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1.
In 1983, seed dressing of peas with fosetyl-Al (Aliette) compared favourably with all other treatments on a field heavily contaminated with foot and root rot pathogens. Experiments carried out in 1983 and 1984 could not establish the reason for this phenomenon. Artificial inoculation with the most frequently isolated pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma medicaginis var.pinodella, Pythium ultimum andFusarium solani f.sp.pisi) of sterilized soil before planting treated seeds did not reproduce the field observations, but glasshouse experiments using soil from the experimental field did. Glasshouse experiments in 1989, afterAphanomyces euteiches had been identified as a frequently occurring pea pathogen in the Netherlands, confirmed the favourable effect of fosetyl-Al as a seed treatment whenA. euteiches was in the pathogen flora.Samenvatting In 1983 bleek op een zwaar met voetrotpathogenen besmet veld zaaizaadbehandeling van erwten met fosetyl-Al (Aliette) gunstig af te steken bij alle andere behandelingen. De oorzaak kon toen niet worden gevonden. Kunstmatige besmetting van gesterilisserde grond vóór het planten van behandelde zaden met de meest geïsoleerde pathogenen (Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma medicaginis var.pinodella, Pythium ultimum enFusarium solani f.sp.pisi) gaf resultaten die niet overeenstemden met die van het proefveld, maar kasproeven met grond van het proefveld deden dat wel. Nadat was aangetoond dat het erwtepathogeenAphanomyces euteiches in Nederland veel voorkomt, bevestigden nieuwe kasproeven in 1989 het gunstige effect van fosetyl-Al als zaaizaadbehandeling wanneerA. euteiches deel uitmaakt van de pathogene bodemflora.  相似文献   

2.
The relation between the frequency of legume crops in a rotation and the root rot severity in pea was examined in a field survey. Additionally, greenhouse experiments were performed with soil samples from legume rotation trials or from farmers' fields. The frequency of pea crops in current rotations proved to be much less than the recommended value of one in six years. The correlation between pea root rot and the number of years that pea or other legumes were not grown on the field under consideration (called crop interval) was weak. Root rot severity correlated better with the frequency of peas or legumes in general over a period of 18 years, but the frequency still explained only a minor fraction of the variation in disease index. Some experimental data pointed to the occurrence of a highly specific pathogen microflora with continuous cropping of only one legume species, but this phenomenon probably does not occur in farmers' fields. In field samples, root disease index for pea correlated well with that for field bean. The survival of resting structures of pathogens such asAphanomyces euteiches probably explains why the frequency of legume cropping has a higher impact than crop interval on root disease incidence. Pea-free periods and legume frequencies have a poor predictive value for crop management purposes.  相似文献   

3.
Chitinases were studied in an endomycorrhiza-resistant mutant and wild type pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Frisson) in order to characterize plant hydrolases specific to pathogenic (Aphanomyces euteiches andChalara elegans) or mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae) root interactions. Stimulation of constitutive and induction of new chitinase activities was detected by native PAGE for acidic proteins in both pea genotypes inoculated with pathogenic fungi. In contrast, a different additional chitinase isoform was induced inG. mosseae-colonized roots. This isoform was also not elicited in chemically-stressed roots, confirming its mycorrhiza-specificity. Investigations of basic chitinase and-1,3-glucanase activities provided further evidence for differential pea responses during pathogenic and symbiotic interactions.  相似文献   

