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Salinity stress is a major factor limiting the growth of turfgrass irrigated with recycled wastewater. The change in lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxide (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the shoots and roots of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were investigated under salinity stress. Plants were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mmol L 1 NaCl for 40 d. The MDA content under salinity stress was lower in tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass in both shoots and roots. Activities of SOD in the shoots of both species increased with salinity stress. The activities of CAT and APX decreased in Kentucky bluegrass, but no significant difference in the activities of CAT and APX was observed in tall fescue. The activities of SOD, CAT and APX in the shoots of tall fescue were higher than those in Kentucky bluegrass. In the roots of Kentucky bluegrass, SOD and GR activities increased and CAT and APX activities decreased in comparison with the control. In the roots of tall fescue, salinity increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX. These results suggested that tall fescue exhibited a more effective protection mechanism and mitigated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by maintaining higher SOD, CAT and APX activities than Kentucky bluegrass. 相似文献
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Infection with Neotyphodium spp. endophytes increases resistance to drought stress and soil mineral imbalances in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbysh.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds. = Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.). We hypothesized that resistance of these grasses to salinity stress may also be attributed to endophyte infection. Two tall fescue genotypes, Fa75 and Fa83, and one meadow fescue genotype, Fp60, infected (E+) with their endophytic fungi, Neotyphodium coenophialum (Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin) and N. uncinatum (Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin), respectively, and their noninfected counterparts (E–) were cultured in nutrient solution at three salinity levels of 0, 85, and 170 mM NaCl. Except for genotype Fa75, E+ plants exhibited higher leaf survival rates than E– clones at a high salinity level (170 mM). Root dry matter was higher in E+ than in E– plants, but shoot dry matter was not affected by endophyte infection. This resulted in a lower shoot‐to‐root ratio in E+ plants (1.63) compared with E– plants (2.40). Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) concentrations were greater in roots of E– than in E+ clones. In shoots, Na+ and Cl– concentrations were not affected by the endophyte. In contrast, E+ plants accumulated more potassium (K+), which resulted in a greater K+ : Na+ ratio in shoots of E+ than in those of E– plants. Our results show that endophyte infection reduced Na+ and Cl– concentrations in tall fescue and meadow fescue roots but increased K+ concentrations in the shoots. Based on these results, we conclude that endophyte‐infected grasses may thrive better in salinity‐stress environments. 相似文献
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《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1)
pp. 859–864 Behavior of nitrogen in the media was investigated when the aqueous phase produced by methane fermentation was supplied as liquid fertilizer. When the aqueous phase was supplied to masa-soil, included in masa-soil was nitrified to . Additionally, in masa-soil, absorption was observed. On the other hand, in the case of coconut fiber and rockwool, has been hardly nitrified. From above results, it was determined that toxic effect from the aqueous phase on tomato plants growth was inhibited by means of the progress of nitrification and absorption by masa-soil. However, nitrification was restrained so that was fixed in masa-soil. On the other hand, in the sampled field soil, was not fixed, and was nitrified immediately. In the field soil, there was a great deal of generated . In comparison with masa-soil. 相似文献
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北京地区常用草坪草的耗水规律及适宜灌溉量研究 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
研究了在北京地区不同供水条件下，草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、野牛草、结缕草和狗牙根整个生长季的蒸散量差异和耗水规律。结果表明，蒸散量主要与草坪草的生物学特性有关，受水分条件影响；冷季型草坪草中多年生黑麦草耗水最少，暖季型草坪草中结缕草耗水最少；通过比较坪草和北方主要农作物的KC值，得出草坪与大田作物的需水量相当；北京地区常用草坪草整个生长季的适宜灌溉量为：高羊茅(391.8 mm)>草地早熟禾(368.3 mm)>多年生黑麦草(315.1 mm)>狗牙根(300.7 mm)>野牛草(184.0 mm)>结缕草(110.5 mm)。 相似文献
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The adsorption of Zn, as compared with Mg, on two mineral soils, which differed in their major cation-exchange materials and with and without Ca-saturation, was measured in the presence of free CaCl2. The adsorption of Zn as well as Mg occurred on cation-exchange sites. The Zn adsorption data conformed to a two-term Langmuir equation. The presence of two kinds of adsorption sites and their numbers and bonding energies were deduced. However, the Langmuir approach was not adopted on the basis of comparison between the total number of the adsorption sites for Zn deduced and the CEC of the soils. As an alternative approach, the selectivity coefficient as defined by the equation: was calculated for each adsorption equilibrium and plotted against the amount of Zn adsorbed. This [Zn]soil plot was used to estimate the capacities of the soil to adsorb Zn with specified affinities. The value varied between 1 and 1,000, whereas the corresponding value varied only between 0.5 and 1. The value was dependent upon the amount of Zn adsorbed, the status of exchangeable cations, and the major cation-exchange materials (montmorillonite VS. allophane-imogolite) in the soils. The importance of surface OH groups in allophane-imogolite as specific adsorption sites for Zn was suggested. 相似文献
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Investigations were carried out on the effect of the activity ratio of potassium to calcium and magnesium in the nutrient solution applied by drip irrigation on the growth and nutrient uptake of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Great Lakes 366) grown on Tottori sand dune soil. The of the soil solution was influenced by that of the nutrient solution. Calcium nutrition of lettuce was not influenced by the in the soil solution. However, the magnesium nutrition was improved at a low activity ratio, which resulted in the alleviation of the physiological injury. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):815-831
