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1.
This study compared pressure and thermal thresholds after administration of three opioids in eight cats. Pressure stimulation was performed via a bracelet taped around the forearm. Three ball-bearings were advanced against the forearm by inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder. Pressure in the cuff was recorded at the end point (leg shake and head turn). Thermal threshold was tested as previously reported using a heated probe held against the thorax [Dixon et al. (2002) Research in Veterinary Science, 72, 205]. After baseline recordings, each cat received subcutaneous methadone 0.2 mg/kg, morphine 0.2 mg/kg, buprenorphine 0.02 mg/kg or saline 0.3 mL in a four period cross-over study. Measurements were made at 15, 30, 45 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after the injection. Data were analysed by anova (P<0.05). There were no significant changes in thresholds after saline. Thermal threshold increased at 45 min after buprenorphine (maximum 2.8+/-3 degrees C), 1-3 h after methadone (maximum 3.4+/-1.9 degrees C) and 45 min to 1 h (maximum 3.4+/-2 degrees C) after morphine. Pressure threshold increased 30-45 min (maximum 238+/-206 mmHg) after buprenorphine, 45-60 min after methadone (maximum 255+/-232 mmHg) and 45-60 min and 3-6 h (maximum 255+/-232 mmHg) after morphine. Morphine provided the best analgesia, and methadone appears a promising alternative. Buprenorphines limited effect was probably related to the subcutaneous route of administration. Previously, buprenorphine has produced much greater effects when given by other routes.  相似文献   

2.
Objective: To determine the antinociceptive effects of epidural administration of morphine or buprenorphine in cats by use of a thermal threshold model. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES: Baseline thermal threshold was determined in duplicate. Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Morphine (100 microg/kg diluted with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), buprenorphine (12.5 microg/kg diluted with saline solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), or saline solution (0.3 mL/kg) was administered into the epidural space according to a Latin square design. Thermal threshold was determined at various times up to 24 hours after epidural injection. RESULTS: Epidural administration of saline solution did not affect thermal threshold. Thermal threshold was significantly higher after epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine, compared with the effect of saline solution, from 1 to 16 hours and 1 to 10 hours, respectively. Maximum (cutout) temperature was reached without the cat reacting in 0, 74, and 11 occasions in the saline solution, morphine, and buprenorphine groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine induced thermal antinociception in cats. At the doses used in this study, the effect of morphine lasted longer and was more intense than that of buprenorphine.  相似文献   

3.
Thermal thresholds were measured in eight cats after the intramuscular administration of morphine (0.2 mg/kg), buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), doses commonly used in clinical practice; 0.9 per cent saline (0.3 ml) was injected as a control. Groups of six cats were used and each cat participated in at least two treatments, according to a randomised design. The investigator was blinded to the treatments. The thermal thresholds were measured with a testing device developed specifically for cats, and measurements were made before and five, 30, 45 and 60 minutes and two, four, six, 12 and 24 hours after the injections. There was no significant change in thermal threshold after the injection of saline. With butorphanol, the threshold was increased only at five minutes after the injection and was decreased two hours after the injection; with morphine it was increased from between four and six hours after the injection, and with buprenorphine it was increased from between four and 12 hours after the injection.  相似文献   

