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梨黑星病研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从梨黑星病（Venturia nashicola）病原菌、发病条件、抗病机制、抗性遗传等方面对梨黑星病的研究进展进行了系统综述。梨黑星病的病原菌有2种,侵染中国梨的为纳雪黑星菌（Venturia nashicola Tanak et Yamamota）,侵染西洋梨的为梨黑星菌（Venturia pirina Aderh）;梨对黑星病的抗性呈显性遗传,抗病性对感病性为显性;目前,梨树对梨黑星病的抗性机理尚不清楚;通过分子标记标记出的抗梨黑星病基因Vnk,和Vf一样均在第1连锁群;通过多种育种手段已培育出一些抗梨黑星病品种并在生产中得以推广应用。 相似文献
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梨黑星病(Venturia nashicola Tanaka et Yamamo)是鸭梨上发生的一种主要病害,每年鸭梨收获时,梨黑星病在鸭梨果实上大量发生,对鸭梨的产量和品质造成严重影响.现对目前市场上9种用于防治梨黑星病的杀菌剂进行田间药效试验,通过试验为生产上推荐理想的防治药剂. 相似文献
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梨抗黑星病基因的AFLP分子标记 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解梨黑星病抗性遗传规律并为梨黑星病抗性育种早期选择提供理论依据,以新苹梨(梨黑星病抗性品种)×雪花梨(梨黑星病易感品种)的杂交后代为试材,进行了田间自然感病和棚内接种梨黑星病(Venturia nashicolaTanak et Yamamota)病菌后的抗性调查,并进行了AFLP分子标记的研究。结果表明,棚内接种梨黑星病菌后,杂交后代抗感分离规律符合双假测交的遗传规律;研究建立的AFLP分子标记体系可以用于梨黑星病的抗性基因标记,并初步找到了与梨黑星病抗性基因相关的分子标记。 相似文献
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《中国南方果树》2020,(3)
为探明茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)在梨感染黑星菌后叶片损伤上的缓解效应,以感病品种"雪花"和抗病品种‘黄冠"梨叶片为试验材料,分析了黑星菌侵染后梨叶片叶绿体结构和叶绿素含量的变化,以及MeJA处理对叶绿素含量和叶绿素合成关键基因表达的影响。结果表明,黑星菌对"雪花"梨叶片叶绿体结构有更明显的破坏现象,在接种9 d时下降了49%,而"黄冠"梨叶绿素含量比对照下降了37%;MeJA处理可迅速诱导"黄冠"梨CAO的表达,且显著增加了侵染后期(接种5～9 d)"雪花"梨CHLH、CAO基因的相对表达量,缓解了黑星菌侵染后梨叶片叶绿素含量的降低。说明适当浓度的MeJA处理在一定程度上诱导梨增强对黑星菌的抗性,有利保持梨叶片叶绿素含量。 相似文献
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以黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)、柑橘青霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、梨黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)5种植物病原真菌为供试菌种,采用牛津杯法,研究了野葛花乙醇提取物的抑菌活性及其对植物病原真菌的抑菌效果.结果表明:野葛花的乙醇提取物对这5种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;随着提取物浓度的增大,其对植物病原真菌的抑菌效果逐渐增强,当达到某一值后,抑制效果又随其浓度的增加逐渐减弱.另外,黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)、柑橘青霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、梨黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)的最适野葛花乙醇提取物抑菌质量浓度分别为0.1250、0.2500、0.2500、0.2500、0.5000 g/mL,其中番茄灰霉病菌的最低抑菌质量浓度应大于0.0625g/mL.因此,野葛花的乙醇提取物在抑制植物真菌性病害方面具有广阔的开发利用前景,可作为新型植物源生物农药的良好剂型. 相似文献
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梨黑星病是我国梨树的主要病害,分布广泛且危害严重。梨黑星病病菌能以不同的形式越冬,病芽梢一直被认为是主要初侵染来源[1-3],但最近的研究结果表明,梨黑星病病菌有性生殖不需要特殊的条件,假囊壳和子囊孢子在我国北方地区梨园内的越冬病叶上都能形成,子囊孢子是梨黑星病的另一重要初侵染来源,对于某些梨园来说是主要的,甚至是唯一的初侵染菌源[4]。因此,有效控制子囊孢子形成,降低初侵染菌源量,对于控制梨黑星病的发生与流行有重要作用。福星是目前防治梨黑星病的有效药剂,尿素能有效地抑制苹果黑星病菌(Venturia inae-qualis)和柑桔球… 相似文献
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与梨黑星病抗性基因连锁的AFLP标记筛选及SCAR标记转化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以‘鸭梨’（Pyrus bretschneideri）ב雪青’梨（P. bretschneideri × P. pyrifolia）F1代群体（97株）为试材,采用扩增片段长度多态性（amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP）技术和集群分类法（bulked segregant analysis,BSA）筛选与梨抗黑星病基因连锁的分子标记。通过64对AFLP标记引物在亲本和分离群体中的筛选和验证,获得与梨抗黑星病基因紧密连锁标记两个,即ACA/CAA-179和AAC/CAG-198。它们与抗黑星病基因的遗传距离分别为5.2和8.3 cM。对AFLP标记片段的克隆和测序结果显示其长度分别为179和198 bp。根据序列信息设计特异引物,在杂交后代群体上的PCR分析表明AFLPACA/CAA-179标记被成功转换成SCAR标记,命名为SCAR-117。本研究结果将有助于对抗黑星病梨品种资源的分子鉴定及杂种后代的早期辅助选择。 相似文献
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Thilo C. Fischer Stefan Martens Mickael Malnoy Henning Schacht Werner Dierend 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2014,56(3):89-94
