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针对我国北方广大半干旱草原的生境条件，培育适宜放牧的根蘖型苜蓿新品种是当务之急。我所于1984年开始采用综合育种手段，育成“图牧3号”和“图牧4号”根蘖型苜蓿新品种，经7年时间生产应用，鲜草产量明显高于加拿大“Rangelander”苜蓿和内蒙地方品种准噶尔苜蓿。1995年起建立单播和混播人工草地，根蘖率和产草量完全超过育种指标，具有持久、耐牧和抗逆性强等特点。2000年先后在美国和加拿大半干旱草原带试种，放牧利用效果显著。目前在国内已建立2个种子繁育基地，为提供天然草地补播和建立人工放牧草地所需要的种子。 相似文献
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围栏放牧目的是在维持草地生产力的前提下，最大限度地挖掘草地生产潜力。本文通过理论与实践相结合的手段，利用线性规划原理地围栏放牧管理。结果发现，在现有的试验条件下，６．６公顷人工草地可饲养５０个羊单位，线性规划放牧管理比一般放管理的草地栽畜量提高３倍。 相似文献
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华北农牧交错带人工草地放牧系统植物补偿性生长研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
研究华北农牧交错带不同人工草地在不同放牧强度下的总净生长量及净生长量的变化.结果表明,无芒雀麦-杂花苜蓿草地在任何放牧强度下均表现为超补偿性生长,即净生长量增加;新麦草-杂花苜蓿和杂花苜蓿-新麦草-扁穗冰草草地在轻度放牧下,总净生长量增加,在中度和重度放牧条件下分别表现为等补偿性生长和欠补偿性生长;新麦草草地在轻牧下呈超补偿性生长,在中牧下为等补偿性生长,重牧时表现欠补偿性生长;杂花苜蓿净初级生产力变化同新麦草草地一致;无芒雀麦在所设放牧强度下均表现为超补偿性生长,表明其耐牧性极强.因此,草地放牧强度应根据其组成种群来确定,以保证可持续利用. 相似文献
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放牧强度对黑麦草/白三叶混播草地种群牧草量构成与年生产力的影响 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
研究了不同放牧强度下(轻牧、适牧、重牧、过牧),黑麦草/白三叶混播草地的牧草现存量,种群牧草量构成及年产量变化。随放牧强度增大,草地牧草现存量呈下降,牧草利用率呈增加趋势。放牧强度对黑麦草茎、叶生长具明显影响,对白三叶影响则较小;黑麦草绿色茎叶比随放牧强度增大而降低,白三叶茎、叶植物量分配主要受季节影响。适牧的黑麦草和白三叶种群牧草量呈线形函数变化,而轻牧、重牧和过牧则呈幂函数变化,各放牧强度黑麦草现存量均随白三叶牧草量的增大而增多。黑麦草种群和群落产量均为:适牧>重牧>过牧>轻牧;白三叶种群产量为:适牧>过牧>重牧>轻牧。随放牧强度增大,黑麦草组分相近,白三叶组分呈增加,杂草和死物质组分呈降低趋势。因此,放牧能提高白三叶组分,抑制杂草植物生长,降低混播草地凋落、枯死损失,增强黑麦草和白三叶种群生长的正效应作用;适度放牧利于混播草地中黑麦草、白三叶组分比的稳定,维持混播草地高生产力。合理的草地利用率是保持高产、优质草地的关键。 相似文献
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通过研究青藏高原祁连山东段高寒草甸牧区土草畜氮磷特征,以及高寒草甸放牧区家畜氮磷平衡现状,以期为高寒草地健康评价及家畜管理提供理论及技术支持。依饮水点为中心,由近及远设置3个相对放牧强度,研究地上植物群落特征、牧草及土壤营养成分及家畜氮磷平衡。结果表明:物种多样性和草地生物量轻牧和中牧强度均显著高于重牧强度(P0.05);土壤全磷含量在0~10cm和10~20cm土层中重牧强度显著高于轻牧强度和中牧强度(P0.05),而在20~30cm土层中中牧强度下显著高于轻牧强度和重牧强度(P0.01);土壤全氮含量0~10cm土层中重牧强度显著高于轻牧强度和中牧强度(P0.01),10~20cm土层中中牧强度显著高于轻牧强度(P=0.016),20~30cm土层中不同放牧强度下氮含量无显著性差异(P0.05);随着放牧强度的增加,牧草全磷含量线性下降(P0.001),N/P线性增加(P0.001),而全氮含量对放牧强度的响应不显著(P0.05);此外,高寒草甸泌乳牦牛体内氮沉积量为27.95g/d,呈正平衡,磷沉积量为-1.95g/d,呈负平衡。综上,合理放牧,维持高寒草甸土草畜氮磷流的平衡,对于家畜的健康生长以及草地的可持续利用具有重要作用。 相似文献
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我国北方天然草地面积约 3亿多hm2 ,而半干旱草地面积约占 1 6亿hm2 ,但是国内很少有适宜在半干旱地区生长又适宜放牧利用的苜蓿新品种。 1984年洪绂曾教授从加拿大引进 9个根蘖型苜蓿新品种 ,在我所建立原始材料圃、鉴定圃 ,主要筛选国内外优良单株组建无性系多元杂交圃 ,经优良株系配合力测定和轮回、集团选择后 ,组配成 2个综合种 ,即“图牧 3号”和“图牧 4号”。 1995年开始进行品种比较试验、区域化试验和生产试验 ,分别在扎旗和呼市建立原种田和种子田。 1999年起在加拿大和美国西部半干旱地区试种 ,均取得明显高产和适宜放牧利用的… 相似文献
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不同放牧强度下高寒草甸植被特征和土壤养分变化研究 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
放牧作为最主要的生物干扰因子之一,影响着草地生态系统植被和土壤的生态进程。在自然放牧条件下,通过不同放牧强度的比较试验,对高寒草甸土壤营养成分及地上群落特征进行分析,为制定合理的放牧强度提供理论依据。结果表明:随着放牧强度加大,地上总生物量、物种丰富度在封育样地最高,在重牧样地最低,而封育、轻牧、中牧样地香浓-威纳多样性指数并没有显著的差异;禾草和莎草的地上生物量和总盖度在中牧条件下最高。与轻牧、中牧和封育样地相比,重牧样地的杂草有较高的地上生物量和总盖度;5月份土壤含水量随放牧强度增加而减少,7月份、9月份则相反;封育、轻牧、重牧样地的土壤容重显著低于中牧样地(P<0.05);在整个生长季节,重牧样地的pH值明显高于其他3个处理,而封育?轻牧?中牧3个样地pH值没有显著差异;在整个生长季节,封育、轻牧、中牧、重牧4个样地土壤有机碳含量随着放牧强度的增加而趋于下降,其中封育、轻牧、中牧3样地土壤有机碳含量都显著高于重牧样地(P<0.05);土壤的全氮含量在各放牧样地里并没有显著变化,而土壤氨态氮、硝态氮则在植物整个生长季节随着放牧强度的加大而增加;在整个生长季节里全磷含量最大值都出现在中牧样地里,速效磷含量表现出了和全磷一致的结果。因此,适度放牧是保护生物多样性,维持土壤养分以及提高草地生产力的有效途径;当高寒草甸由于退化导致生物量锐减,生物多样性丧失等严重后果时,围栏可以作为有效的恢复手段。 相似文献
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载畜量调控是草地放牧系统优化的主要技术环节。在昆明小哨示范牧场设轻牧、中牧、重牧3个载畜量处理,对应的载畜量分别为每公顷0.74、1.52、2.24个牛单位。每个处理设3个放牧小区进行轮牧,轮牧周期3个月。每个月测定牧草的生长量、饲草现存量、饲草养分;6月和10月两次测定地下生物量。结果表明,随着载畜量的增加,草地牧草的生长量也随之增加,轻牧、中牧、重牧的年度累计生长量分别为8667、9486和10264kg/hm2。同一时间段载畜量越高,牧草现存量越低。枯草期牧草的粗蛋白含量随载畜量的增加而降低,粗脂肪的差异则不大。生长期3个载畜量的草地牧草的粗蛋白、粗脂肪等主要营养成分差异均不大。草地牧草的地下生物量主要集中在0～10 cm的土层中,10月份地下牧草根量呈现出随载畜量增大而增加的趋势。3个载畜量条件下的轮牧小区均没有出现草地退化现象。 相似文献