4.
A placebo-controlled, randomized blind study was conducted in cats (n = 60) after fracture repair to compare the analgesic effects as well as the side-effects of carprofen, buprenorphine and levomethadone during a 5-day treatment. Cats with severe shock symptoms or increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were excluded from the study. The cats were randomly assigned to four groups (n= 15). In group 1, carprofen was administered upon extubation at an initial dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, followed by one-third of that dose three times daily on days 2 to 5. In group 2, buprenorphine was administered in a single dose of 0.01 mg/kg body weight upon extubation and subsequently every 8 h. Levomethadone (group 3) was applied according to the same scheme at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg body weight each time. The placebo (group 4) was given at the same time intervals as the opioids. Examinations were carried out prior to anaesthesia, between 30 min and 8 h after extubation, and on the following 4 days, 1 h after administration of the analgesics or the placebo as well as 1 h before the next administration. Pain and sedation evaluation was carried out with a visual analogue system (VAS) and with the aid of a numerical estimation scale (NRS). Pain was also scored by measuring mechanical nociceptive threshold of traumatized tissue. Plasma glucose and cortisol concentration, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure and body temperature were measured. Furthermore, a complete blood count and clinical chemistry including BUN, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), arterial blood pressure (AP), total protein and electrolytes of the cats were checked on the day of admission as well as on the last day of this study (day 5). Defaecation and urination as well as wound healing were monitored. On the basis of the mechanical nociceptive threshold of the traumatized tissue, concentrations of plasma glucose and cortisol and pain assessment using NRS and VAS, carprofen was found to have better anti-nociceptive efficacy when compared with the two opioid analgesics, while the analgesic effect of levomethadone was similar to that of buprenorphine. However, the carprofen group also showed comparably high median NRS and VAS pain scores in addition to occasional broad deviations from the group mean on the first post-operative treatment day. Sedative effects were detected for buprenorphine and levomethadone; in addition, symptoms of central excitation were noted with levomethadone. There was no indication of any clinically relevant respiratory depressive or cardiovascular effects, nor of any undesired renal, gastrointestinal or hepatic effects of the analgesics applied. However, the somewhat insensitive examination methods did not permit sufficient evaluation of side-effects, particularly on the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys. It was found that carprofen and buprenorphine were well-tolerated analgesics for a 5-day administration in the cat, whereas levomethadone caused central excitation in some cases in the dosage scheme used here. However, it was apparent that none of the tested analgesics induced sufficient analgesia in the post-operative phase. For this reason, suitable methods must be found to improve analgesia, particularly in the immediate post-operative phase.  相似文献   

5.
The postoperative analgesia and sedation in cats given carprofen (4·0 mg/kg bodyweight by subcutaneous injection preoperatively) was compared to that in cats given pethidine (3·3 mg/kg bodyweight by intramuscular injection postoperatively) in a controlled, randomised, blinded, multicentre clinical trial. Further dosing with the particular analgesic was allowed if a cat was exhibiting unacceptable pain. In total, 57 carprofen cases and 59 pethidine cases were evaluated. Significantly fewer cats in the carprofen group required additional doses of analgesic, and mean pain scores were significantly lower from four hours after ovariohysterectomy, and at 18 to 24 hours after castration, compared to the pethidine group. In conclusion, carprofen provided as good a level of postoperative analgesia as pethidine, but of a longer duration (at least 24 hours) and was well tolerated. It thus provides an option for 'pre-emptive analgesia' in cats about to undergo surgery.  相似文献   

6.
A model of nociceptive threshold determination was developed for evaluation of NSAID analgesia in cats. In a crossover study, eight cats received carprofen (4 mg/kg), buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg) or saline (0.3 ml) subcutaneously before intradermal kaolin injection on the antebrachium to induce mild inflammation. Pressure thresholds were measured at the injected site using blunt-ended pins advanced by manual inflation of a bladder within a bracelet. Bladder pressure was recorded as threshold (PT) at the behavioural end point. Baseline PT were recorded before kaolin injection (time 0). PT was measured at 2-10 h intervals for 52 h. PT below the lower 95% confidence interval (CI) of baseline values indicated hyperalgesia. After saline, hyperalgesia was detected from 2-6 h, 22-26 h, and at 30 and 36 h. After carprofen, PT remained within the 95% CI. After buprenorphine, PT remained within the 95% CI except at 2h. Carprofen and to some extent buprenorphine, prevented inflammatory hyperalgesia.  相似文献   

