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1.
Combined use of detomidine with opiates in the horse   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The effects of administration of one of four opiates (pethidine 1 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt), morphine 0.1 mg/kg bwt, methadone 0.1 mg/kg bwt, and butorphanol 0.05 mg/kg bwt) given intravenously to horses and ponies already sedated with detomidine (10 micrograms/kg bwt) were investigated. Behavioural, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of the combinations were compared with those occurring with detomidine alone. Addition of the opiate increased the apparent sedation and decreased the response of the animal to external stimuli. At doses used, butorphanol produced the most reliable response. Side effects seen were increased ataxia (greatest following methadone and butorphanol) and excitement (usually muzzle tremors and muscle twitching). Following pethidine, generalised excitement was sometimes seen. Marked cardiovascular changes occurred in the first few minutes after morphine or pethidine injection, but within 5 mins cardiovascular changes were minimal. Following morphine or pethidine there was a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Fourteen clinical cases were successfully sedated using detomidine/butorphanol combinations.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To compare detomidine hydrochloride and romifidine as premedicants in horses undergoing elective surgery. ANIMALS: 100 client-owned horses. PROCEDURE: After administration of acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg, IV), 50 horses received detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and 50 received romifidine (0.1 mg/kg, IV) before induction and maintenance of anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) and halothane, respectively. Arterial blood pressure and blood gases, ECG, and heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Induction and recovery were timed and graded. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) duration of anesthesia for all horses was 104 +/- 28 minutes. Significant differences in induction and recovery times or grades were not detected between groups. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) decreased in both groups 30 minutes after induction, compared with values at 10 minutes. From 40 to 70 minutes after induction, MABP was significantly higher in detomidine-treated horses, compared with romifidine-treated horses, although more romifidine-treated horses received dobutamine infusions. In all horses, mean respiratory rate ranged from 9 to 11 breaths/min, PaO2 from 200 to 300 mm Hg, PaCO2 from 59 to 67 mm Hg, arterial pH from 7.33 to 7.29, and heart rate from 30 to 33 beats/min, with no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Detomidine and romifidine were both satisfactory premedicants. Romifidine led to more severe hypotension than detomidine, despite administration of dobutamine to more romifidine-treated horses. Both detomidine and romifidine are acceptable alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists for use as premedicants before general anesthesia in horses; however, detomidine may be preferable when maintenance of blood pressure is particularly important.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate by echo- and electrocardiography the cardiac effects of sedation with detomidine hydrochloride, romifidine hydrochloride or acepromazine maleate in horses. STUDY DESIGN: An experimental study using a cross-over design without randomization. ANIMALS: Eight clinically normal Standardbred trotters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Echocardiographic examinations (two-dimensional, guided M-mode and colour Doppler) were recorded on five different days. Heart rate (HR) and standard limb lead electrocardiograms were also obtained. Subsequently, horses were sedated with detomidine (0.01 mg kg(-1)), romifidine (0.04 mg kg(-1)) or acepromazine (0.1 mg kg(-1)) administered intravenously and all examinations repeated. RESULTS: Heart rate before treatment with the three drugs did not differ significantly (p = 0.98). Both detomidine and romifidine induced a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in HR during the first 25 minutes after sedation; while acepromazine had a varying effect on HR. For detomidine, there was a significant increase in LVIDd (left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; p = 0.034) and LVIDs (left ventricular internal diameter in systole; p < 0.001). In addition, a significant decrease was found in IVSs (the interventricular septum in systole; p < 0.001), LVFWs (the left ventricular free wall in systole; p = 0.002) and FS% (fractional shortening; p < 0.001). The frequency of pulmonary regurgitation was increased significantly (p < 0.001). Romifidine induced a significant increase in LVIDs (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in IVSs (p < 0.001) and FS% (p = 0.002). Acepromazine had no significant effect upon any of the measured values. CONCLUSIONS: and clinical relevance The results indicate that sedation of horses with detomidine and to a lesser extent romifidine at the doses given in this study has a significant effect on heart function, echocardiographic measurements of heart dimensions and the occurrence of valvular regurgitation. Although the clinical significance of these results may be minimal, the potential effects of sedative drugs should be taken into account when echocardiographic variables are interpreted in clinical cases.  相似文献   

4.
