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1.
ABSTRACT:   Using the dorsal ordinary muscle (DOM) of cultured Pacific bluefin tuna (body length [BL]: 47.5–81.8 cm, body weight [BW]: 2.1–13.5 kg, n  = 15), the changes of proximate compositions and myoglobin (Mb) content with growth were investigated. There was a positive correlation ( r  = 0.9832, P  < 0.05) of BL and BW in cultured tuna. The protein contents of the DOM of cultured tuna decreased ( P  < 0.05) and the lipid contents had a tendency to increase (not significantly) with growth. The meat color changed from pink to red with growth. In addition, the Mb contents of the DOM of cultured tuna increased ( P  < 0.05) from 1.0 mg/g (minimum BW fish) to 3.8 mg/g (maximum BW fish) with growth. These results indicate that the increase of the Mb content in the DOM of cultured tuna is not caused by the restriction of exercise and overfeeding between 2.1 kg and 13.5 kg of BW.  相似文献   

2.
Using the full-cycle cultured (FC) Pacific bluefin tuna [body weight 16.3±1.9 kg (pre-fasting group, pre-FG), 14.2±0.9 kg (post-fasting group, post-FG)], changes in the physical/chemical properties of the cephalal parts of dorsal (D) and ventral (V) ordinary muscles (OM) by fasting (6 days) during chilled storage (4°C) were investigated. Condition factors were 26.7 (pre-FG) and 20.3 (post-FG, P < 0.05). Fasting changed the liver color to green. Fasting also decreased the amount of protein and lipid contents of the DOM and VOM of FC tuna. The breaking strength and pH of the DOM and VOM of post-FG tuna were higher (P <0.05) than for pre-FG tuna during storage. In contrast, the glycogen contents of DOM and VOM of post-FG tuna were lower than for pre-FG tuna. The color values (L*, a* and b*) of DOM of post-FG tuna were lower than for pre-FG tuna throughout the storage period. In addition, the metmyoglobin (metMb) content of DOM of post-FG tuna was lower (P <0.05) than that of pre-FG tuna, and the metMb content of VOM of post-FG tuna remained low after fasting. These results indicate that fasting suppresses deterioration (especially meat color) of FC tuna muscles during chilled storage.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT:   Using full-cycle cultured (FC) Pacific bluefin tuna (body length [BL], 42.6–66.4 cm; body weight [BW], 1.66–7.40 kg, n  = 15), the changes in chemical compositions and histological structure of the cephalal parts of the dorsal ordinary muscles (DOM) occurring with growth were investigated. A positive correlation ( r  = 0.9644, P  < 0.05) was observed between BL and BW with growth. The protein, lipid and ash contents of DOM and condition factor did not change with growth. However, the glycogen content of DOM increased ( P  < 0.05) from approximately 55 cm (BL) in this study. Using optical microscopic photographs, the various shapes of muscle fibers were observed and it was noted that the muscle fiber diameter increased ( P  < 0.05) with growth. Using transmission electron microscopic observation, many glycogen granules were observed in muscle fibers (especially, side of connective tissue) of DOM throughout the growth stage in this study. These results indicate that the glycogen content of DOM of FC Pacific bluefin tuna increases before the lipid with growth.  相似文献   

