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1.
This study applied in vivo and in vitro methods to investigate the effect of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) on lipid metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis related-gene expression in visceral adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). A basal diet and a test diet supplemented with 720 mg/kg NCG were fed to the fish for 10 weeks. During the growth trial, no mortality and no significant differences in growth performance were observed in fish between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). Plasma Arg content and mRNA level of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) in adipose tissue were significantly increased, which indicated that NCG inclusion promoted endogenous Arg synthesis. Thereafter, the potential effects of NCG treatment on lipid metabolism-related genes expression were studied through in vivo and in vitro methods. In the present study, we successfully established a primary adipocytes culture system and isolated pre-adipocytes in vitro of Japanese seabass for the first time. Both the results in vivo and in vitro showed that NCG treatment decreased the mRNA levels of genes related to adipogenesis (fatty acid synthase, FASN), cholesterol synthesis (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGCR) and fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase [LPL] and leptin), which revealed the underlying mechanism of NCG on reducing fat deposition. The results of this study demonstrated that NCG inclusion reduced the expression of inflammatory and apoptosis cytokines markedly in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, NCG did exert beneficial effects on ameliorating adipogenesis, inflammation and apoptosis via promoting Arg endogenous synthesis in Japanese seabass.  相似文献   

2.
In this study, we compared two staining protocols assessing the nuclear chromatin stage of equine oocytes after vitrification using permeable and nonpermeable cryoprotectants. Slaughterhouse-derived oocytes (n = 155) were obtained from a total of 32 mares and in vitro matured in M199 medium for 42 hours at 38.5°C in 5% CO2. In the first experiment, two concentrations of Hoechst 33342 (HO) were tested (10 μg/mL; P1 and 2.5 μg/mL; P2) combined with 50 μg/mL of propidium iodide as staining protocols to evaluate the visibility of matured oocytes (n = 44). In the second experiment, 111 oocytes were evaluated using the staining protocol P2, before (C, control) and after vitrification following a two-step conventional protocol with (15% dimethyl sulfoxide, 15% ethylene glycol, and 0.5 M sucrose; V1) or without (1 M sucrose; V2) using permeable cryoprotectants. Our results showed that P2 provided a higher percentage of oocytes with outstanding visibility of the nuclear chromatin stage (52.17%; P < .05) in comparison with P1 (19.04%). In the second experiment, no cryoprotectant-free vitrified oocytes reached the metaphase II maturation stage. This result was significantly lower (P < .05) than conventional vitrification (15.38%) and both lower in comparison with the nonvitrified control group (42.11%). In conclusion, permeable cryoprotectant-free vitrification of equine oocytes obtained poor results and therefore cannot be considered an alternative to vitrification using permeable cryoprotectants. In addition, a staining protocol with a low concentration of HO is recommended to evaluate the nuclear chromatin stage of equine oocytes after in vitro maturation.  相似文献   

3.
Ascariasis is a very common parasitic disease in equids, especially in young horses. Despite the use of anthelmintic drugs, resistance has been frequently reported in populations of Parascaris equorum. As a result, herbal preparations are proposed for current control strategies. In this study, a modified method was used for hatching the eggs of P. equorum. After hatching, the effects of methanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus, Eucalyptus camadulensis, Mentha pulegium, Zataria multiflora and Allium sativum (garlic) were investigated on the recovered larvae. For each extract, the anthelmintic effects of different concentrations (50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/mL) were evaluated at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 min after the challenge. The results showed that our modifications to the older method could enhance the hatching rate for the eggs of P. equorum (to an average of 98%). Potassium dichromate was also demonstrated in this study to be a favourable medium during embryonation. In addition, all the concentrations of A. dracunculus and M. pulegium and higher levels (≥100 mg/mL concentrations) of Z. multiflora extracts had significant lethal effects on larvae from the first to the fourth 10 min of the experiment. In contrast, E. camadulensis and A. sativum had not marked effects on larvae viability at any time of the challenge. In conclusion, our data suggest that A. dracunculus, M. pulegium and Z. multiflora have potential to be used as anthelmintic for the control of ascariasis in equid host; however, these effects remain to be confirmed through in vivo studies.  相似文献   