Forty-eight horses subjected to elective surgery were randomly assigned to three groups of 16 horses. After premedication with 0.1 mg/kg acepromazine intramuscularly and 0.6 mg/kg xylazine intravenously, anaesthesia was induced either with 2 g thiopentone in 500 ml of a 10 per cent guaifenesin solution, given intravenously at a dose of 1 ml/kg (group TG), or with 100 mg/kg guaifenesin and 2.2 mg/kg ketamine given intravenously (group KG), or with 0.06 mg/kg midazolam, and 2.2 mg/kg ketamine given intravenously (group KM). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. The mean (sd) end tidal isoflurane concentration (per cent) needed to maintain a light surgical anaesthesia (stage III, plane 2) was significantly lower in group KM (0.91 [0.03]) than in groups TG (1.11 [0.03]) and KG (1.14 [0.03]). The mean (sd) arterial pressure (mmHg) was significantly lower in group KG (67.4 [2.07]) than in groups TC (75.6 [2.23]) and KM (81.0 [2.16]). There were no significant differences in the logarithm of the heart rate, recovery time or quality of recovery between the three induction groups. However, pronounced ataxia was observed in the horses of group KM, especially after periods of anaesthesia lasting less than 75 minutes.  相似文献   

5.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of detomidine or romifidine on cardiovascular function, isoflurane requirements and recovery quality in horses undergoing isoflurane anaesthesia.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded, clinical study.AnimalsA total of 63 healthy horses undergoing elective surgery during general anaesthesia.MethodsHorses were randomly allocated to three groups of 21 animals each. In group R, horses were given romifidine intravenously (IV) for premedication (80 μg kg–1), maintenance (40 μg kg–1 hour–1) and before recovery (20 μg kg–1). In group D2.5, horses were given detomidine IV for premedication (15 μg kg–1), maintenance (5 μg kg–1 hour–1) and before recovery (2.5 μg kg–1). In group D5, horses were given the same doses of detomidine IV for premedication and maintenance but 5 μg kg–1 prior to recovery. Premedication was combined with morphine IV (0.1 mg kg–1) in all groups. Cardiovascular and blood gas variables, expired fraction of isoflurane (Fe′Iso), dobutamine or ketamine requirements, recovery times, recovery events scores (from sternal to standing position) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared between groups using either anova followed by Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis followed by Bonferroni or chi-square tests, as appropriate (p < 0.05).ResultsNo significant differences were observed between groups for Fe′Iso, dobutamine or ketamine requirements and recovery times. Cardiovascular and blood gas measurements remained within physiological ranges for all groups. Group D5 horses had significantly worse scores for balance and coordination (p = 0.002), overall impression (p = 0.021) and final score (p = 0.008) than group R horses and significantly worse mean scores for VAS than the other groups (p = 0.002).Conclusions and clinical relevanceDetomidine or romifidine constant rate infusion provided similar conditions for maintenance of anaesthesia. Higher doses of detomidine at the end of anaesthesia might decrease the recovery quality.  相似文献   

6.