4.
To better understand the phosphorus (P) utilization in hybrid sturgeon (Huso dauricus ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂), a combined technique with oesophageal intubation, dorsal aorta cannulation and urinary catheterization was used in the present study. Groups of five hybrid sturgeon were orally administrated with graded doses of P (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg P/kg BW) in the form of monocalcium phosphate. The high dose of P (200 mg P/kg BW) caused a significant increase in plasma P concentration. Plasma calcium (Ca) concentrations were significantly increased in the fish treated with 0 and 100 mg P/kg BW. Both P and urea excretion showed increased changing pattern with increasing P intubation level and exhibited significant higher value in 200 mg P/kg BW group. A significant increase in Ca excretion was found in the group without P supplementation (0 mg P/kg BW). ALP and SOD activity in plasma was inhibited in fish at P‐deficient groups (0 and 50 mg P/kg BW). The data in the current study showed that hybrid sturgeon at 100 mg P/kg BW treatment exhibited better P and Ca utilizations with lower waste excretion, as well as favourable status of anti‐oxidation.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of an intraperitoneal hormone injection of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (D‐Ala6, Pro9‐NEt GnRHa) alone or in combination with a dopamine antagonist, domperidone (DOM), on ovulation induction in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were tested. The hormone treatments were as follows: 6 mg kg−1 body weight (BW) of carp pituitary extract as a positive control, GnRHa 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg−1 BW and a combination of GnRHa and DOM as follows: 10 μg+5 mg, 20 μg+10 mg, 40 μg+20 mg and 80 μg+40 mg kg−1 BW. Physiological saline (0.7% NaCl) was used as a negative control. Significant differences in the ovulation ratio, latency period and ovulation index (OI) were observed among treatments (P<0.05). The combination of GnRHa and DOM at doses of 40 μg+20 mg kg−1 BW had higher values of the ovulation ratio and OI, and a shorter latency period compared with other treatments. The highest OI in GnRHa treatments was only 56.67%, suggesting a dopaminergic tone on gonadotropin secretion in this fish at the pre‐ovulatory stage. Therefore, ovulation can be successfully induced in yellow catfish with 40 μg kg−1 GnRHa+20 mg kg−1 DOM without affecting the egg quality.  相似文献   

6.
The composition of tail muscle fatty acids from wild and cultured bluefin tuna reared on a diet based on herring and sardine, along with the plasma lipid profile of the farmed individuals, was determined. The total lipid content of farmed bluefin in this study was 0.922 g/100 g or 3.49 g of saturated fatty acids (SAFA), 4.48 g of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 2.58 g polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n‐3 and 0.37 g of PUFA n‐6 fatty acids; for wild specimens, it was 0.920 g/100 g, or 2.85 g of SAFA, 4.82 g of MUFA, 2.78 g PUFA n‐3 and 0.27 g of PUFA n‐6 fatty acids. The major fatty acids in this study were 16:0; 16:1, n‐7; 18:1, n‐9 and DHA 22:6, n‐3 acids. The sum of these major components accounted for more than 57% and 80% of the total fatty acids in all the samples of farmed and wild tuna respectively. No significant differences in the proximate composition were demonstrated between farmed and wild samples, except for the energy value, in favour of the farmed tuna. Statistically, glucose tends to increase together with cholesterol (CHOL) and plasma triglyceride, as for these pairs, it showed positive correlation coefficients and P>0.05. Some measured tuna metabolites demonstrated strong mutual correlations, especially GLU, CHOL and TRIG, which are crucial factors in the lipid profile of animals.  相似文献   

7.
To investigate the dietary effect of taurine on the larval stage of tuna species, Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) and yellowfin tuna (YFT), larvae were reared until 16 days after hatching (dAH) and 14 dAH, respectively, and replicate samples were fed either non‐taurine‐enriched rotifers (T‐0) or rotifers enriched with 800 mg taurine L?1 (T‐800). Most PBF and YFT larvae were at the preflexion stage until 7 and 8 dAH, and there were no differences in the growth performance and total protein content of larvae between the T‐0 and T‐800 groups (t‐test; P > 0.05). Thereafter, however, for larvae of both species, these parameters in the T‐800 group significantly increased with enhanced notochord development compared to those in T‐0 group (t‐test; P < 0.05). Except for the RNA content in PBF larvae, there were no significant differences in changes of DNA and RNA content with larval growth between the T‐0 and T‐800 groups, but both PBF and YFT larvae showed increased protein DNA?1 and protein RNA?1 ratios in the T‐800 group compared to the T‐0 group after notochord flexion. This indicates that taurine is an important nutrient for the rapid growth of early stage PBF and YFT larvae, and we conclude that the growth improvement of PBF and YFT larvae by dietary taurine supplementation is due to the increase in protein synthesis efficiency after notochord flexion.  相似文献   