7.
Naloxone can enhance the antinociceptive/analgesic effects of buprenorphine in humans and rats. The antinociceptive effects of a patented 15:1 buprenorphine:naloxone combination was investigated in cats using a thermal and mechanical nociceptive model. Twelve cats received buprenorphine 10 μg/kg, naloxone 0.67 μg/kg or a buprenorphine-naloxone combination intramuscularly in a randomised cross over study. Using thermal and mechanical analgesiometry validated in the cat, pre-treatment baselines were measured. Following test drug administration, thresholds were studied for the next 24h. Naloxone did not enhance the thermal antinociceptive effect of buprenorphine. The results from this study are in agreement with previously published work showing that naloxone antagonises the effects of clinically analgesic doses of buprenorphine. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were not affected by buprenorphine.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of preoperative PO and SC administration of buprenorphine and meloxicam for prevention of postoperative pain-associated behaviors in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. ANIMALS: 51 female cats (4 to 60 months old; weight range, 1.41 to 4.73 kg [3.1 to 10.4 lb]). PROCEDURE: Cats received 1 of 5 treatments at the time of anesthetic induction: buprenorphine PO (0.01 mg/kg [0.0045 mg/lb]; n = 10), buprenorphine SC (0.01 mg/kg; 10), meloxicam SC (0.3 mg/kg 10.14 mg/lb]; 10), meloxicam PO (0.3 mg/kg; 10), or 0.3 mL of sterile saline (0.9% NaCI) solution SC (control group; 11). Sedation scores and visual analog scale and interactive visual analog scale (IVAS) pain-associated behavior scores were assigned to each cat 2 hours before and at intervals until 20 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Cats receiving meloxicam PO or SC had significantly lower IVAS scores (2.91 and 2.02, respectively), compared with IVAS scores for cats receiving buprenorphine PO (755). Pain-associated behavior scores for cats administered buprenorphine or meloxicam PO or SC preoperatively did not differ significantly from control group scores. Rescue analgesia was not required by any of the cats receiving meloxicam, whereas 3 of 10 cats receiving buprenorphine PO, 2 of 10 cats receiving buprenorphine SC, and 1 of 11 cats receiving the control treatment required rescue analgesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On the basis of pain-associated behavior scores, cats receiving meloxicam PO or SC before ovariohysterectomy appeared to have less pain after surgery than those receiving buprenorphine PO preoperatively.  相似文献   

9.
Effects of tramadol and acepromazine on pressure and thermal thresholds were examined in eight cats. After baseline measurements, subcutaneous (SC) tramadol 1 mg/kg, acepromazine 0.1 mg/kg, tramadol 1 mg/kg with acepromazine 0.1 mg/kg, or saline 0.3 ml were given. Serial measurements were made for 24 h. Mean thermal thresholds did not change significantly [analysis of variance (ANOVA)] from baseline. The maximum thermal threshold increase above baseline was 2.8+/-2.8 degrees C at 6 h (P>0.05) after tramadol; it was above the 95% confidence interval (CI) at 0.75, 3 and 6 h. Pressure thresholds increased above baseline from 0.25 to 2 h after acepromazine (P<0.05) and from 0.5 to 3 h after the combination (P<0.05), with a maximum increase of 132+/-156 mmHg 0.25 h after acepromazine and 197+/-129 mmHg 0.5 h after the combination. Pressure thresholds were above the 95% CI from 0.25 to 2 h after acepromazine and from 0.5 to 3 h after the combination. SC tramadol at 1 mg/kg in cats had limited effect on thermal and pressure nociception, but this was enhanced by acepromazine. Acepromazine alone had pressure antinociceptive effects.  相似文献   

10.
The plasma concentration of buprenorphine was measured by radioimmunoassay in six female cats after the administration of 0.01 mg/kg (0.033 ml/kg) buprenorphine hydrochloride solution into the side of the cat's mouth. Blood samples were taken through a preplaced jugular catheter before and one, two, four, six, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes, and two, four, six, 12 and 24 hours after the dose was administered. The buprenorphine was accepted well by all the cats and did not cause salivation or vomiting. Its median peak plasma concentration was 7.5 ng/ml and was reached after 15 minutes. The pharmacokinetic data were similar to the pharmacokinetic data obtained after the intramuscular and intravenous administration of buprenorphine to cats from the same colony, suggesting that the mucosal route of administration should be as effective as intravenous and intramuscular injections. In addition, the pH of the oral cavity of 26 cats was measured with pH paper, and 100 cat owners were asked their preferred method of administering drugs to cats. The pH of the cats' mouths was between 8 and 9, and the technique preferred by the cat owners was the use of drops placed in the mouth.  相似文献   