There is a paucity of information on the critical content, threshold levels, uptake, transport, and accumulation of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl?) ions in young sunflower plants. Effect of salinity was analyzed in root, stem, leaves, and buds by raising plants in fine sand irrigated with Hoagland's solution and supplemented with 10–160 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 30 days. Maximum sensitivity index, reduction in growth, and water content were observed in buds. Maximum Na+ and Cl? contents were obtained in old leaves and stems under low salinity but in roots at high salinity. Uptake, transport, and accumulation rate of Cl? were more than those of Na+, and for both ions they increased with increasing NaCl concentration but decreased with increasing exposure time. Growth reduction at low salinity seems to be because of Cl? toxicity, but Na+ toxicity and water deficiency could also be the causes at high salinity. 相似文献
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Nayer Mohammadkhani Reza Heidari Nasser Abbaspour Fatemeh Rahmani 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(11):1817-1836
The salinity tolerance of nine grape genotypes was studied. Salinity was applied as nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for two weeks. Growth was significantly reduced by salinity, whereas chloride (Cl?) and sodium (Na+) contents increased. Sodium ion accumulation exceeded that of Cl? in all treatments. Shirazi and H6 had higher and lower Cl? concentrations in their lamina than others. There were significant positive correlations (P < 0.01) between Cl? and Na+ and negative correlation between Na+ and potassium (K+) in roots and laminas of all genotypes. Soluble sugars, proline, and glycine betaine contents increased in laminas of all of the genotypes with moderate salinity. There were positive correlations (P < 0.01) between lamina and root Na+ and Cl? contents and compatible solutes in all genotypes. Overall results revealed that unlike Shirazi with higher Na+ and Cl? accumulation in shoot, H6 showed a higher capacity to restrict Na+ and Cl? transport to shoot. 相似文献
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In the course of investigations on the impact of salinity on mineral ion transport in differentially salt susceptible soybeans (“Lee” and “Jackson”) short-term experiments were conducted to elucidate the distribution pattern of Na+ and some other cations. The results showed that low salinity (7.5 mM NaCl) did not induce varietal differences in Na+ content during a 30 hrs uptake period. At 66.5 mM NaCl, however, the Na+ contents increased more in the leaves of the salt sensitive variety “Jackson” than in “Lee”. Both soybean varieties retained Na+ in the proximal root and stem. Furthermore, they extruded considerable amounts of Na+ from the roots to the medium. Increasing the level of salinity in the solution substantially reduced the Ca2+ uptake of both soybean varieties. In an experiment with the salt sensitive variety under constant salinity but increasing Ca2+ concentration in the medium, the plants showed a reduction in Na+ uptake and translocation to stem and leaves and an enhanced Ca2+ uptake and translocation to the shoots. It is suggested that the injury observed in “Jackson” after salt treatment is not only related to the insufficient control of Cl? transport. At higher salinity levels the increasing accumulation of Na+ in the leaves and the varietally independant depression of Ca2+ uptake and translocation may enhance the development of leaf necrosis. 相似文献
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盐胁迫下柚实生苗生长、矿质营养及离子吸收特性研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
以坪山柚为材料,对盐胁迫下实生苗生长、矿质营养及离子吸收特性进行了研究。结果表明,沙培30d,80～200mmol/L盐胁迫,随盐浓度提高,坪山柚实生苗株高、叶面积、地上部干重和根部干重明显降低。溶液培养8d,坪山柚实生苗地上部及根Na+、Cl-含量随盐浓度的增加而增加,根及地上部K+、Ca2+、Mg2+以及P和Mn含量下降,Fe、Zn、Cu含量的变化因器官而异。其中,地上部Fe含量对盐胁迫敏感,可作为柚耐盐性鉴定指标。40mmol/L盐胁迫,坪山柚地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+值均显著下降,且Mg2+/Na+值+/Na+值>1;浓度≥160mmol/L盐胁迫,K+/Na+值+吸收、运转效率比Cl-高。 相似文献
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《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2017,180(3):283-293
Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants were grown in a closed‐loop hydroponic system and supplied with nutrient solution (NS) containing NaCl at different concentrations (0.7, 3, 5, and 7 mM). The primary aim of the study was to define the relationship between the concentration of Na+ and Cl− in the root zone solution and the respective Na+/water or Cl−/water uptake ratios (uptake concentrations, UC). A second objective was to determine the UC of macronutrients (i.e ., N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and to test whether they are influenced by the gradual increase of the root zone salinity due to progressive NaCl accumulation. Two experiments were conducted, of which one (spring crop) was used to parameterize an existing empirical model, while the second one (autumn‐winter crop) was commissioned to test the validity of the determined model parameters. Both Cl− and Na+ ions accumulated progressively in the root zone solution over time, showing a tendency to stabilize at final concentrations according to the corresponding NaCl treatment. The relationship between the Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the root zone and the Na+/water or Cl−/water uptake ratios was exponential and the model parameters successfully fitted to data from crops cultivated in different growth seasons. This model may be used to monitor Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the root environment of zucchini crops as relationships of the plant water consumption. The exposure of plants to NaCl affected the UC of N, K, Ca, and Mg, but the results for some nutrients were not consistent in both growth seasons. The measurements of plant growth characteristics (i.e ., biomass, yield, fruit quality, and photosynthesis) revealed that water resources containing up to 3 mM NaCl do not cause unacceptable yield losses in zucchini crops grown in completely closed hydroponic systems. 相似文献