4.
Potential antagonists ofFusarium solani f. sp.pisi (Fsp) were selected from soil samples with varying degrees of receptivity to this pathogen. They were tested against Fsp isolate 48 (Fs48), in increasingly complex systems. Most species testedin vitro were able to antagonize Fs48. No relation could be establishedin vitro between the receptivity of the soil from which an isolate originated and its antagonism to Fs48. In soils naturally infested with pea root rot pathogens, which were stored humid at 4°C for a period longer than a year, various isolates ofFusarium, Gliocladium andPenicillium spp. were able to reduce root rot. After sterilization of these soils, onlyGliocladium roseum isolates, added at 105 conidia g–1 dry soil, significantly reduced disease severity and prevented root weight losses caused by Fs48 at 104 conidia g–1 dry soil. In soils in which the biota were activated by growing peas before the assays, doses of 106 and 107 ofG. roseum were required to reduce root rot. In these soils, the antagonistic effects of fluorescent pseudomonad strains from soil of low receptivity to Fsp were variable. Some strains of fluorescent pseudomonads, from soil moderately receptive to Fsp and from highly infested soils, were also able to reduce root rot. Disease suppression by pseudomonad strains was more evident in the absence than in the presence ofAphanomyces euteiches in the root rot pathogen complex. The role of receptiveness of the soil with regard to potential antagonists is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
The occurrence ofAphanomyces euteiches Drechs. in Dutch soils is reported for the first time. Isolates of the pathogen were obtained from peas (Pisum sativum L.). A bioassay was used that baited the pathogen from soil into the cortex of stem and root of seedlings of a highly susceptible pea cultivar. The pathogen could subsequently be isolated on a semi-selective medium. Screening of soil samples from 13 fields known to be infested with fungi causing foot and root rot demonstrated the presence ofA. euteiches in 10 cases. In a second screening on soil samples from 43 fields, the pathogen was present in 16 cases. A positive correlation was found between the disease severity caused byA. euteiches in the seedling bioassay and the disease severity caused by the complex of foot and root pathogens in the same soils as evidenced by a mature plant bioassay. It is considered probable thatA. euteiches has since long been a common component of the foot and root rot complex in Dutch soils but has not been detected previously due to inadequate sampling and isolation techniques.Samenvatting De aanwezigheid vanAphanomyces euteiches Drechs. in Nederlandse gronden is voor het eerst aangetoond. Isolaten van het pathogeen werden verkregen van erwten (Pisum sativum L.). De pathogene schimmel werd in petrischalen uit grond in het schorsweefsel van wortel en stengel van een zeer vatbaar erwteras gelokt. Met behulp van een semiselectief medium konden vervolgens isolaten van de schimmel worden verkregen. Toetsing van grondmonsters afkomstig van 13 percelen, waarvan bekend was dat ze besmet waren met schimmels die voetziekten in erwten veroorzaken, toonde de aanwezigheid vanA. euteiches aan in 10 gevallen. In een tweede biotoets op grondmonsters van 43 percelen bleken 16 monsters het pathogeen te herbergen. Er werd een positieve correlatie gevonden tussen de ernst van de aantasting doorA. euteiches van kiemplanten en de aantasting van volwassen planten in een biotoets in de kas. Het is waarschijnlijk dat de schimmel reeds lang in Nederlandse akkers voorkomt, maar door inadequate bemonsterings- en isolatietechnieken over het hoofd is gezien.  相似文献   

6.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

7.
Pathogenicity of Aphanomyces spp. from Different Leguminous Crops in Sweden   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Host range and pathogenicity of a range of Aphanomyces spp. isolates obtained from pea roots but also from a range of other field-grown leguminous crops in southern Sweden was investigated. The Aphanomyces euteiches isolates originating from pea and the few obtained isolates originating from alfalfa, green bean and yellow sweet-clover were highly pathogenic only to pea. The A. euteiches isolated from common vetch differed from these isolates by being weakly pathogenic to pea and other legumes, but highly pathogenic to common vetch. Vetch isolates also formed a well-defined separate cluster based on principal component analysis of pathogenicity pattern on tested crops. Oospores of A. euteiches were observed in root tissue of pea as well as common vetch, alfalfa, green bean, broad bean, red clover and yellow sweet-clover in the greenhouse pathogenicity tests. An Aphanomyces sp. that morphologically differed from A. euteiches, was frequently isolated from several leguminous plants, but was non-pathogenic to all tested crops in the pathogenicity tests. In isozyme analysis the banding pattern of these isolates resembled the pattern of A. cladogamus. Another, different and so far unidentified Aphanomyces sp. from roots of green bean and broad bean, was also non-pathogenic to the tested legume species. Based on the isolates tested, the results obtained suggest that the population of Aphanomyces spp. infecting legume roots in Sweden consists of a pea-specific and a vetch-specific group of A. euteiches. Two other groups comprised (i) Aphanomyces sp. isolates that resembled A. cladogamus, and (ii) isolates, which resembled neither A. euteiches nor A. cladogamus. In addition, the host range of Swedish A. euteiches isolates was not as broad as reported for A. euteiches isolates from other countries.  相似文献   