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补饲与不补饲条件下3种放牧率对高寒草地牧草与家畜生产的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过补饲和不补饲条件下放牧率对高寒草地牧草和家畜生产影响的研究,结果表明,3种放牧率对草地牧草产量影响不大,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。放牧率影响羯羊体重。在补饲条件下,羯羊日增长量随放牧率减小而增加,组间差异显著(P<0.05);不补饲使羯羊减重,羯羊日减重量随放牧率减小而降低。同时,放牧率影响羯羊肉用性能和肉的品质。在补饲条件下,草地生物学效率明显高于不补饲组,且中组比低、高组高,草地生产能力最大。由此得出,高寒草地以中等放牧率为最佳,即1.8只/hm~2,且补饲效果最明显。 相似文献
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Abstract Irrigated Midmar Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was grazed either continuously or rotationally at four grazing intensities by three successive sets of weaned lambs for the winter, spring and summer periods, respectively. The “put‐and‐take” system was applied. In the case of continuous grazing, amounts of available dry matter (DM) per hectare were varied, whereas with rotational grazing different grazing intensities were established by allocating different amounts of DM per unit livemass. Amounts of DM on offer were determined in both systems to provide a basis for comparison. There were no differences in average daily gain (ADG) at equivalent levels of available DM between grazing procedures in winter. In both spring and summer, however, ADG at given levels of available DM was greater (P ≤0,01) with continuous than with rotational grazing. Stocking rate at equivalent levels of available DM was higher (P ≤0,01) for rotational as compared with continuous grazing in winter and summer, but in summer, grazing procedure had no effect on stocking rate. There was an interaction between stocking rate and grazing method in winter (P ≤0,01). At high stocking rates, ADG were higher (P ≤0,01) under rotational than under continuous grazing. In spring and summer the ADG for continuous grazing was higher (P ≤0,01) than that for rotational grazing at equivalent stocking rates. The estimated stocking rates for maximum gains/ha ranged in the different seasons from 45 to 123 lambs/ha. 相似文献
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《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2007,60(1):12-18
The presence of grazing cattle near open waterways has created environmental concerns related to the potential for water contamination. In Florida the removal of cattle from grazing landscapes or decreasing stocking density is being investigated as one option to improve the quality of surface water runoff draining into Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of stocking rate on cow-calf performance, forage availability and quality, and ranch economic performance. Experimental pastures were established on a southern Florida cow-calf operation with stocking rates of 0.58, 1.01, and 1.35 ha·cow-1 on summer pastures and 0.93, 1.62, and 2.16 ha·cow-1 on winter pastures, corresponding to high, medium, and low rates, respectively. The study was conducted over 4 consecutive production years. Cow body condition scores (BCS), pregnancy rate, and calf average daily gain were used as measures of animal performance. Forage utilization was estimated by measuring the difference between forage yield inside and outside grazing exclusion cages and forage quality by crude protein and in vitro organic matter digestibility. Forage yield, utilization, and quality were not significantly affected by stocking rate. Although statistically not significant (P = 0.17), cattle in the high stocking rate experienced a numerically greater loss of BCS following the winter grazing period, but stocking rate did not affect pregnancy rate or calf gains. Production (kg weaned calves·ha-1) was increased (P < 0.01) for a high stocking rate compared with medium and low stocking rates. Overall ranch profitability will decrease as stocking rates decline. Ranch revenues decrease one-for-one as stocking rates decrease. At the same time, unit cow costs increase at an increasing rate as fewer brood cows are left to support the ranch's fixed cost structure. 相似文献
