洁水资源的价值所占份额较大,分别为49.7%和27.6%,其次为节约化肥和粮食增产价值,分别为18.1%、3.1%;负效应价值约为1.39亿元,占当年农业增加值的2.8%,其中粮食减产造成的损失占总损失的46.5%,品质下降占2.2%,土壤污染占30.3%,人体健康损失占15.7%,而地下水污染占5.2%。污水灌溉的正负效应价值比为3.3∶1,其中污水灌溉的直接经济价值为负效应价值的1.7倍,说明污水灌溉的经济收益几乎完全是靠牺牲环境所维持的。因此必须高度重视污水灌溉造成的污染损失。 相似文献
8.
水源保护区农村公众生活污染支付意愿研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用环境保护意愿价值评估法(CVM),以北京市密云水库为例,考察了地表水饮用水源保护区农村公众改善生活环境愿望的强烈程度及环境偏好,从而为更有效地实施水源区环境保护和农村环境管理工作提供依据.调查表明,77.7%的农户愿意为改善村镇卫生环境、保护饮用水源支付一定的金额,农户的平均支付意愿是16.10元·户-1a·-1,环保态度和认知、受教育程度是影响该区域公众环保需求的首要因素,家庭收入也是影响支付意愿的显著因素.支付意愿的地域差异分析表明,地域因素中,生态村建设与支付意愿显著相关,但生态村农户支付意愿低于非生态村,距水库的距离与人均支付意愿间相关关系不显著.提高公众受教育程度及农户的家庭收入是增强水源地公众改善环境愿望和加强环境管理的首要措施. 相似文献
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基于耕地非市场价值的三峡库区消落带生态休耕补偿标准研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]对三峡库区消落带耕地非市场价值进行评估,为生态休耕经济补偿标准的厘定提供参考。[方法]通过双边界二分式CVM法开展评估和分析。[结果](1)受访者基本可以构建起CVM假想市场,问卷理解度调查显示受访者的理解度达84.73%,调查可信度较高。(2)受访者支付意愿存在较大差异,农户愿意支付率达到75.65%,城镇居民愿意支付率仅占到64.80%。(3)Probit回归模型与Logit回归模型分析表明,收入状况是影响受访者支付意愿的主要因素。[结论]以受访者单位耕地支付意愿1 516.76元/(hm~2·a)作为该区的生态休耕经济补偿标准,则所涉及的三峡库区9区县消落带耕地的非市场价值约为30.15亿元。 相似文献
10.
华北农区浅层地下水硝酸盐分布特征及其空间差异性 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
华北平原地下水硝酸盐污染备受关注,然而受地貌类型、土地利用、土壤结构、含水层水文地质条件等因素差异性的影响,对区域尺度上农区浅层地下水硝酸盐污染程度和特征尚没有统一定论。本文通过综述过去华北平原地下水硝酸盐污染程度的相关研究,并结合近年来对华北平原农业种植区浅层地下水硝酸盐研究所取得的认识,指出补给源区(太行山低山丘陵区)、山前平原和低平原3个典型地貌类型区浅层地下水硝酸盐研究存在的问题:补给源区土地利用变化多样、土壤和含水层渗透性好,要重视对源区氮输入的控制,加强低山丘陵区气候变化对水文过程和氮迁移过程影响机制的研究;山前平原区是农业高产区,地下水埋深较深且包气带厚度大,较高的浅层地下水硝酸盐浓度除了与点源、污水渗漏以及污水灌溉等直接影响因素有关外,农田过量肥料施用对地下水硝酸盐影响的程度、水氮迁移路径以及未来潜在风险是农区地下水硝酸盐研究中亟需关注的问题;低平原区较细的土壤沉积结构减缓了氮向下迁移的速度,但地下水埋深较浅,二者的制约关系决定了地下水硝酸盐浓度,因此应在理解地表水-土壤-地下水转化关系的基础上评估地下水硝酸盐污染的风险。 相似文献
11.