8.
Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.  相似文献   

9.
A survey was made to identify the most important soilborne fungal pathogens of asparagus crops in the Netherlands. Ten plants were selected from each of five fields with a young (1–4 y) first planting, five fields with an old (6–13 y) first planting and five fields with a young replanting. The analysis included fungi present in the stem base and the roots of plants with symptoms of foot and root rot or showing growth decline without specific disease symptoms. Isolates of each species were tested for pathogenicity to asparagus on aseptically grown plantlets on Knop's agar. Symptoms were caused byFusarium oxysporum, F. culmorum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium verrucosum var.cyclopium, Cylindrocarpon didymum, Phialophora malorum, Phoma terrestris andAcremonium strictum. F. oxysporum was by far the most common species and was isolated from 80% of the plants. Not all of its isolates were pathogenic to asparagus. Symptoms were caused by 67%, 78% and 93% of the isolates obtained from young first plantings, old first plantings and replantings, respectively.F. culmorum was isolated from 31% of the plants. Two other notorious pathogens of asparagus,F. moniliforme andF. proliferatum, did not occur in our samples.Species causing symptoms in the vitro test that were found on more than 5% of the plants were additionally tested for their pathogenicity in pot experiments.F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi caused severe foot and root rot, significantly reduced root weights and killed most of the plants.F. culmorum caused lesions on the stem base often resulting in death of the plant.P. terrestris, a fungus only once reported as a pathogen of asparagus, caused an extensive root rot, mainly of secondary roots that became reddish. The fungus was isolated in only a few samples and is not to be regarded as an important pathogen in Dutch asparagus crops.P. malorum caused many small brown lesions on the stem base and incidentally also on the upper part of small main roots. This is the first report of its pathogenicity to asparagus. The fungus is one of the organisms inciting spear rust and it reduced crop quality rather than crop yield.P. verrucosum var.cyclopium andC. didymum did not cause symptoms in pot experiments.Because of its predominance on plants with foot and root rot and its high virulence,F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi was considered to be the main soilborne pathogen of asparagus in the Netherlands.  相似文献   

10.
Four-hundred-sixty-eightFusarium andFusarium-like isolates were obtained from crowns and subcrown internodes of winter wheat grown in Erzurum, Turkey. Of these isolates, 34.8% wereFusarium acuminatum, 32.3% wereF. equiseti, 16.9% wereF. oxysporum, 15.0% wereMicrodochium nivale (formerlyFusarium nivale), 0.6% wereF. tabacinum and 0.4% wereF. solani. In pathogenicity tests on wheat, the highest disease severity was caused by isolates ofM. nivale, whereas isolates ofF. acuminatum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum andF. solani were slightly virulent; isolates ofF. tabacinum were nonpathogenic. This is the first report ofM. nivale andF. tabacinum from wheat in Turkey. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 29, 2003.  相似文献   

11.
为明确我国热带和亚热带地区蚕豆Vicia faba和豌豆Pisum sativum锈病的病原菌种类,通过致病性测定和ITS序列系统发育分析对来自我国云南省玉溪市的4份豌豆锈菌分离物及云南、广西、重庆和四川省(区、市)的5份蚕豆锈菌分离物进行系统鉴定。结果显示,分离自豌豆的锈菌WX1分离物对蚕豆和豌豆均具有高致病性,在侵染叶片上产生大量锈子器;分离自蚕豆的锈菌CX3分离物仅对蚕豆具有高致病性,能在叶片上产生大量夏孢子,而对豌豆的致病性相对较低,仅产生少量的夏孢子堆;分离物WX1和CX3对小扁豆和鹰嘴豆不具有致病性。基于ITS序列系统发育分析表明,所有不同寄主来源的蚕豆单胞锈菌分离物均聚类于一个系统发育组,但分离自蚕豆和豌豆的分离物分别聚类在不同的亚组。表明分离自云南省玉溪市豌豆上的蚕豆单胞锈菌Uromyces viciae-fabae应为豌豆专化型,定名为U. viciae-fabae ex P. sativaum,而来源于云南、广西、重庆和四川省(区、市)的蚕豆锈病病原菌为蚕豆专化型U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba。  相似文献   