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Evaluation of hay-type and grazing-tolerant alfalfa cultivars in season-long or complementary rotational stocking systems for beef cows 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) persistence and forage and cow-calf production were evaluated on pastures containing smooth bromegrass with or without grazing-tolerant or hay-type alfalfa cultivars rotationally stocked in either a season-long or complementary system. In 1997, six 2.02-ha pastures were seeded with smooth bromegrass, a mixture of a grazing-tolerant alfalfa (Amerigraze variety) and smooth brome-grass, or a mixture of a hay-type alfalfa (Affinity variety) and smooth bromegrass to be used in season-long stocking systems. Four 2.02-ha pastures were seeded with smooth bromegrass on 1.21 ha of each pasture, and mixtures of either the grazing-tolerant or hay-type alfalfa cultivars and smooth bromegrass on the 0.81 ha of each pasture to be used in complementary stocking systems. All 10 pastures were divided into 10 paddocks and rotationally strip-stocked at 1.98 cow-calf units/ha with crossbred cows and calves for 120 and 141 d starting May 18, 1998 (yr 1), and May 6, 1999 (yr 2), respectively. Each year, first harvest forage was harvested as hay from 40% of all 10 pastures, this being the portions of the pasture seeded with the alfalfa-smooth brome-grass mixtures for pastures with the complementary stocking systems. In yr 1 and 2, the remaining 60% of each pasture was grazed for the first 44 and 54 d, and 100% of each pasture was grazed on d 45 to 120 and d 55 to 141, respectively. Proportions of alfalfa in the live dry matter of pastures seeded with the grazing-tolerant and hay-type alfalfa cultivars decreased by 70 and 55% in paddocks stocked season-long and by 60 and 42% in paddocks used for complementary stocking (alfalfa cultivar, P < 0.05; stocking system, P < 0.05) in yr 1, but decreased by 72% across cultivars and stocking systems in yr 2. Total (P < 0.08) forage masses in September of yr 1 and in August of yr 2 were greater in pastures in which alfalfa paddocks were stocked season-long than in those with complementary alfalfa stocking. Grazing of alfalfa in grass mixtures increased calf and total cow/calf weight gains in comparison with grazing of smooth bromegrass, but alfalfa persistence, measured as a proportion of the live dry matter, was not affected by alfalfa cultivar. 相似文献
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放牧率和放牧时期对绵羊排粪量、采食量和干物质消化率关系的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
实验研究表明，绵羊在同一放牧时期，随着放牧率的增大，鲜粪量有所减少，粪中干物质含量有所增大，但只有处理1．33羊／hm2·138天与6．67羊／hm2·138天问存在显著性差异。在同一放牧率条件下，不同放牧时期相比，以8月份粪中干物质含量最低；在各种处理之间，放牧绵羊全天干粪量均无显著性的差异。在同一放牧时期，随着放牧率的增大日采食量显著减少，而同一放牧率不同放牧时期的日采食量保持相对稳定。粪便的干重与干物质采食量的关系很小，与干物质消化率呈负相关。放牧绵羊白天排粪量为晚上的2倍，但粪中干物质含量几乎没有差异，同时，不同放牧率和不同放牧时期对粪便的颜色和形状等均有较明显的影响。 相似文献
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Schlegel ML Wachenheim CJ Benson ME Black JR Moline WJ Ritchie HD Schwab GD Rust SR 《Journal of animal science》2000,78(8):2192-2201