8.
Wild female catfish Silurus asotus (Linnaeus, 1758) were injected with domperidone (DOM) alone, [d ‐Ala6, Pro9 Net]‐luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH‐A) alone once or twice, LHRH‐A plus DOM once or twice simultaneously at 6‐h intervals, LHRH‐A plus carp pituitary extract (CPE) twice simultaneously at 6‐h intervals and LHRH‐A plus human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) twice simultaneously 6 h apart respectively. The results indicated that injection of LHRH‐A at a dosage of 0.01–0.02 μg g?1 body weight (BWt) alone induced a low but significant increase in serum gonadotropin (GtH) (P<0.05) and resulted in a very low ovulation rate, while DOM at a dosage of 5 μg g?1 BWt alone did not induce an increase in the serum GtH levels and ovulation; in contrast, LHRH‐A at a dosage of 0.01 μg g?1 BWt plus DOM at a dosage of 5 μg g?1 BWt (termed the Linpe technique) increased the serum GtH (P<0.05) significantly and induced an ovulatory rate of 100%, while LHRH‐A plus CPE or HCG resulted in an increase in the serum GtH (P<0.05) and high ovulatory rate, although the latency period was longer when fish were given LHRH‐A plus HCG or CPE.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of feeding three natural frozen diets, grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.), crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and fish (Sardina pilchardus) and two semi‐humid artificial diets (based on fish or shrimp powder) to the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, were analysed. Growth rate and feeding rate [FR; % body weight (BW) day?1] and food conversions (FC, %) were determined. Cuttlefish fed shrimp grew larger (3.8% BW day?1) and had the highest FC, followed by those fed crayfish, and sardine. The highest FR was obtained for cuttlefish fed crayfish (10.5% BW day?1). Although both artificial diets were accepted, none produced growth. Digestive gland‐to‐body weight ratio (DG/BW ratio) was calculated for animals fed each diet. A positive correlation (r = 0.94) between cuttlefish ingestion FR and DG weight was obtained. Mortality occurred mainly during the last week, and some cannibalism occurred among cuttlefish fed artificial diets. Finally, lipid composition of diets, DG and mantle of each group were analysed. Sardine diet was characterized by high levels of triacylglycerol (TG), whereas the main difference between shrimp and crayfish was the higher n‐3/n‐6 ratio found in shrimp. Changes in the lipid composition of DG were related to diet, but did not correlate with growth data. A strong loss of TG in the DG of artificial diets groups was notable. No differences in mantle lipid composition among the natural diets were found, but artificial diet groups showed higher contents of neutral lipids in their mantle respect to natural diets. According to results obtained, crayfish (P. clarkii) could be used as an alternative prey for rearing S. officinalis compared with shrimp. Artificial diets showed the worst effects in growth and mortality as well as the stronger influence on DG and mantle lipid composition of cuttlefish.  相似文献   