12.
The interrelationships among bean productivity, prevalence of pathogens in roots, seeds and soil, and root rot disease were described at the pod maturity stage in 13 commercial fields. The soil population and frequency of pathogens isolated from seeds varied by pathogen species and field location. Fusarium solani was the most prevalent fungus isolated from bean seeds and field soil compared to Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and F. oxysporum. Principal component analysis revealed that the first component explaining 32% of the total variance was correlated with the root rot index. PC1 was more strongly linked to root and seed infections in comparison with soil populations of pathogens. Based on a correlation between PC2 (accounting for 23% of the total variance) and the number of seeds per bean plant, charcoal, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia root rots were recognized as more important determinants of seed losses to root rot disease. There were correlations among the major pathogens infecting either roots or seeds of beans. These findings provide useful information for future experimental plans to optimize management strategies for bean root rots.  相似文献   

13.
The abilities of fungi pathogenic and nonpathogenic to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to metabolize the phytoalexin phaseollin were compared when grown in shake cultures containing 12 to 15 μg phaseollin/ml. Under these conditions phaseollin was metabolized by five out of seven pathogens and by three out of five nonpathogens. Disappearance of phaseollin was accompanied by the appearance of metabolic products in cultures ofFusarium solani f. sp.phaseoli, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Botrytis cinerea andCladosporium herbarum. The nonpathogenC. herbarum detoxified phaseollin to 1a-hydroxyphaseollone as rapidly as the pathogenF. solani f.sp.phaseoli. Phaseollin was converted to 6a-hydroxyphaseollin by the pathogensB. cinerea andC. lindemuthianum, and this product was further metabolized by the latter fungus. 6a-Hydroxyphaseollin was less fungitoxic toB. cinerea. C. lindemuthianum was equally sensitive to both compounds. Phaseollin was not metabolized by the pathogensFusarium oxysporum f. sp.phaseoli andThielaviopsis basicola.  相似文献   

14.
Ditylenchus dipsaci, the stem nematode of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Mycosphaerella pinodes, cause of Ascochyta blight in pea (Pisum sativum) and Aphanomyces euteiches, cause of pea root rot, result in major yield losses in French alfalfa and pea crops. These diseases are difficult to control and the partial resistances currently available are not effective enough. Medicago truncatula, the barrel medic, is the legume model for genetic studies, which should lead to the identification and characterization of new resistance genes for pathogens. We evaluated a collection of 34 accessions of M. truncatula and nine accessions from three other species (two from M. italica, six from M. littoralis and one from M. polymorpha) for resistance to these three major diseases. We developed screening tests, including standard host references, for each pathogen. Most of the accessions tested were resistant to D. dipsaci, with only three accessions classified as susceptible. A very high level of resistance to M. pinodes was observed among the accessions, none of which was susceptible to this pathogen. Conversely, a high level of variation, from resistant to susceptible accessions, was identified in response to infection by A. euteiches.  相似文献   

15.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

16.
The lipids metabolism of tomato and bean plants during biological control of wilt pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici andF. oxysporum f.sp.phaseoli, respectively) byBacillus subtilis was investigated. The interaction of wilt pathogens with both tomato and bean caused an imbalance and drastic reduction in total lipids, triacylglycerol, sterol and all phospholipd fractions except phosphatidic acid. The application of a formulated biocontrol agent,B. subtilis, eliminated the detrimental effect of both wilt pathogens and consequently prevented catabolism of lipid fractions in both tomato and bean. Moreover, the changes in the lipid fractions as a sensitive monitor for biocontrol of wilt diseases suggest a positive correlation between the application ofB. subtilis and improvement in the host metabolism towards anabolism. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 20, 2006.  相似文献   