A 4-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of two grazing methods (GM) at two stocking rates (SR) on alfalfa pasture plant productivity and animal performance and to ascertain the effect of grazing systems on subsequent performance of steers fed a high-concentrate diet. Eight pasture plots (.76 ha) were seeded in 1988 with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. var. WL225) and divided into two blocks of four pastures each. Grazing methods consisted of a traditional four-paddock or an intensive 13-paddock system. Pastures were managed to allow a 36-d rest period with an average grazing season of 110 d. The low and high SR were 5.9 vs 11.7, 5.3 vs 10.5, 5.3 vs 7.9, and 5.3 vs 7.9 steers/ha for years 1989 to 1992, respectively. Following the grazing season, steers were placed in a feedlot and fed a high-concentrate diet (81% high-moisture corn, 14% corn silage, 5% protein-mineral supplement) for an average of 211 d. There was no effect of GM on herbage mass, pasture phase ADG, or live weight gain/hectare. Increasing the number of paddocks was beneficial when herbage mass was limited and stocking rate was above 7.9 steers/ha. Increasing SR above 7.9 steers/ha decreased herbage mass and pasture-phase ADG. As forage allowance increased, pasture-phase ADG increased quadratically (R2 = .82, P < .001), reached a plateau, and then decreased. Previous grazing system did not influence the performance of steers in the feedlot or their carcass characteristics. Optimum SR is dependent on herbage mass produced. 相似文献
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P Nansen J Foldager J W Hansen S A Henriksen R J J?rgensen 《Veterinary parasitology》1988,27(3-4):325-335
The effect of stocking rate on the acquisition of Ostertagia ostertagi infection and performance of yearling calves grazing a marshland area in the southwest of Jutland (Denmark) was examined. During the early part of the grazing season, when grass growth was high and pasture infectivity low, there was little stocking rate effect on performance. However, during the late part of the grazing season (characterized by poorer grass growth and high pasture infectivity) gains were significantly lower at high, compared with moderate stocking. At both stocking rates, the beneficial effect of moving animals to aftermath in mid-summer was significant, but was most pronounced at the high stocking rate. Interactions between stocking rate and acquisition of parasitism are discussed in the light of grazing behaviour and climatic factors. 相似文献
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This study was designed to compare the animal production per unit area and per animal at 3 different stocking rates in combination with two deworming programs. Due to drought conditions, fecal egg output, serum pepsinogen levels and herbage larval counts were low throughout the grazing season. The beneficial effects of the strategic deworming program were, however, indicated by lower fecal egg counts and serum pepsinogen levels in the treated groups during most of the grazing season. Differences in weight gain, favoring the treated groups, were also observed and a clear effect of stocking rate was demonstrated. The lowest stocking rate groups continuously had the lowest egg output and serum pepsinogen levels and the highest average weight gain per animal. The experiment also clearly showed that the production per unit area increased with an increase in stocking rate. The medium and high stocking rate groups had a production per unit area exceeding that of the conventional stocking rate group by 15 and 45%, respectively. 相似文献
19.