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Endoscopy of the upper airways of horses is used as a diagnostic tool and at purchase examinations. On some occasions it is necessary to use sedation during the procedure and it is often speculated that the result of the examination might be influenced due to the muscle-relaxing properties of the most commonly used sedatives. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg bwt) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bwt) on the appearance of symmetry of rima glottidis, ability to abduct maximally the arytenoid cartilages and the effect on recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) grade. METHODS: Forty-two apparently normal horses underwent endoscopic examination of the upper airways on 3 different occasions, under the influence of 3 different treatments: no sedation (control), sedation with detomidine and sedation with acepromazine. All examinations were performed with a minimum of one week apart. The study was performed as an observer-blind cross-over study. RESULTS: Sedation with detomidine had a significant effect on the RLN grading (OR = 2.91) and ability maximally to abduct the left arytenoid cartilages (OR = 2.91). Sedation with acepromazine resulted in OR = 2.43 for the RLN grading and OR = 2.22 for the ability to abduct maximally. The ability to abduct maximally the right arytenoid cartilage was not altered. CONCLUSIONS: Sedating apparently healthy horses with detomidine or acepromazine significantly impairs these horses' ability to abduct fully the left but not the right arytenoid cartilage. This resulted in different diagnosis with respect to RLN when comparing sedation to no sedation. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Since the ability to abduct the right arytenoid cartilage fully is not altered by sedation, it is speculated that horses changing from normal to abnormal laryngeal function when sedated, might be horses in an early stage of the disease. To confirm or reject these speculations, further studies are needed. Until then sedation during endoscopy should be used with care.  相似文献   

7.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of methadone, administered alone or in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, on sedation and on physiologic values in dogs.Study designRandomized cross-over design.AnimalsSix adult healthy mixed-breed dogs weighing 13.5 ± 4.9 kg.MethodsDogs were injected intramuscularly with physiologic saline (Control), or methadone (0.5mg kg−1) or acepromazine (0.1 mg kg−1) or xylazine (1.0 mg kg−1), or acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1) plus methadone (0.5 mg kg−1) or xylazine (0.5 mg kg−1) plus methadone (0.5 mg kg−1) in a randomized cross-over design, with at least 1-week intervals. Sedation, pulse rate, indirect systolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate (RR), body temperature and pedal withdrawal reflex were evaluated before and at 15-minute intervals for 90 minutes after treatment.ResultsSedation was greater in dogs receiving xylazine alone, xylazine plus methadone and acepromazine plus methadone. Peak sedative effect occurred within 30 minutes of treatment administration. Pulse rate was lower in dogs that received xylazine either alone or with methadone during most of the study. Systolic arterial pressure decreased only in dogs receiving acepromazine alone. When methadone was administered alone, RR was higher than in other treatments during most of the study and a high prevalence of panting was observed. In all treatments body temperature decreased, this effect being more pronounced in dogs receiving methadone alone or in combination with acepromazine. Pedal withdrawal reflex was absent in four dogs receiving methadone plus xylazine but not in any dog in the remaining treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMethadone alone produces mild sedation and a high prevalence of panting. Greater sedation was achieved when methadone was used in combination with acepromazine or xylazine. The combination xylazine–methadone appears to result in better analgesia than xylazine administered alone. Both combinations of methadone/sedative were considered effective for premedication in dogs.  相似文献   

8.
Anaesthesia using propofol alone and in combination with guaiphenesin, after detomidine premedication, was evaluated for performance of minor surgical procedures (castration and tenotomy) in horses. Twelve male horses were premedicated with 0.015 mg/kg of detomidine intravenously (iv) and divided into two groups of six. One group of horses received 2 mg/kg of propofol iv and the other group received 0.5 mg/kg of propofol mixed with 100 mg/kg of a 7.5% solution of guaiphenesin in saline iv. Induction of anaesthesia was fast and smooth in both groups. All horses were easily intubated immediately afterwards but intubation was easier in the horses which received propofol and guaiphenesin. Heart rate fell by 20% in both groups after detomidine injection, stabilising between 45 and 53 beats/minute during anaesthesia with no difference between the groups. Respiratory depression developed after detomidine injection and was slightly intensified after induction of anaesthesia. Respiratory rate was significantly lower in the propofol group (14 ± 3 breaths/minute) than with propofol/guaiphenesin (19 ± 4 breaths/minute) at five minutes after induction. Anaesthesia induced respiratory acidosis in both groups and hypoxaemia also occurred, but once the horses stood up the arterial blood oxygen partial pressure returned to basal values. Surgical time ranged between 8 and 16 minutes and with the exception of one horse in the propofol/guaiphenesin group the horses did not show signs of pain or discomfort during surgery. Recovery to standing was fast and took 26 ± 2 minutes in the propofol and 29 ± 5 minutes in the propofol/ guaiphenesin group. Most horses stood up at the first attempt with minimal ataxia. These two anaesthetic techniques appear to be useful for minor surgical procedures performed within 16 minutes of induction of anaesthesia.  相似文献   