10.
Dried skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis) waste (red meat, gills, viscera, fins, etc.) were mixed with 25% wheat flour and inoculated with a starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM) 2912 (108–109 cells mL−1) and Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 6824 (107–108 cells mL−1). Changes in the nutritional quality (crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract and aminoacids) were monitored during a fermentation period of 14 days. The proximate analysis showed significant changes in the composition of L. plantarum -fermented tuna (LPFT) and B. licheniformis -fermented tuna (BLFT) from the unfermented raw materials. Fermentation of tuna waste has resulted in a significant ( P <0.05) increase in the protein content of tuna waste between days 6 and 12. All the amino acid contents in BLFT increased during fermentation, whereas, in LPFT the levels of serine, histidine, tyrosine, methionine, cystine and phenylalanine contents were decreased. A marginal increase in calcium and phosphorus levels was recorded in the fermented products. The results of the study suggest that LPFT or BLFT can be used as a novel aquafeed ingredient for different fish species.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT:   In the present study, the cDNA encoding myoglobin (Mb) of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus was cloned and its amino acid sequence deduced in order to investigate the relationship between the primary structure and thermostability of scombridae fish Mb. An open reading frame of bigeye tuna Mb cDNA contained 444 nucleotides encoding 147 amino acids. The primary structure of bigeye tuna Mb was highly conserved when compared with those of bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna Mb, the sequence identity being 95.2–100.0%. It also showed relatively high identity (82.3–89.1%) with the counterparts of scombridae fish. Myoglobin was then isolated from the dark muscle of four scombridae fish including bigeye tuna. Differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism measurements on these Mb revealed that the thermostability of bigeye tuna Mb was lowest and that of skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis Mb highest among the scombridae fish Mb examined. The α-helical contents of scombridae fish Mb at 10°C were in the range of 39.8–44.8%, clearly lower than that of horse Mb (55.3%), suggesting instability of fish Mb. The melting temperatures of these Mb fell in the range of 75.7–79.9°C, lower than that of horse Mb (84.2°C). These results strongly suggest the instability of fish Mb.  相似文献   

12.
Oxytetracycline (OTC) in shrimp shells may be dispersed to the environment as shrimp shred old cuticle in growout ponds. The study aims to assess the kinetics of OTC accumulated in shrimp shell. Sub‐adult male Litopenaeus vannamei in the C–D0 molting stage, were force fed with medicated feeds at various accurate dose levels that included 50, 500 and 1000 mg/kg‐body weight (BW). In addition to hemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle were serially collected for 50 mg/kg‐BW‐dose group while cuticle was sampled for higher dose levels. All were assayed for OTC by a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Mineral contents in shell samples of 500 mg/kg‐BW‐dose were also determined. The bioavailability markedly decreased with increasing dose due to incomplete dissolution and/or mild dysfunction in absorption. Administered doses, 2.69 and 2.25%, ended up in the shell after dosing with 500 and 1000 mg/kg‐BW, respectively. OTC data after a dose of 50 mg/kg‐BW was fitted into a three‐compartment model with an added shell compartment with r2 of 0.9920. The model was successfully extrapolated to predict OTC distribution in shell at higher doses. In addition, there was evidence that OTC may disturb the biomineralization process via complex formation with calcium and magnesium lowering the exoskeleton mineral contents.  相似文献   

13.
An 8 weeks feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary cerium (Ce) and its complex with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS‐Ce) on growth performance and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. under Cd stress. The basal diet (Diet 0) was formulated without Cd and cerium as the control. Seven other experimental diets (Diets 1–7) were formulated with supplementation of 50 mg Cd2+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 50 mg Ce3+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 100 mg Ce3+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 200 mg Ce3+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 50 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 100 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, and 50 mg Cd2+/kg +200 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed. Results of the present study showed that, compared with the control group, the condition factor in fish fed the diet with 50 mg Cd2+/kg feed (Diet 1) was significantly lower, whereas the Cd concentration in liver and kidney of fish fed the diet with 50 mg/kg Cd2+ (Diet 1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The high Cd accumulation of fish fed diets with sole 50 mg/kg Cd (Diet 1) could be significantly decreased by 51.72% after supplementation of 200 mg COS‐Ce/kg in the diet (Diet 7). These results suggested that elevated COS‐Ce could effectively protect against dietary Cd accumulation in turbot.  相似文献   

14.
The zootechnical performance of fish can be influenced by temperature through the induction of metabolic changes that are likely to affect growth and body composition. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (a) to examine the influence of five different temperatures (18, 21, 24, 27 and 30°C) on growth performance and metabolic parameters and (b) to evaluate the relationship of the protein efficiency ratio (PER) with the fillet proximate composition of Pacu juveniles. Growth and feed consumption (FC) were positively correlated with temperature (R2 = .95), while PER and FC were negatively correlated with temperature (R2 = .89). For the fillet composition, ethereal extract increased, and moisture decreased with the temperature. Protein content was lowest at 18 and 30°C and highest at 21, 24 and 27°C. The robust adjusted curve between PER and fillet protein content in relation to temperature showed the best result at 21°C. The obtained results indicate that Pacu juveniles reared between 21 and 27°C showed better protein efficiency with regard to FC, and this effect reflected better meat quality.  相似文献   