Hybrids of apple and pear have been bred and described before, however no vital and fertile ones were found which could have been used for pome fruit breeding. Lately, the authors studied the putative hybrid bred by M. Zwintzscher in the eighties at genetic, physiological, and phenotypical levels and found it to be a true hybrid. Unlike other reports on such hybrids, this one allowed breeder H. Schimmelpfeng in the nineties to yield an offspring of five F2 plants from it as maternal plant. The F2 plants are meanwhile flowering and regularly set fruits. Three of the sister F2 lines seem to possess potential as cultivars. These vital and fertile hybrids offer the opportunity to combine various parts of the pear genome with the apple genome by classical breeding, introducing new genetic factors into the latter and enabling breeding with these. With such partial genomes of pear non-host-resistances of pear against specific apple pathogens like apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) or new genes for biosynthesis of aroma compounds could be introduced by crosses. A new project to establish such a F3 generation is presented here. 相似文献
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Elsie Collyer 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(2):117-129
Fungicide programmes, designed to control both scab and mildew, have been compared for phytotoxicity in several seasons on apple and pear varieties. Dodine acetate was found to cause russeting of the fruits of several apple and pear varieties. In one year, frost at a spraying time seemed to interact with dodine acetate application to produce unusual russet on Sunset apples. Crops of Conference and of Doyenne du Cornice pears were reduced in some years when dodine was applied.The fungicide based on nitrated octylphenols, DNOPC, caused no undesirable effects on the apple varieties, but tended to reduce cropping on pears; the effects of the unesterified mixture, DNOP, were more serious.Both dodine acetate and DNOPC caused reductions of fruit bud formation on Cornice, an effect already reported for organomercurial fungicides on Conference and for didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) on both varieties. It is suggested that freedom from this effect should be a criterion to be satisfied in the evaluation of any new pesticide for pears. 相似文献
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High quality disease resistant apples are the main breeding objective in the programme at Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil (ACW). Apple scab caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis is still the most important disease in apple production. To ensure the durability of scab resistance we are combining different resistance genes (pyramiding). Moreover, we are incorporating also resistances against powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). Principles and methods of resistance breeding are outlined and pyramiding of resistances is illustrated by analysing crosses between two cultivars carrying different scab resistance genes (Vf and Vh2). Crosses are being analysed applying marker-assisted selection (MAS) to detect plants carrying multiple resistances. Phenotypic screening of seedlings for scab symptoms and MAS results are compared and the observed segregations into resistant and susceptible progenies discussed. 相似文献
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梨属植物分类的历史回顾及新进展 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19
一般相信梨属植物的原种起源于第三纪的我国西部和西南部的山区。根据其原生分布,分为东方梨和西方梨。由于梨属植物分布范围广,加上梨属种间很容易发生自然杂交,梨属植物的分类至今仍存在很多问题。被大多数植物分类学家所认可的种大约在30个左右。我国是东方梨种的主要起源地,我国分类学家相信有13个种起源于我国。不仅如此,我国也是世界上梨品种类型最多的国家。主栽系统有砂梨、白梨、秋子梨和新疆梨等。最新的分子生物学证据表明,白梨、砂梨和日本梨系统可能起源于共同的祖先:分布于我国长江流域的野生砂梨。考虑到白梨在我国梨栽培中的重要地位,建议用Pyruspyrifoliavar.sinensis(Lindley)TengetTanabe来表示白梨系统。 相似文献
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