9.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Recovery from inhalant anaesthesia in the horse is a critical and difficult period to manage; however, several factors could help to obtain a calm recovery period including choice of anaesthetic and analgesic procedure used and the conditions under which anaesthetic maintenance and recovery occur. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the quality of recovery in horses administered saline, xylazine, detomidine or romifidine during recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia. METHODS: Six mature and healthy horses were premedicated with i.v. xylazine and butorphanol, and anaesthesia induced using ketamine. After 2 h of inhalant anaesthesia with isoflurane vaporised in oxygen, saline solution, xylazine (0.1 mg/kg bwt), detomidine (2 microg/kg bwt) or romifidine (8 pg/kg bwt) were administered. The quality of recovery of each horse and the degree of sedation and ataxia were evaluated. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were recorded, and arterial blood samples obtained and analysed for pH, PO2 and PCO2 during recovery. RESULTS: Quality of recovery was better in groups treated with alpha-2 adrenergic receptors agonists, showing less ataxia. Degree of sedation was greater in the romifidine group. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the administration of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists during recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in horses prolonged and improved the quality of recovery without producing significant cardiorespiratory effects. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists after inhalent anaesthesia could prevent complications during the recovery period.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine sedative, cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of xylazine hydrochloride, detomidine hydrochloride, and a combination of xylazine and acepromazine administered i.v. at twice the standard doses in Thoroughbred horses recuperating from a brief period of maximal exercise. ANIMALS: 6 adult Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill to establish a uniform level of fitness. Each horse ran 4 simulated races, with a minimum of 14 days between races. Simulated races were run at a treadmill speed that caused horses to exercise at 120% of their maximal oxygen consumption. Horses ran until they were fatigued or for a maximum of 2 minutes. One minute after the end of exercise, horses were treated i.v. with xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight), detomidine (0.04 mg/kg), a combination of xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Treatments were randomized so that each horse received each treatment once, in random order. Cardiopulmonary indices were measured, and samples of arterial and venous blood were collected immediately before and at specific times for 90 minutes after the end of each race. RESULTS: All sedatives produced effective sedation. The cardiopulmonary depression that was induced was qualitatively similar to that induced by administration of these sedatives to resting horses and was not severe. Sedative administration after exercise prolonged the exercise-induced increase in body temperature. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of xylazine, detomidine, or a combination of xylazine-acepromazine at twice the standard doses produced safe and effective sedation in horses that had just undergone a brief, intense bout of exercise.  相似文献   

11.
After sedation with xylazine (0.3 mg/kg intravenously [IV]), anesthesia was induced in six healthy horses with ketamine (2.0 mg/kg IV) and guaifenesin (100 mg/kg IV), diazepam (0.05 mg/kg IV), or diazepam (0.10 mg/kg IV). Anesthesia was maintained with halothane for 30 minutes. Heart rate, respiratory rate, direct arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas, and pH measurements were made before, and at set intervals after, induction of anesthesia. Quality and characteristics of induction and recovery were evaluated objectively by an independent observer unaware of the protocol used. There were no significant differences among the three protocols from pre-induction values for arterial blood pressure, blood gas values, and pH. There was significantly greater ataxia at induction with the use of guaifenesin. The nature of induction, transition to and recovery from general anesthesia were comparable between guaifenesin and the higher dose of diazepam. Because of movements and difficulty with intubation, the lower dose of diazepam was considered unsatisfactory. It was concluded that diazepam (0.10 mg/kg) could be substituted for guaifenesin (100 mg/kg) to produce comparable quality of anesthesia in horses.  相似文献   

12.