11.
Little is known about the analgesic action of buprenorphine (BUP) in cats. Relative to man, the cat has a more alkaline oral pH, which may make this an effective route for administering BUP in this species. This study aimed to assess and compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sublingual (S‐L) and IV administration of BUP. Thermal threshold (TT) was measured and blood samples were collected following IV or S‐L administration (20 µg kg?1) of the injectable formulation. Six cats (five spayed females, one castrated male, 4.1–6.6 kg) were used. Each cat received both treatments in a randomized cross‐over study design with 1 month between experiments. Twenty‐four hours prior to each study, the lateral thorax of each of the cats was shaved, cephalic and jugular catheters placed, and oral pH measured. On the day of the study, TT was measured using a ‘thorax‐mounted’ thermal threshold‐testing device specifically developed for cats. The cats were free to move around. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, then the heater activated. When the cat responded by flinching, turning, or jumping, the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature was recorded. The thermal threshold cut‐off point was 55.5 °C. Three baseline thresholds were recorded before treatment with S‐L or IV (via cephalic catheter) BUP (20 µg kg?1). Blood was withdrawn (jugular) at 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post‐administration. TT was measured every 30 minutes?6 hours, 1–12 hours, and at 24 hours post‐administration. Plasma was immediately separated, stored at ?20.5 °C, and assayed within 4 months using a commercially available 125I radioimmunoassay. Threshold data were analyzed using anova with a repeat factor of time. No adverse effects were noted. Pupils were dilated for up to 9 hours post‐BUP. Behavioral changes were calm euphoria. Measured oral pH was 9 in each cat. Pre‐treatment mean threshold (±SD) was 41.2 ± 0.9 °C in the S‐L group and 40.8 ± 0.85 °C in the IV group. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to thresholds over time (p = 0.72). Thresholds were significantly increased from 30 to 360 minutes in both the groups (>44.615 °C). Peak plasma BUP (Cmax) was lower (11 ± 6.7 ng mL?1vs. 92.9 ± 107.9 ng mL?1) and occurred later (Tmax) (30 minutes vs. 1 minute) after S‐L compared to IV administration, respectively. BUP (20 µg kg?1)‐administered S‐L or IV provided antinociception between 30 and 360 minutes after administration. Plasma levels did not correspond to TT.  相似文献   

12.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the sedative and antinociceptive effects of combinations of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine in cats.Study designExperimental randomized study.AnimalsTwelve purpose-bred neutered domestic short-hair cats (4 male and 8 female) weighing 4.6 kg (range 3.7–5.5 kg) aged from 2 to 5 years.MethodsSix cats per group were administered buprenorphine (B) at 10 (B10) or 20 μg kg?1 (B20) or dexmedetomidine (D) at 20 (D20) or 40 μg kg?1 (D40) or a combination of B10/D20. A feline thermal nociceptive threshold testing device was used to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of the drugs before and up to 24 hours after drug treatment. Sedation was scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS).ResultsThermal thresholds increased significantly after administration of all but D20. Area under the curve (AUC, hours °C) for the first 6 hours (mean ± SD) for B20 (281 ± 17.8) was significantly greater than B10 (260 ± 11.4), D20 (250 ± 7.9) and D40 (255 ± 11.4). The AUC for B10/D20 (273 ± 12.2) was significantly greater than D20 but not the other treatments. No sedation was seen after administration of B10 or B20 and maximal sedation was seen for all animals in the D40 and B10/D20 groups and most animals in the D20 group.ConclusionsD20 alone had the smallest analgesic effect; B10 alone provided no sedation but their combination gave good sedation with analgesia comparable with B20.Clinical relevanceThis combination could be a useful multimodal sedative/analgesic regimen in cats.  相似文献   