17.
A wilt disease of the model legume Lotus japonicus was observed in a greenhouse in Tokyo, Japan in May 2004. Roots of diseased plants were rotted and dark brown with lesions spreading to lower stems and leaves, resulting in rapid plant death. The causal agent was identified as Fusarium solani based on the morphology. Sequence analysis of rDNA supported the identification. Inoculation of roots of healthy plants with conidia reproduced characteristic disease symptoms, and F. solani was reisolated from lesions, satisfying Koch’s postulates. The isolate also caused chlorotic to necrotic lesions on leaves of healthy plants after wound-inoculation. Infection by F. solani of leaves of L. japonicus was confirmed histologically. Mycelia were observed in the intercellular spaces of parenchymatous tissues in the lesion area and the surrounding tissues. This is the first report of fungal disease on L. japonicus satisfying Koch’s postulates. We named it “Fusarium root rot of L. japonicus” as a new disease. The compatibility of L. japonicus and F. solani is expected to form a novel pathosystem for studying interactions between legumes and fungal pathogens. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB258993 and AB258994.  相似文献   

18.
Phosphites (Phi) are alkali metal salts of phosphorous acid, with the ability to protect plants against different pathogens. In this research, the effect of Phi applied to potato plants on severity of three important potato diseases in Argentina was assessed. Seed tubers and foliage of potato cvs Shepody and Kennebec were treated with Phi to assess effects on resistance against Phytophthora infestans, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. Protection resulting from Phi treatment in seed tubers was high against P. infestans, intermediate against F. solani, and low against R. solani. In addition, seed tubers treated with calcium or potassium phosphites (CaPhi and KPhi, respectively) at 1% of commercial product emerged earlier than untreated ones. When Phi were foliarly applied two or four times at different doses, high levels of protection against P. infestans were achieved in both cultivars. Higher protection was observed in Kennebec when CaPhi was applied, while in Shepody this was true for KPhi. Expression of β-1,3-glucanases was induced at different times after treatment but no correlation between β-1,3-glucanases expression and foliar protection level was found. On the other hand, Phi positive protection effects did not produce negative effects in plant growth. Leaves from CaPhi-treated plants showed a darker green colour than leaves from control plants; also an increase in Rubisco protein and a delay in crop senescence was observed.  相似文献   

19.
Three conifer species (European larch, Norway spruce, Scots pine) were investigated for their resistance to five damping-off pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum). Inoculation of the primary roots of seedlings with these pathogens caused host cell death which did not prevent the invasive growth of these fungi; seedlings that had formed secondary and tertiary roots could overcome the infection to a significant degree. Infections with R. solani caused significant mortality to all the conifer species. In contrast, the tree species expressed different levels of resistance when challenged with the Fusarium isolates, with Norway spruce being the most resistant compared to uninoculated controls. Some of the Fusarium isolates were more pathogenic to certain hosts than others; F. oxysporum for European larch, F. avenaceum for Scots pine, F. solani for European larch; only F. culmorum was significantly pathogenic to Norway spruce. No significant differences in disease severity were observed at different soil pH (4.3–7.5). Disease progression was delayed at lower (10–15°C) rather than higher temperatures (20–25°C).  相似文献   

20.
A virus, isolated from faba bean (Vicia faba) obtained from Algeria, was readily recognized as a tobravirus by its particle sizes and morphology. Pea (Pisum sativum) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) characteristically reacted to the isolate like pea early-browning virus (PEBV), but faba bean,Antirrhinum majus, Nicotiana rustica, andN. tabacum reacted with line-pattern symptoms which were unusually brilliant on theNicotiana species. In electronmicroscope decoration tests, the isolate did not react with an antiserum to the Dutch type strain of PEBV, but with one to the broad bean yellow band (BBYB) serotype from Italy. It resembles this serotype in reaction on faba bean, but seems to differ appreciably onN. rustica, N. tabacum, andPetunia hybrida. It is described as a deviant isolate of the BBYB serotype of PEBV.All thirteen faba-bean genotypes tested were found to be susceptible to the Algerian isolate and two Dutch type strain isolates of the virus, and to react with erratic line-pattern symptoms to the Algerian isolate only. All ten genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) tested reacted hypersensitively, and four out of ten genotypes of lentil (Lens culinaris) were susceptible to the virus but reacted differentially to the three isolates. Seed transmission of PEBV, including the new isolate, in faba bean is confirmed (9% for the Algerian isolate, and over 45% for one of the Dutch type strain isolates), and seed transmission of the virus in a non-legume (N. rustica, 4%) is herewith first reported. This is the first report on the occurrence of the BBYB serotype of PEBV outside Italy, and of PEBV outside Morocco in North Africa.  相似文献   

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