Almost all the lignite ash from the coal thermal power plants in Maemoa, Lumpang Province, Thailand is disposed of as solid wastes. However, the number of reclaimed sites for the disposal of the wastes is not sufficient to handle the large amount of wastes. Therefore, the development of a technique for the utilization of lignite ash is essential to preserve the environment and to recycle the waste materials. Lignite ash is composed of inorganic compounds mainly present as glasses resulting from fusion during their combustion. The chemical composition of these glasses is similar to that of volcanic glass in nature and changes easily to zeolite-like substances by hydrothermal treatment with an alkali. Henmi (1987) reported the synthesis of hydroxysodalite, a kind of zeolite, from waste coal ash. Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates with a three-dimensional crystal structure and have the attractive cation-exchange properties in agricultural applications (Ming and Mumpton 1989). In the present study, attempts were made to synthesize zeolitelike substances from lignite ash from Thailand, in order to develop a new method for the disposal of industrial wastes. Although the synthesis of zeolite-like substances from waste coal ash had been reported in different countries after the publication of Henmi (1987), this method was applied for the first time in Thailand for the treatment of lignite ash. 相似文献
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Splechtna B Nguyen TH Steinböck M Kulbe KD Lorenz W Haltrich D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(14):4999-5006
The beta-galactosidases (beta-Gals) of Lactobacillus reuteri L103 and L461 proved to be suitable biocatalysts for the production of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. Maximum GOS yields were 38% when using an initial lactose concentration of 205 g/L and at approximately 80% lactose conversion. The product mixtures were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Disaccharides other than lactose and trisaccharides made up the vast majority of GOS formed. The main products were identified as beta-d-Galp-(1-->6)-d-Glc (allolactose), beta-d-Galp-(1-->6)-d-Gal, beta-d-Galp-(1-->3)-d-Gal, beta-d-Galp-(1-->6)-Lac, and beta-d-Galp-(1-->3)-Lac. There were no major products with beta1-->4 linkages formed. Both intermolecular and intramolecular transgalactosylation were observed. d-Galactose proved to be a very efficient galactosyl acceptor; thus, a relatively large amount of galactobioses was formed. Monosaccharides could be conveniently separated from the mixture by chromatography using a strong cation-exchange resin. 相似文献
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Xylooligosaccharides are produced for use as a valuable food sweetener or additive. They have many beneficial biomedical and health effects. In this study, a process for producing xylooligosaccharides from lignocellulolytic agricultural waste was developed. Bagasse, corncob, wheat bran, and peanut shell were used as carbon sources for production of xylanolytic enzymes from Thermobifida fusca NTU22. When using bagasse as the carbon source, the xylanolytic enzymes that simultaneously accumulated in the broth in a 500 mL Hinton flask after 72 h of cultivation at 50 degrees C were measured as xylanase (14.0 U/mL), beta-xylosidase (74.1 mU/mL), and acetyl esterase (29.1 mU/mL). The optimum pH and temperature for xylanases were 6.0-8.0 and 70 degrees C, respectively. Six proteins with xylanase activity were identified by zymogram analysis of isoelectric focusing gel. This was followed by heat treatment at 70 degrees C for 30 min that eliminated 90% of the beta-xylosidase activity. The xylanase and acetyl esterase activities were still 100%. Two percent of xylan extracted from the bagasse was then hydrolyzed by heat-treated crude xylanase preparation at 60 degrees C, pH 7.0, for 10 h. The xylooligosaccharides that accumulated in the broth were about 23.7%. After the purification process by activated charcoal chromatography, the purity of xylooligosaccharides was 71.4%. 相似文献
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E Campeol G Flamini S Chericoni S Catalano R Cremonini 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(11):5409-5411
The chemical compositions of the volatile fractions from three Olea europaea L. cultivars (Leccino, Frantoio, and Cipressino) were examined by GC and GC-MS. The results showed that the cultivars can be distinguished on the basis of the volatile fraction compositions. 相似文献
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Summary A roller bed and rotary end-over-end shaker were compared for the extraction of mineral N from a variety of soil types; both were equally efficient with an optimum extraction time of 30 min. However, the roller bed permitted a greater operational capacity, a faster throughput of samples, and easier identification of sample bottles compared with the end-over-end shaker. More NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N (P<0.001) was recovered from soil by 2 M KCl than by any other extractant, in a soil: extractant ratio of 1 to 5 (w:v), except water, which was equally efficient at removing NO3
–-N from soils. 相似文献
16.