13.
The pharmacokinetics and thermal antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine after intravenous (i.v.) or oral transmucosal (OTM) administration were studied in six adult cats. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay in a crossover study after a dose of 20 microg/kg given by the i.v. or OTM route. Oral pH was measured. Blood for drug analyses was collected before, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after treatment. Thermal thresholds were measured before treatment, then following treatment every 30 min to 6 h, every 1 hour to 12 h and at 24 hours postadministration. Plasma buprenorphine concentration effect relationships were analyzed using a log-linear effect model. Oral pH was 9 in each cat. Peak plasma buprenorphine concentration was lower and occurred later in the OTM group but median bioavailability was 116.3%. Thermal thresholds increased significantly between 30 and 360 min in both groups. Peak effect was at 90 min and there was no difference at any time between the two groups. There was distinct hysteresis between plasma drug concentration and effect in both groups. Overall, OTM administration of buprenorphine is as effective as i.v. treatment and offers a simple, noninvasive method of administration which produces thermal antinociception for up to 6 h in cats.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative administration of oral carprofen, subcutaneous ketoprofen, and local nerve block with bupivacaine in preventing postoperative pain-associated behavior in cats after ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: Fifty-two female intact cats. Materials and methods Cats received butorphanol (0.44 mg kg(-1) IM), carprofen (2.2 mg kg(-1) PO), ketoprofen (2.2 mg kg(-1) SQ), or bupivacaine infiltration block (1.1 mg kg(-1) SQ) before surgery. Cortisol and drug concentrations and visual analog scale (VAS) and interactive visual analog scale (IVAS) pain-associated behavior scores were measured 2 hours before and 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after ovariohysterectomy. RESULTS: Cats receiving butorphanol had significantly increased IVAS scores 2 hours after surgery compared with baseline measurements. Cats receiving carprofen, ketoprofen, and bupivacaine had significant increases from baseline in VAS and IVAS scores 1 and 2 hours after surgery. VAS and IVAS scores for cats receiving bupivacaine were significantly greater 1 and 2 hours after surgery than for cats that received butorphanol. Cats receiving carprofen had significant increases in cortisol 1 hour after surgery and significant decreases 24 hours after surgery compared with baseline measurements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative carprofen and ketoprofen have effects on pain-associated behavior similar to butorphanol in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Cats receiving bupivacaine blocks may require additional analgesics immediately after surgery.  相似文献   

15.
Objective —To determine what effect the timing of carprofen administration has on the severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of carprofen under these conditions. Study Design —A prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Animals —Sixty-two adult bitches weighing between 10 and 25 kgs, undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Methods —Examinations were performed for 20 hours postoperatively using subjective visual assessment scoring systems (DIVAS) and objective mechanical nociceptive threshold measurements. Forty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: (1) preoperative carprofen; (2) postoperative carprofen; and (3) no analgesics (saline injections). The dose of carprofen was 4.0 mg/kg subcutaneously. In another 22 bitches, the pharmacokinetics of carprofen given preoperatively or postoperatively at the same dose were examined. Results —The dogs given carprofen preoperatively had lower pain scores than the other groups, significantly so at 2 hours postextubation (P < .01 and P < .05, Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's). Mechanical pain thresholds measured at the distal tibia showed the development of hyperalgesia at 12 and 20 hours postextubation; this was prevented by both the preoperative (P < .05 at 12 and 20 hours, Kruskal-Wallis) and postoperative (P <.05 at 20 hours, Kruskal-Wallis) administration of carprofen. Mechanical pain threshold testing at the wound showed a significant analgesic effect of carprofen. Plasma concentrations of carprofen were not directly related to analgesia; maximum plasma concentration, the area under the curve to the last data point, and area under the first moment curve up to the last data point were all significantly higher in the dogs given carprofen postoperatively (P < .05, Mann-Whitney). Conclusion—Preoperative administration of carprofen has a greater analgesic effect than postoperative administration in the early postoperative period in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Plasma levels of carprofen are not related to the degree of analgesia achieved. Clinical Relevance—Carprofen provides effective analgesia after canine ovariohysterectomy. The timing of analgesic administration is important to optimize the control of postoperative pain.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate signs of postoperative pain and complications after forelimb onychectomy in cats receiving buprenorphine alone or with bupivacaine administered as a 4-point regional nerve block. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. ANIMALS: 20 cats. PROCEDURE: All cats received buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg [0.004 mg/lb], IM) preoperatively. One forelimb of each cat also received bupivacaine (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb] of a 0.75% solution) administered as a 4-point regional nerve block. After onychectomy, discomfort (lameness, foot reaction, and pain) scores were evaluated by 2 experienced observers 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 168 hours postoperatively. Complication (hemorrhage, swelling, and infection) scores were evaluated 24 and 168 hours postoperatively. Surgeries were performed by 1 experienced veterinary surgeon. Rescue analgesia was provided if needed. RESULTS: 6 cats required rescue analgesia postoperatively. There was no difference in discomfort or complication scores between control limbs and limbs in which a nerve block was administered. Additionally, there was no difference in discomfort and complication scores between cats that did or did not require rescue analgesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bupivacaine administered as a 4-point regional nerve block in addition to a systemic analgesic did not decrease discomfort or complication scores in cats undergoing forelimb onychectomy.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the antinociceptive actions of several doses of butorphanol by use of a thermal threshold testing device specifically designed for cats. ANIMALS: 6 domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: The study was a masked, randomized, crossover design. Thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. A small probe containing a heater element and temperature sensor was held with consistent contact against a shaved area of the cat's skin with an elasticized band. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, prior to activation of the heater. On detection of a response (eg, the cat flinched, turned, or jumped), the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature recorded. Three baseline measurements were recorded before IV injection of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. Each cat received all doses in a randomized order at least 1 week apart. The investigator was unaware of the treatment received. Thermal thresholds were measured every 15 minutes for 6 hours. RESULTS: Mean+/-SD pretreatment threshold temperature for all cats was 40.8+/-2.2 degrees C. There were no dose-related differences among treatments. There was a significant increase in threshold values for all treatments from 15 to 90 minutes after injection. Mydriasis was detected in all cats after treatment with butorphanol and dysphoric behavior was frequently exhibited. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results obtained by use of a thermal stimulus indicated that the duration of antinociceptive action of butorphanol was 90 minutes and there was no dose-response relationship in cats.  相似文献   