Seven Thoroughbred horses were castrated under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using propofol and medetomidine. After premedication with medetomidine (5.0 μg/kg, intravenously), anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin (100 mg/kg, intravenously) and propofol (3.0 mg/kg, intravenously) and maintained with constant rate infusions of medetomidine (0.05 μg/kg/min) and propofol (0.1 mg/kg/min). Quality of induction was judged excellent to good. Three horses showed insufficient anesthesia and received additional anesthetic. Arterial blood pressure changed within an acceptable range in all horses. Decreases in respiratory rate and hypercapnia were observed in all horses. Three horses showed apnea within a short period of time. Recovery from anesthesia was calm and smooth in all horses. The TIVA-regimen used in this study provides clinically effective anesthesia for castration in horses. However, assisted ventilation should be considered to minimize respiratory depression.  相似文献   

13.
The objective of this study was to compare effects of butorphanol (BUT) or buprenorphine (BUP), in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on the sedation quality, surgical conditions, and postoperative pain control after cheek tooth extraction in horses, randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (BUT: n = 20; BUP: n = 20). A bolus of detomidine (15 μg/kg, IV) was followed by either BUP (7.5 μg/kg, IV) or BUT (0.05 mg/kg, IV). After 20 min, diazepam (0.01 mg/kg, IV) was administered and sedation was maintained with a detomidine IV infusion (20 μg/kg/h), with rate adjusted based on scores to 5 variables. All horses received a nerve block (maxillary or mandibular), and gingival infiltration with mepivacaine. Sedation quality was assessed by the surgeon from 1 (excellent) to 10 (surgery not feasible). A pain scoring system (EQUUS-FAP) was used to assess postoperative pain. Serum cortisol concentrations and locomotor activity (pedometers) were measured.Horses in BUP and BUT required a median detomidine infusion rate of 30.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 74.4 μg/kg/h) and 32.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 48.1 μg/kg/h), respectively (P = 0.22). Horses in the BUP group had better sedation quality (P < 0.05) during surgery and higher step counts (P < 0.001) postoperatively. Buprenorphine combined with detomidine provided a more reliable sedation than butorphanol. However, the EQUUS-FAP pain scale became unreliable because of BUP-induced excitement behavior.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of four intravenous combinations, xylazine (0.7 mg/kg)/methadone (0.1 mg/kg), xylazine (0.7 mg/kg)/buprenorphine (0.004 and 0.006 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg)/buprenorphine (0.006 mg/kg) on arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood gases were studied in four experimental ponies. With xylazine/buprenorphine and xylazine/methadone onset of sedation was rapid and obvious and although no surgical or diagnostic procedures were carried out, sedation was judged to be satisfactory for the next 30 to 40 minutes. Onset of sedation after intravenous injection of acepromazine/buprenorphine was slower and less obvious, while its duration was difficult to determine for the ponies could be aroused by noise even when apparently fully sedated. The observations indicated that at the stated doses all the drug combinations should be safe for clinical use.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo compare dexmedetomidine with acepromazine for premedication combined with methadone in dogs undergoing brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) surgery.Study designRandomized, blinded clinical study.AnimalsA group of 40 dogs weighing mean (± standard deviation) 10.5 ± 6 kg, aged 2.6 ± 1.9 years.MethodsDogs received either acepromazine 20 μg kg–1 (group A) or dexmedetomidine 2 μg kg–1 (group D) intramuscularly with methadone 0.3 mg kg–1. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane. Sedation (0–18), induction (0–6) and recovery (0–5) qualities were scored. Propofol dose, hypotension incidence, mechanical ventilation requirement, extubation time, additional sedation, oxygen supplementation, regurgitation and emergency intubation following premedication or during recovery were recorded. Data were analysed using t tests, Mann-Whitney U or Chi-square tests.ResultsGroup A dogs were less sedated [median (range): 1.5 (0–12)] than group D [5 (1–18)] (p = 0.021) and required more propofol [3.5 (1–7) versus 2.4 (1–8) mg kg–1; p = 0.018]. Induction scores [group A: 5 (4–5); group D 5 (3–5)] (p = 0.989), recovery scores [group A 5 (4–5); group D 5(3–5)](p = 0.738) and anaesthesia duration [group A:93 (50–170); group D 96 (54–263) minutes] (p = 0.758) were similar between groups. Time to extubation was longer in group A 12.5 (3-35) versus group D 5.5 (0–15) minutes; (p = 0.005). During recovery, two dogs required emergency intubation (p > 0.99) and five dogs required additional sedation (p > 0.99). Oxygen supplementation was required in 16 and 12 dogs in group A and D, respectively (p = 0.167); no dogs in group A and one dog in group D regurgitated (p = 0.311).Conclusions and clinical relevanceDexmedetomidine 2 μg kg–1 produces more sedation but similar recovery quality to acepromazine 20 μg kg–1 combined with methadone in dogs undergoing BOAS surgery.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of combinations of nalbuphine (0.3 mg/kg) with either detomidine (10 μg/kg) or acepromazine (50 μg/kg) was investigated in ponies. Nalbuphine enhanced the degree of sedation produced by both sedatives; sedation with detomidine and nalbuphine was profound. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects were mild and could usually be attributed to the effect of the sedative itself. Side effects were minimal and gave no cause for concern. It was concluded that nalbuphine, in combination with acepromazine or detomidine, is a safe and effective sedative for use in ponies.  相似文献   

17.
Background: Signs of tachypnea after sedation of febrile horses with α2‐agonists have been noted previously but have not been further investigated. Objectives: To examine the effects of xylazine and detomidine on respiratory rate and rectal temperature in febrile horses and to investigate if either drug would be less likely than the other to cause changes in these variables. Animals: Nine febrile horses and 9 healthy horses were included in the study. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to sedation with xylazine 0.5 mg/kg or detomidine 0.01 mg/kg. Heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded before sedation and at 1, 3, and 5 minutes after injection. Hourly measurements of rectal temperature were performed starting before sedation. Results: All febrile horses experienced an episode of tachypnea and antipyresis after sedation. Rectal temperature in the febrile group was significantly lower at 1, 2, and 3 hours after sedation. In several measurements, the decrease was >1°C. Respiratory rate in the febrile group was significantly increased after sedation. All febrile horses were breathing >40 breaths/min and 3 horses >100 breaths/min 5 minutes after sedation. No differences were noted between the 2 treatments. No significant changes in respiratory rate or temperature were noted in the reference group. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Febrile horses can become tachypneic after sedation with detomidine or xylazine. The antipyretic properties of α2‐agonists need consideration when evaluating patients that have been sedated several hours before examination.  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate sedation with intravenous xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bodyweight [BW]) versus intravenous romifidine (100 micrograms/kg BW) followed by induction of anesthesia with intravenous diazepam (0.04 mg/kg BW) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg BW). Twelve healthy horses were used in a blinded, randomized, cross-over design. Heart rate, presence of 2nd degree atrioventricular heart blocks (2 degrees AVB), respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, blood gases, packed cell volume, total serum proteins, and duration of anesthesia and recumbency were recorded. Induction and recovery quality was evaluated using a 0 to 4 score. Response to stimulation with noise, pressure, and cutaneous electrical stimulation was assessed at 5 minute intervals during recumbency to evaluate the depth of anesthesia. Heart rate was lower and 2 degrees AVB more frequent in the romifidine group, while blood pressure was lower in the xylazine group. Duration of anesthesia was longer in the romifidine group (mean 20.8, s mean 2.3 min) versus the xylazine group (mean 15.8, s mean 1.6 min), while induction and recovery were excellent in both groups. Respiratory rates, blood gas values, packed cell volumes, and total protein levels did not differ between groups. The results indicate that romifidine premedication followed by diazepam and ketamine is a very satisfactory regime for short duration intravenous anesthesia in horses.