4.
Follicle-stimulating hormone has been widely used to induce superovulation in buffaloes and cows and usually triggers functional and morphologic alterations in the corpus luteum (CL). Several studies have shown that FSH is involved in regulating vascular development and that adequate angiogenesis is essential for normal luteal development. Angiogenesis is regulated by many growth factors, of which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) have an established central role. Therefore, we have used a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effects of FSH on the expression of VEGF and FGF2 and their receptors in buffalo luteal cells. The in vivo model consisted of 12 buffalo cows, divided into control (n = 6) and superovulated (n = 6) groups, and CL samples were collected on day 6 after ovulation. In this model, we analyzed the gene and protein expression of FGF2 and its receptors and the protein expression of VEGFA systems with the use of real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. In the in vitro model, granulosa cells were collected from small follicles (diameter, 4–6 mm) of buffaloes and cultured for 4 d in serum-free medium with or without FSH (10 ng/mL). To induce in vitro luteinization, LH (250 ng/mL) and fetal bovine serum (10%) were added to the medium, and granulosa cells were maintained in culture for 4 d more. The progesterone concentration in the medium was measured at days 4, 5, and 8 after the beginning of cell culture. Cells were collected at day 8 and subjected to real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence for assessment of the expression of FGF2, VEGF, and their receptors. To address the percentage of steroidogenic and growth factor-expressing cells in the culture, flow cytometry was performed. We observed that in superovulated buffalo CL, the FGF2 system mRNA expression was decreased even as protein expression was increased and that the VEGF protein was increased (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments with granulosa cells showed an increase in the mRNA expression of VEGF and FGF2 and its receptors 1 and 2 and protein expression of VEGF, kinase insert domain receptor, FGF receptor 2, and FGF receptor 3 in cells treated with FSH (P < 0.05), in contrast to the in vivo experiments. Moreover, the progesterone production by FSH-treated cells was elevated compared with untreated cells (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that VEGF, FGF2, and their receptors were differentially regulated by FSH in vitro and in vivo in buffalo luteal cells, which points toward a role of CL environment in modulating cellular answers to gonadotropins.  相似文献   

5.
Rhodococcus equi is an opportunistic, intracellular saprophyte that causes severe pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals. The bacterium displays in vitro susceptibility to many antibiotics. The highest efficacy against R. equi in vitro and in vivo is achieved by using a combination of rifampicin and macrolide antibiotics. Recent years have seen an upward trend in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rifampicin and erythromycin, suggesting increasing resistance of R. equi to these antibiotics. The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of 24 selected antibiotics against R. equi strains isolated from dead foals and from the environment of horse breeding farms with and without endemic R. equi infections. Minimum inhibitory concentration gradient strips were used to determine the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that inhibited the growth of R. equi. Based on normal MIC distribution, an epidemiologic cutoff values (ECOFF) were assessed for particular antibiotics and R. equi strains. The results were compared with ECOFFs for S. aureus, according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing data. The data indicate that the lowest MIC values were obtained for clarithromycin, rifampicin, imipenem, and vancomycin. The majority of R. equi strains can be classified as wild type in relation to the majority of antibiotics. A small percentage of strains presented non-WT (NWT) with the exception of SXT, for which 35% of strains were classified as NWT. The lack of interpretative criteria for R. equi creates a real problem in the assessment of antibiotic sensitivity both for clinical and scientific purposes.  相似文献   