15.
Attempts have been made to elucidate the denaturation profiles of tuna myoglobin (Mb) in comparison with horse Mb. Intensive absorbance characterization was carried out for derivatives (deoxy, oxy, met forms) of Mb. The wavelength of the maximum absorbance of tuna Mb was shorter only by 1 nm for deoxy and metMb, while it was 4 nm shorter for the second peak of metMb. Percentage Mb denaturation (PMD) was measured under a combination of pH (5.6, 6.5, 7.4) and temperature (70, 75, 80 °C). Tuna Mb was almost completely denatured even during the initial incubation at 75 and 80 °C at all pHs examined. During the incubation at 70 °C, the PMD values for tuna Mb were 88.5, 52.1, and 67.7% at pH 5.6, 6.5, and 7.4, respectively. The denaturation of tuna Mb proceeded even at 55 °C, but denaturation rates were very slow at pH 6.5. On the other hand, horse Mb was found to be very stable at pH 6.5 and 7.4 at all temperatures examined, except at pH 6.5 and 80 °C. At pH 5.6, the PMD values of horse Mb gradually increased, especially at 75 and 80 °C. These different Mbs showed quite different denaturation profiles.  相似文献   

16.
A two‐factor orthogonal test was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin E (VE, dl ‐α‐tocopheryl acetate) requirement for sub‐adult GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at two lipid levels, and evaluate its effect on antioxidant responses. A basal diet containing 60 or 130 g/kg of soybean oil was supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60, 120 and 240 mg VE/kg, respectively. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of tilapia with initial weight (80.3 ± 0.7) g for 10 weeks. Results showed that the weight gain, feed efficiency and hepatic VE retention of fish were significantly increased by the increased VE in diets. In groups with 60 and 130 g/kg lipid, fish fed diets supplemented with VE had higher serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, and lower malondialdehyde content than fish fed the VE un‐supplemented diet (p < .05). The proximate composition of fish had no significant difference in the group with 130 g/kg lipid, whereas crude lipid and ash content were significantly affected by dietary VE in the group with 60 g/kg lipid. Based on broken‐line regression analysis, dietary VE requirement to support the maximum weight gain and serum SOD were 43.2–45.8 and 66.0–76.1 mg/kg in diets with 60 and 130 g/kg lipid, respectively.  相似文献   

17.
In this study we tested the hypotheses that higher fat diets will promote greater fat oxidation, and that medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFA) will be more readily oxidized than long‐chain fatty acids (LCFA). The oxidation of dietary MCFA (coconut oil labelled with 14C‐octanoic acid) and LCFA (olive oil labelled singly with 14C‐palmitic acid and 14C‐oleic acid) was measured in a metabolic chamber. MCFA and LCFA were included in the respective diets at 150 and 300 g kg?1. Polka dot grouper fed diets containing MCFA had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) respiration rate [2.4 mmol CO2 BW (kg)?0.79 h?1] and proportion of radioactivity in the respired CO2 (49.5%) than those fed diets containing LCFA [1.2 mmol CO2 BW (kg)?0.79 h?1 and 12.8%, respectively]. The amount of dietary fat did not significantly affect either of these two response attributes. The radioactivity in faeces and regurgitated material was low with diets containing MCFA, but was significantly higher with diets containing LCFA, and increased with increasing LCFA content, suggesting a decrease in digestibility. These results show that MCFA provide this species with a more readily utilizable source of energy than LCFA. Moreover, raising the amount of lipid in the diet above 150 g kg?1 did not increase the oxidation of fatty acids for energy.  相似文献   