Kurakake M Sumida T Masuda D Oonishi S Komaki T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(20):7885-7889
Beta-mannanase from Penicillium oxalicum SO efficiently hydrolyzed guar galactomannan to galacto-manno-oligosaccharides. Gel filtration estimated the molecular weight of the beta-mannanase as 35 000 and SDS-PAGE as 29 000. The optimum pH was around 5 while a stable pH was reached in the range of 3-6. Optimum temperature was around 60 degrees C at pH 5, while under 60 degrees C activity was stable. HPLC analysis detected oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 2 to 7 and 2 to 6 released on hydrolysis of guar and locust bean gums, respectively; about 92% of the released sugars were oligosaccharides. In analysis of the sugar distribution on MALDI-TOF-MS, major products of DP 6 and 7 and DP 5 and 6 were confirmed in hydrolysates of guar gum and locust bean gum, respectively. One of the main oligosaccharides released from guar gum, with DP 7, had a high galactose content (Gal/Man = 0.76) and corresponded to a blockwise galactose-substituted mannan type in galactomannan. 相似文献
17.
Extraction of DNA from soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Patrick Robe Renaud Nalin Carmela Capellano Timothy M. Vogel Pascal Simonet 《European Journal of Soil Biology》2003,39(4):183-190
There is an increased interest in the extraction of nucleic acids from various environmental samples, since molecular techniques allow less biased access to a greater portion of uncultivable microorganisms. Two strategies have been developed to improve DNA recovery in terms of yield, purity and unbiased representation of the microbial diversity. The first approach consists of the direct extraction of nucleic acids from soil through in situ cell lysis followed by DNA purification. The alternative approach is based on the separation of bacteria from the soil particles followed by cell lysis and then DNA purification. Several published methods describe the recovery of highly purified nucleic acids that are well-suited for molecular purposes even though a new challenge concerns the recovery of large bacterial DNAs essential for functional investigation of gene clusters and biosynthetic pathways. This review presents an overview of the available methods to achieve this challenging objective. 相似文献
18.
不同地区油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对酸性红壤的改良效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从江西鹰潭、安徽宣城、江苏南京和淮阴等4个地区收集油菜秸秆,在500℃下厌氧热解制备生物质炭,比较生物质炭的pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量的差异,并在20 g/kg加入量下考察其对安徽宣城pH 4.1的酸性红壤改良效果。结果表明,江西鹰潭油菜秸秆炭pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量最低,安徽宣城油菜秸秆炭次之,江苏淮阴和南京油菜秸秆炭的相应参数值最高。当用这4种油菜秸秆炭改良土壤酸度时,改良效果表现为江苏淮阴>江苏南京>安徽宣城>江西鹰潭,与生物质炭pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量一致。因此,利用秸秆生物质炭改良土壤酸度时,不仅需要考虑炭化条件和秸秆类型,作物的产地差异也需要进行考量。 相似文献
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In grassland farming, especially on coarse‐textured soils, K can be a critical element. On these soils, the actual K management as well as fertilizer history to a large extent determine the leaching of K. The effects of four fertilizer regimes on the nutrient balances and leaching of K from grassland grown on a sandy soil were investigated. The swards differed in the source and level of N input and K fertilizer: no fertilizer N + 166 kg K ha?1 year?1 (Control), 320 kg inorganic N ha?1 + 300 kg K ha?1 year?1 (MIN 320), 320 kg N + 425 kg K ha?1 year?1 in form of cattle slurry (SLR 320) and a grass–clover sward + 166 kg K ha?1 year?1 (WCL 0) without any inorganic N input. In a second experimental phase, cores from these swards were used in a mini‐lysimeter study on the fate of K from urine patches. On cut grassland after 6 years K input minus removal in herbage resulted in average K surpluses per year of 47, 39, 56 and 159 kg K ha?1 for the Control, MIN 320, WCL 0 and SLR 320, respectively. Related leaching losses per year averaged 7.5, 5, 15 and 25 kg K ha?1. Losses of urinary‐K through leaching were 2.2–4.5 and 5.7–8.4% of the K supplied in summer and autumn applications, respectively. Plant and soil were the major sinks for K from fertilizer or urine. High levels of exchangeable K in the soil and/or large and late fertilizer or urine applications stimulated leaching of K. 相似文献