6.
The pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of enrofloxacin data using mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of enrofloxacin was conducted in febrile buffalo calves to optimize dosage regimen and to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The serum peak concentration (Cmax), terminal half‐life (t1/2K10), apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)/F), and mean residence time (MRT) of enrofloxacin were 1.40 ± 0.27 μg/mL, 7.96 ± 0.86 h, 7.74 ± 1.26 L/kg, and 11.57 ± 1.01 h, respectively, following drug administration at dosage 12 mg/kg by intramuscular route. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and MPC of enrofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida were 0.055, 0.060, and 1.45 μg/mL, respectively. Modeling of ex vivo growth inhibition data to the sigmoid Emax equation provided AUC24 h/MIC values to produce effects of bacteriostatic (33 h), bactericidal (39 h), and bacterial eradication (41 h). The estimated daily dosage of enrofloxacin in febrile buffalo calves was 3.5 and 8.4 mg/kg against P. multocida/pathogens having MIC90 ≤0.125 and 0.30 μg/mL, respectively, based on the determined AUC24 h / MIC values by modeling PK/PD data. The lipopolysaccharide‐induced fever had no direct effect on the antibacterial activity of the enrofloxacin and alterations in PK of the drug, and its metabolite will be beneficial for its use to treat infectious diseases caused by sensitive pathogens in buffalo species. In addition, in vitro MPC data in conjunction with in vivo PK data indicated that clinically it would be easier to eradicate less susceptible strains of P. multocida in diseased calves.  相似文献   

7.
To investigate the effects of a combination of Pediococcus acidilactici and Saccharomyces boulardii, the following experiments were performed. Initially, an in vitro experiment was performed in which the culture supernatant of S. boulardii and P. acidilactici was added to the culture media of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the proliferative response to cellular stimulants was assayed. After this initial experiment, an in vivo experiment was performed in which 12 horses were used and assigned to one of two groups of six horses each: placebo controls or principle-treated horses. After a period of treatment, various end points were determined to test the effects of test article on (1) proliferative responses of cultured PBMCs; (2) serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations; (3) lymphocyte phenotype subsets; (4) white blood cell count; and (5) response to vaccination. Results of the in vitro testing demonstrated a substantial reduction (23%) in proliferation of stimulated PBMCs. Results of in vivo testing demonstrated enhanced proliferation on day 72 in cells stimulated with phorbol (P = .04). On study day 37, the segmented neutrophil number was reduced and IgG concentration increased (mean, 329.0 vs. 185.9 ng/mL; P = .029). Results demonstrate that the test article did have some effects on systemic immunity, specifically proliferative responses, immunoglobulin G concentrations, and neutrophil numbers. Based on the findings of this study, further evaluation of these probiotics for equine wellness or disease modulation is warranted.  相似文献   

8.
We examined fermentation capacity of fecal microbial inocula of Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), Asian wild ass - kulan (Equus hemionus hemionus), and Chapman zebra (Equus quagga chapmani) in vitro. Interactions of the substrates (amorphous cellulose, wheat straw, meadow hay, xylan from oat spelt, and ground barley grain) and type of fecal inocula in the gas volume and in vitro dry matter digestibility were detected in all substrates after 72 hours of fermentation in five replicates for each substrate and type of inocula. No effects of fecal inocula sources were detected on total short-chain fatty acids concentrations. No live fecal ciliate population was present in kulan feces. Complex ciliate populations in zebra feces and the number and genera resembled ciliates from the colon of horses. Fresh feces of kulan and zebra were fractionated by galvanotaxis and centrifugation to separate fecal ciliates and bacteria. Specific activities (μmol of reducing equivalents/mL min mg protein) of carboxymethyl cellulase (CM-cellulase), xylanase, α-amylase, and inulinase were measured in crude cell-free extract of fecal ciliates (zebra), fecal bacteria (zebra and kulan), and total fecal preparation (zebra and kulan). All examined specific enzymatic activities were present in zebra fecal samples. We were unable to measure the inulinase activity and CM-cellulase activity in kulan fecal samples. Zebra ciliates are actively involved in the digestion of plant storage (α-amylase, 0.53 ± 0.02; inulinase, 1.77 ± 0.01, specific activities) and structural polysaccharides (CM-cellulase, 0.4 ± 0.15; xylanase, 0.26 ± 0.06). For the first time, we measured inulinase activity in intestinal ciliates.  相似文献   