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, after detomidine premedication, in horses undergoing abdominal surgery for creation of an experimental intestinal adhesion model. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Twelve horses (424 +/- 81 kg) from 1 to 20 years of age (5 females, 7 males). METHODS: Horses were premedicated with detomidine (0.015 mg/kg i.v.) 20 to 25 minutes before induction, and a propofol bolus (2 mg/kg i.v.) was administered for induction. Propofol infusion (0.2 mg/kg/min i.v.) was used to maintain anesthesia. The infusion rate was adjusted to maintain an acceptable anesthetic plane as determined by muscle relaxation, occular signs, response to surgery, and cardiopulmonary responses. Oxygen (15 L/min) was insufflated through an endotracheal tube as necessary to maintain the SpO2 greater than 90%. Systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG), respiratory rate (RR), SpO2 (via pulse oximetry), and nasal temperature were recorded at 15 minute intervals, before premedication and after induction of anesthesia. Arterial blood gas samples were collected at the same times. Objective data are reported as mean (+/-SD); subjective data are reported as medians (range). RESULTS: Propofol (2.0 mg/kg i.v.) induced anesthesia (mean bolus time, 85 sec) within 24 sec (+/-22 sec) after the bolus was completed. Induction was good in 10 horses; 2 horses showed signs of excitement and these two inductions were not smooth. Propofol infusion (0.18 mg/kg/min +/- 0.04) was used to maintain anesthesia for 61 +/- 19 minutes with the horses in dorsal recumbency. Mean SAP, DAP, and MAP increased significantly over time from 131 to 148, 89 to 101, and 105 to 121 mm Hg, respectively. Mean HR varied over time from 43 to 45 beats/min, whereas mean RR increased significantly over anesthesia time from 4 to 6 breaths/min. Mean arterial pH decreased from a baseline of 7.41 +/- 0.07 to 7.30 +/- 0.05 at 15 minutes of anesthesia, then increased towards baseline values. Mean PaCO2 values increased during anesthesia, ranging from 47 to 61 mm Hg whereas PaO2 values decreased from baseline (97 +/- 20 mm Hg), ranging from 42 to 57 mm Hg. Muscle relaxation was good and no horses moved during surgery: Recovery was good in 9 horses and acceptable in 3; mean recovery time was 67 +/- 29 minutes with 2.4 +/- 2.4 attempts necessary for the horses to stand. CONCLUSIONS: Detomidine-propofol anesthesia in horses in dorsal recumbency was associated with little cardiovascular depression, but hypoxemia and respiratory depression occurred and some excitement was seen on induction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Detomidine-propofol anesthesia is not recommended for surgical procedures in horses if dorsal recumbency is necessary and supplemental oxygen is not available (eg, field anesthesia).  相似文献   

20.
The study compared limb-to-lung circulation times (CT) in dogs under general anaesthesia after premedication with dexmedetomidine (DEX) or acepromazine–methadone (ACE–M). Healthy male and female dogs (n = 20) were randomly assigned to receive acepromazine 0.04 mg/kg and methadone 0.2 mg/kg intramuscularly (IM), or DEX 0.01 mg/kg IM. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane at similar concentration in both groups. Mechanical ventilation was started immediately (20 breaths/min; inspiratory to expiratory ratio 1:2) and tidal volume was adjusted to achieve an end-tidal CO2 concentration (PE’CO2) of between 3.9 and 5.3 kPa. Ten minutes later arterial blood gas was analyzed and baseline data recorded for 3 minutes. A single dose of sodium bicarbonate 0,5 mEq/kg was administered intravenously over 10 s starting with inspiration. Limb-to-lung CT was defined as the time interval between the start of bicarbonate injection and the recording of the highest PE’CO2.Following bicarbonate administration, PE’CO2 increased, and then rapidly decreased to baseline in both groups. CT was shorter in the ACE–M group (20 ± 2.3 vs. 27 ± 5.1 s). Bodyweight was higher in the ACE–M group (30.6 ± 3.9 vs. 23.3 ± 6.8 kg). Mean arterial blood pressure was higher in the DEX group (92 ± 9 vs. 73 ± 7 mm Hg) but premedication with DEX significantly prolonged CT compared to premedication with ACE–M.  相似文献   

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