18.
The primary structure of southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii Mb has been elucidated by molecular cloning techniques. The cDNA of this tuna encoding Mb contained 776 nucleotides, with an open reading frame of 444 nucleotides encoding 147 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region was identical to those of other bluefin tunas (T. thynnus and T. orientalis), thus giving the same amino acid sequences. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, bioinformatic analysis was performed including phylogenic tree, hydropathy plot and homology modeling. In order to investigate the autoxidation profiles, the isolation of Mb was performed from the dark muscle. The water soluble fraction was subjected to ammonium sulfate fractionation (60–90 % saturation) followed by preparative gel electrophoresis. Autoxidation profiles of Mb were delineated at pH 5.6, 6.5 and 7.4 at temperature 37 °C. The autoxidation rate of tuna Mb was slightly higher than that of horse Mb at all pH examined. These results revealed that tuna myoglobin was unstable than that of horse Mb mainly at acidic pH.  相似文献   

19.
The present study was conducted to investigate the protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides at grow‐out stage (initial weight of 102.8 ± 1.02 g). Six iso‐lipidic diets were formulated using white fish meal and casein as protein sources with graded levels of protein (350, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 g/kg). Grouper was hand‐fed twice daily to apparent satiation in triplicates for 8 weeks. The results showed that lack of protein will lead to the declined of weight gain and specific growth rate and suitable protein not only improved growth, but also reduced feed coefficient rate. In addition, high‐protein level diet significantly decreased the morphological index of grouper. For the body proximate composition analysis, the high‐protein diets (500, 550, 600 g/kg) significantly increased the protein contents in the whole body and muscle which was contrary to as observed for the lipid content. High‐protein diets significantly improved the total protein levels of plasma which were contrast to as observed in triglyceride contents. Moreso, the cholesterol content was observed to be significantly decreased after high‐protein diet supplementation. The intestinal protease activity was observed to increase significantly with increasing protein supplementation whereas a decreasing trend was observed for the lipase and amylase activity with the highest going for the groups fed diets containing 350 g/kg protein as compared to the others. The liver alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity increased with increasing protein level which later decreased. On the other hand, the acid phosphatase activity showed a significant downward trend. Based on SGR, the broken‐line regression analysis showed that the optimum dietary protein level and digestible protein level of the grouper Epinephelus coioides at grow‐out stage were 466.65 and 395.79 g/kg, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
A 28‐week feeding trial was conducted in concrete tanks with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) with an average initial weight and length of 61.9±6.03 (g fish?1) and 17.6±0.45 (cm fish?1), respectively, to examine the effect of two protein levels and three feeding levels (% body weight (BW) day?1) on growth performance, production traits and body composition. Twelve 4‐m3 concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1.25 m, long, width and height) were each stocked with 100 fish and fed diets containing either 25% or 30% crude protein at rates of 1%, 2% and 3% BW daily (2 × 3 factorial experiment). The results revealed that there was no significant increase in growth rate with increasing dietary protein levels, whereas there was significant increase in growth rate with increasing feeding levels (P≤0.05). The same trend was also observed for mean BW (g), mean body length (cm), production rate (kg m?3), specific growth rate (SGR % day?1), feed conversion ratio (FCR), condition factor (K) and survival rate (%). The best final mean BW (g), final mean body length (cm), SGR (% day?1), FCR, K, production rate (kg m?3) and survival rate (%) were recorded in groups of fish fed with 25% dietary protein at the 2% feeding level. Whole fish fat and energy contents were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by protein levels and feeding levels. Protein and ash contents were significantly (P≤0.05) influenced by feeding level, but not by dietary protein level. Economic evaluation indicated that dietary protein 25% (diet A) at the 2% BW day?1 feeding level was the most cost‐effective and affordable feed strategy for farmers. We conclude that a 25% protein diet fed at 2% BW day?1 is recommended for adult Nile tilapia reared in concrete tanks.  相似文献   

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