9.
The antimicrobial properties of tulathromycin were investigated for M. haemolytica and P. multocida. Three in vitro indices of antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time‐kill curves, were established for six isolates of each organism. Each index was measured in two growth media: Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB) and calf serum. It was shown that MICs and MBCs were markedly lower in serum than in MHB. MHB:serum ratios for MIC were 47:1 (M. haemolytica) and 53:1 (P. multocida). For both serum and MHB, adjustment of pH led to greater potency at alkaline compared to acid pH. Tulathromycin MIC was influenced by size of inoculum count, being 4.0‐ to 7.7‐fold greater for high compared to low initial counts. It was concluded that for the purpose of determining dosages for therapeutic use, pharmacodynamic data for tulathromycin should be derived in biological fluids such as serum. It is hypothesized that in vitro measurement of MIC in broth, conducted according to internationally recommended standards, may be misleading as a basis for estimating the in vivo potency of tulathromycin.  相似文献   

10.
In vitro fermentation and in vivo feeding experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of soybean (Glycine max) husk on the fecal fermentation metabolites and microbiota of dogs. An in vitro fermentation study using feces from three Toy Poodle dogs (6.5 ± 3.5 months in age and 2.9 ± 0.4 kg in body weight) revealed that the fecal inoculum was able to ferment soybean husk (supplemented at 0.01 g/mL culture) and increased levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and Bifidobacterium, irrespective of pre‐digestion of the husk by pepsin and pancreatin. In a feeding experiment, four Shiba dogs (7–48 months in age and 7.5 ± 1.7 kg in body weight) fed a commercial diet supplemented with 5.6% soybean husk showed an increase in SCFA, such as acetate and butyrate, and lactate, and a decrease in indole and skatole in the feces compared to those fed a 5.6% cellulose diet. Real‐time PCR assay showed that soybean husk supplementation stimulated the growth of lactobacilli, Clostridium cluster IV including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Bacteroides‐Prevotella‐Porphyromonas group but inhibited the growth of Clostridium cluster XI. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that soybean husk supplementation improves gastrointestinal health through optimization of beneficial organic acid production and increase of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, soybean husk is suggested to be applicable as a functional fiber in the formulation of canine diets.  相似文献   

11.
Sarracenia purpurea is a carnivorous plant whose aqueous extracts have been proposed to exert analgesic effects by neurolytical action on peripheral nerves. The aim of this study was to determine the local analgesic effects of a commercially available aqueous extract solution of S. purpurea (P-Bloc, St. Joseph, Missouri) and a 1% ammonium sulfate solution, using the horse abaxial sesamoid block model. Twenty horses were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group (n = 10) was used to evaluate the effect of P-Bloc. The horses received a bilateral (medial and lateral) abaxial sesamoid block with 5 mL of P-Bloc in one random forelimb, while in the contralateral forelimb, they received either 5 mL of 2% lidocaine as a positive control (n = 5) or 5 mL of 0.9% NaCl as a negative control (n = 5). The second group (n = 10) was treated as the first but received 5 mL of 1% ammonium sulfate in NaCl (0.9% NaCl) solution instead of P-Bloc. The period of hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL, in seconds) was measured using a custom-made heat projector lamp as a source of a noxious skin heating stimulus applied to the pastern. Lidocaine (2%) prolonged (P ≤ .05) the HWRL period, returning to the negative control basal values after 240 minutes. Neither the treatment with P-Bloc nor 1% ammonium sulfate modified the HWRL period. The lack of effect of these compounds in this model reinforces the results reported elsewhere and suggests a nonlocal anesthetic mechanism of action for the aqueous extract of S. purpurea in the horse.  相似文献   