不同放牧强度下温性草甸草原土壤微生物群落结构PLFAs分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
土壤微生物群落是土壤质量和生态系统功能变化的敏感指标。为了探讨放牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以呼伦贝尔草甸草原肉牛控制放牧试验为平台,分析4种不同放牧强度(对照区G0.00:0.00 Au/hm2、轻度放牧G0.23:0.23 Au/hm2 、中度放牧G0.46:0.46 Au/hm2 、重度放牧G0.92:0.92 Au/hm2)下温性草甸草原土壤微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,放牧改变了土壤微生物的组成,但不影响功能菌的优势地位。土壤总微生物量随着放牧强度的增加表现为先减少后增加的趋势,即为对照区最高,中度放牧G0.46最低,重度放牧G0.92出现小幅度的回升;细菌、革兰氏阴性菌、腐生真菌、丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)生物量也呈现相同变化。革兰氏阳性菌、放线菌生物量则随着放牧强度的增加而增加。此外,AMF对于放牧干扰最为敏感(各放牧强度下极显著差异P<0.01)。除趋势对应分析结果表明,对照区G0.00和轻度放牧G0.23处理下土壤的微生物群落结构较为相似,中度放牧G0.46和重度放牧G0.92处理导致微生物群落结构发生大幅度改变。有机质、速效磷是影响微生物种类和数量的重要养分因素。 相似文献
20.
Eric M. Mousel Walter H. Schacht Patrick E. Reece Amy E. Herron Ann Koehler 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2011,64(2):208-214
Understanding the long-term effect of summer grazing date and fall stocking rate on herbage production is critical to extending the grazing season in the Nebraska Sandhills. A study was conducted from 1997 to 2002 at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory located near Whitman, Nebraska, to determine the herbage production response to summer grazing date and October stocking rate on two different sites. Site 1 was dominated by warm-season grasses and site 2 was dominated by cool-season graminoids. At each site, three 0.37-ha pastures were constructed in each of four blocks before application of summer grazing treatments. Pastures in each block were grazed at 0.5 animal-unit months (AUM) · ha?1 in June or July, or were deferred from summer grazing. Following summer grazing treatments, October stocking rate treatments (no grazing or 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 AUM · ha?1) were applied to subunits of each summer grazing date pasture during mid-October. Vegetation was sampled in each pasture in mid-June and mid-August and sorted by functional group to determine the effect of 5 yr of grazing treatments on herbage production and residual herbage. Herbage production was not affected by summer or October grazing treatments on the warm-season grass–dominated site. Increasing October stocking rate, however, reduced cool-season graminoid production and subsequent herbage production 25% by year 5 of the study. Residual herbage at both sites at the end of the October grazing periods explained as much as 16% to 34% of subsequent year’s herbage production. Grazing managers in the Nebraska Sandhills can extend the grazing season by lightly stocking pastures in the summer to facilitate additional fall grazing. Heavy stocking in October over several years on cool-season–, but not warm-season–, dominated sites will reduce production of cool-season graminoids on these sites. 相似文献