19.
A pressure analgesiometric device was developed for unrestrained cats. Eleven cats were studied. Stimulation was via three rounded pins within a bracelet on the forearm. The pins were advanced by manual bladder inflation. Bladder pressure was measured using a strain gauge pressure transducer. The threshold was recorded at the behavioural end point. Thresholds were measured at 5 and 15min intervals for 2-4h, after removal/replacement of the cuff, for 120min after SC butorphanol (0.4mg/kg), and with mild skin inflammation at the testing site. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Pressure thresholds in untreated cats were around 150mmHg. The minimum interval for testing was established as 15min. Data were reproducible over 4h and beyond 24h. Thresholds in 5 cats increased (P<0.05) above baseline for 45min after butorphanol with a maximum increase of 270+/-182mmHg at 10min. Thresholds decreased with inflammation. The method appears suitable for feline analgesia investigations.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To compare carprofen to butorphanol, with regard to postsurgical analgesic effects, duration of analgesia, and adverse side effects. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Seventy-one cats, 0.5-5 years of age, weighing 3.24 +/- 0.61 kg, undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). METHODS: Cats were premedicated with subcutaneous atropine (0.04 mg kg(-1)), acepromazine (0.02 mg kg(-1)), and ketamine (5 mg kg(-1)). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (5 mg kg(-1)) and diazepam (0.25 mg kg(-1)) given intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane. There were three treatment groups: group C (4 mg kg(-1) carprofen SC at induction), group B (0.4 mg kg(-1) butorphanol SC at end of surgery), and group S (0.08 mL kg(-1) of sterile saline SC at induction and end of surgery). Behavioral data were collected using a composite pain scale (CPS), prior to surgery (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours post-surgery. Interaction scores were analyzed separately. Cats with CPS scores >12 received rescue analgesia (meperidine, 4 mg kg(-1), intramuscular). RESULTS: Sixty cats completed the study. The CPS scores did not differ significantly between groups C and B at any time period. CPS scores for groups B and C were significantly increased for 12 hours post-surgery, and in group S for 20 hours. Both group C and B CPS scores were significantly lower than group S in this 20-hour postoperative period, except at 4 hours (B and C) and at 3 and 8 hours (B alone). Interaction scores for group C returned to preoperative baseline 4 hours after surgery, while both groups B and S remained increased for at least 24 hours post-surgery. Nine cats required meperidine. CONCLUSION: In this study, carprofen provided better postsurgical analgesia than butorphanol. Clinical relevance Neither drug completely abolished pain, however preoperative carprofen provided better pain control compared with postoperative butorphanol in the 24-hour period following OHE surgery in cats.  相似文献   

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