12.
Bone morphogenetic protein‐4 (BMP‐4) inhibits luteinization of granulosa cells during in vitro growth (IVG) culture of bovine oocytes; however, oocytes derived from a 12 day IVG were less competent for development than in vivo‐grown oocytes. We herein investigated whether an extended IVG culture with BMP‐4 improves oocyte growth and development to blastocysts after in vitro fertilization. Oocyte‐granulosa cell complexes (OGCs) were cultured for 14 or 16 days with BMP‐4 (10 ng/mL), while a 12 day culture with BMP‐4 served as the in vitro control. OGC viability was maintained for the 16 day culture with BMP‐4 (83.2%), but was significantly lower without BMP‐4 (58.9%) than the control (83.0%). Prolong‐cultured oocytes at 16 days had statistically greater diameter (114.6 μm) than the control (111.7 μm). IVG oocytes with BMP‐4 for the 16 day culture had a similar nuclear maturation rate to the control (approximately 67%); however, blastocyst rates in BMP‐4 treated oocytes of 14 (1.8%) and 16 day (0%) IVG were statistically lower than that of 12 day IVG (9.0%). In conclusion, BMP‐4 maintained OGC viability and promoted oocyte growth in a prolonged culture, but impaired the developmental competence of oocytes. Prolonged culture may not be an appropriate strategy for enhancing the developmental competence of IVG oocytes.  相似文献   

13.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) on in vitro cecal gas, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) productions of five forage species (Avena sativa [hay]), Moringa oleifera, Caesalpinia coriacea, Salix babylonica, and Eichhornia crassipes using inocula from the horse. The forage samples were incubated with three doses of aguamiel: 0, 34, and 68 μg of aguamiel/g dry matter (DM) of substrate. Cecal inocula were collected from four adult female Criolla horses (3–4 years of age and weighing 300 ± 15.0 kg) grazed on native grasses for about 8 hours without supplementation. Forage type affected (P < .001) cecal asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g DM), pH and DM degradability. Aguamiel dose had linear and quadratic effects (P < .05) on the asymptotic and rate of CH4 productions and rate and lag time of CO2 productions (mL/g DM). Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were significant (P < .05) for asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, and CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g DM). Forage species effects were pronounced (P < .05) on CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g incubated and degraded DM) and proportional CH4 production at all hours of incubation, except for CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM). Aguamiel dose affected (P < .05) CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO2 production at the incubated hours. Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were observed (P < .05) for CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO2 production at the incubated hours but had no impact on CH4 production. It is concluded that addition of aguamiel to five forage species affected fermentation kinetics of gas production resulting in different in vitro cecal gas, CH4 and CO2 productions from these substrates.  相似文献   

14.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration and modelling were used to predict dosage schedules of oxytetracycline for two pig pneumonia pathogens, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) were determined in broth and porcine serum. PK/PD integration established ratios of average concentration over 48 h (Cav0–48 h)/MIC of 5.87 and 0.27 μg/mL (P. multocida) and 0.70 and 0.85 μg/mL (A. pleuropneumoniae) for broth and serum MICs, respectively. PK/PD modelling of in vitro time–kill curves established broth and serum breakpoint values for area under curve (AUC0–24 h)/MIC for three levels of inhibition of growth, bacteriostasis and 3 and 4 log10 reductions in bacterial count. Doses were then predicted for each pathogen, based on Monte Carlo simulations, for: (i) bacteriostatic and bactericidal levels of kill; (ii) 50% and 90% target attainment rates (TAR); and (iii) single dosing and daily dosing at steady‐state. For 90% TAR, predicted daily doses at steady‐state for bactericidal actions were 1123 mg/kg (P. multocida) and 43 mg/kg (A. pleuropneumoniae) based on serum MICs. Lower TARs were predicted from broth MIC data; corresponding dose estimates were 95 mg/kg (P. multocida) and 34 mg/kg (A. pleuropneumoniae).  相似文献   

15.
Fusidic acid known to has antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial activities. Fusidic acid blocks translation elongation factor G gene in Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of fusidic acid on the in vitro growth of bovine and equine Babesia parasites were evaluated. The inhibitory effect of fusidic acid on the in vivo growth of Babesia microti was also assessed. The in vitro growth of four Babesia species that were tested was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by micromolar concentrations of fusidic acid (IC50 values = 144.8, 17.3, 33.3, and 56.25 μM for Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia caballi, and Theileria equi, respectively). Combinations of fusidic acid with diminazene aceturate synergistically potentiated its inhibitory effects in vitro on B. bovis and B. caballi. In B. microti-infected mice, fusidic acid caused significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of the growth of B. microti at the dose of 500 mg/kg BW relative to control group. These results indicate that fusidic acid might be incorporated in treatment of babesiosis.  相似文献   

16.
The present paper is an overview of the primary events that are associated with the histoplasmosis immune response in the murine model. Valuable data that have been recorded in the scientific literature have contributed to an improved understanding of the clinical course of this systemic mycosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Data must be analyzed carefully, given that misinterpretation could be generated because most of the available information is based on experimental host–parasite interactions that used inappropriate proceedings, i.e., the non-natural route of infection with the parasitic and virulent fungal yeast-phase, which is not the usual infective phase of the etiological agent of this mycosis.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of a mineral block for horses on in vivo digestibility and in vitro fermentability with equine fecal inoculum were evaluated. Fifty healthy horses from three groups (lactating mares n = 19, working horses n = 18, and maintenance horses n = 13) were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (with or without the mineral block; Ca 10.0%, P 12.0%, Zn 12.1 mg/kg, Cu 2,050 mg/kg, Mn 4,050 mg/kg, Se 30 mg/kg, and I 105 mg/kg). Dry matter digestibility was estimated with an internal marker. Samples of diet were incubated with equine fecal bacteria with varying amounts of mineral block (0, 1.1, 3.6, and 6.2 mg/g dry matter [DM]) to record gas production and to estimate in vitro DM digestibility. The results showed that mineral supplementation with the blocks increased in vivo DM digestibility (P < .01) in all groups, but there was an interaction (P < .01) with a greater response in the maintenance horses (55.5% vs. 78.0%) compared to lactating mares (62.8% vs. 79.6%) and working (70.3% vs. 75.1%). Block consumption was lowest in the lactating mares (12.8 g/d), intermediate in the working horses (44.6 g/d), and highest in the maintenance horses (74.2 g/d). The mineral supplementation did not affect the kinetics of gas production but tended (P = .10) to improve the in vitro DM digestibility (37.01% vs. 38.34%). Mineral block supplementation increased dry matter digestibility in horses. The unsupplemented control diet was deficient in several minerals, and block intake was not proportional to the mineral requirements.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin (ENR) injectable in situ gel we developed in dogs following a single intramuscular (i.m.) administration. Twelve healthy dogs were randomly divided into two groups (six dogs per group), then administrated a single 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) ENR injectable in situ gel and a single 5 mg/kg b.w. ENR conventional injection, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine ENR plasma concentrations. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ENR injectable in situ gel and conventional injection in dogs are as follows: MRT (mean residence time) (45.59 ± 14.05) h verse (11.40 ± 1.64) h, AUC (area under the blood concentration vs. time curve) (28.66 ± 15.41) μg·h/mL verse (11.06 ± 3.90) μg·h/mL, cmax (maximal concentration) (1.59 ± 0.35) μg/mL verse (1.46 ± 0.07) μg/mL, tmax (time needed to reach cmax) (1.25 ± 1.37) h verse (1.40 ± 0.55) h, t1/2λz (terminal elimination half‐life) (40.27 ± 17.79) h verse (10.32 ± 0.97) h. The results demonstrated that the in situ forming gel system could increase dosing interval of ENR and thus reduced dosing frequency during long‐term treatment. Therefore, the ENR injectable in situ gel seems to be worth popularizing in veterinary clinical application.  相似文献   

20.
The clinical features of 24 cases of disseminated canine histoplasmosis are presented. The enteric form predominated and the age at presentation was from five months to ten years. The principal clinical findings were chronic diarrhea, weight loss, pyrexia and anemia.

A premortem diagnosis was reached in 20 cases, by demonstrating Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in peripheral blood smears, rectal scrapings or surgical biopsies. Five of seven dogs treated with amphotericin B were released in asymptomatic condition. Four of these cases relapsed six to 15 months following therapy. The overall mortality rate was 80%.

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