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1.
ACTH is the primary regulator of adrenal function during acute stress. However, during chronic inflammatory stress additional factors play a major role in the regulation of adrenal secretion. Many cytokines circulate in the blood and are synthesized and released from adrenal tissue. Furthermore, these peptides modify adrenal function. Recently, interleukin-4 (IL-4) was demonstrated to be released from a human adrenal tumor cell line. Therefore, we hypothesized that normal bovine adrenocortical cells could express IL-4 and that this cytokine may modify adrenal function. We determined that IL-4 and IL-4 receptors (IL-4R) are expressed in the bovine adrenal cortex whereas the expression of IL-4 and IL-4R in the adrenal medulla was not apparent. Exposure of dispersed bovine adrenocortical cells isolated from the zona fasciculate to IL-4 did not modify basal release of cortisol. However, the ACTH-stimulated release of cortisol from the bovine adrenal cells was augmented by IL-4. IL-4 exposure had no affect on adrenal androgen release from bovine zona reticularis cells, but IL-4 inhibited the ACTH-stimulated release of adrenal androgens from these cells. The effects of IL-4 on ACTH-stimulated cortisol and adrenal androgen release were dependent upon the IL-4 incubation interval and the IL-4 concentration. Because communication between the immune and endocrine systems is important in inflammatory conditions, IL-4 may play a role in coordinating the adrenal response to inflammatory stress. 相似文献
2.
试验选用体重(12.6±0.7)kg的健康莱芜猪、鲁莱和大约克夏仔猪各12头,每个品种随机分对照组和试验组,每组6头。试验组腹膜注射200μg/kg体重的脂多糖(LPS),对照组注射等量生理盐水。于注射前、后采血,测定血浆中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、皮质醇和生长激素(GH)含量。结果表明:用LPS刺激后2、4h和7h每个品种的试验组与对照组相比,血浆中IL-1β和皮质醇含量均显著提高(P0.05),GH含量均降低,且LPS刺激后2h的GH水平显著降低(P0.05)。3个品种猪相比,莱芜猪在LPS刺激后2h时IL-1β、皮质醇的升高幅度和GH降低幅度均最小,与大约克夏猪相比差异均显著(P0.05)。结果显示,用LPS进行免疫应激,不同品种猪抗应激能力不同,莱芜猪相对于引进品种、地方品种有较强的抗免疫应激能力。 相似文献
3.
免疫应激对断奶仔猪免疫和神经内分泌激素的影响 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
试验研究了免疫应激对断奶仔猪免疫和神经内分泌激素的影响。选用 6头体重为 (7.6± 0 .3)kg的(2 8± 3)d的达兰断奶仔猪 ,绝食 12h后 ,随机选取 4头猪从腹膜注射 2 0 0 μg/kg(BW)的脂多糖 (LPS) ,另 2头注射等量生理盐水作对照。于注射后 0、1、2和 3h ,分别采血测定血浆白细胞介素 1β(IL 1β)、前列腺素E2 (PGE2 )、皮质醇、生长激素 (GH)和类胰岛素生长因子 I(IGF I)的含量。结果表明 :(1)注射LPS激活了应激轴 :与对照组相比 ,LPS提高了注射后 1h(P <0 .10 )、2h(P <0 .0 1)和 3h(P <0 .0 1)的IL 1β水平 ,提高了注射后 1h(P <0 .0 5 )和 3h(P <0 .0 1)的皮质醇和PGE2 水平 ;(2 )注射LPS抑制了生长轴 :LPS降低了注射后 3h的GH水平 (P <0 .10 ) ,降低了注射后 2h (P <0 .0 5 )和 3h(P <0 .0 1)的IGF I水平。结果显示 ,免疫应激激活了仔猪应激轴 ,而抑制了生长轴 ,在一定程度上揭示了免疫应激抑制生长的机制 相似文献
4.
Niel A. Karrow Qiumei You Carl McNicoll Jack Hay 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2010,74(1):30-33
Sheep were subjected to immune challenge with either recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6; 2.0 μg/kg; n = 5), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin (400 ng/kg; n = 7), or saline (n = 6) to determine if IL-6 activates the febrile and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) responses in sheep, and to compare these responses with those associated with endotoxemia. Blood was collected over time to measure plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum cortisol concentrations as indicators of HPAA activity. Unlike LPS, rhIL-6 was not pyrogenic in sheep at this challenge dose. In contrast, rhIL-6 elicited ACTH and cortisol responses that peaked earlier than those induced by LPS. These results suggest that this dose of IL-6, alone, is not sufficient to elicit the febrile response in sheep, however, it is a potent activator of the ovine HPAA response. 相似文献
5.
Wang JF Wang M Ma JL Jiao LG Zhou XY Lindberg JE 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2006,53(3):113-118
Ten multiparous lactating sows were used to investigate whether intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS; Escherichia coli 0111:B4; 2.0 microg/kg of body weight) would affect the circulating concentrations of Ca, P, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cortisol. The sows were randomly allotted to either control group (control) or LPS-treated group with five individuals per group and were infused with either physiological saline solution or LPS solution. The rectal temperature and udder quarter appearance were recorded at 0 (just before infusion), 1, 3, 7, 12 or 24 h after infusion. Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 3, 7, 12 or 24 h after infusion. Before infusion, the rectal temperatures of all sows were below 39.2 degrees C. At 3 and 7 h after infusion, the sows in the LPS group had a rectal temperature over 39.4 degrees C. At 24 h after infusion, the rectal temperatures returned to pre-infusion levels. Serum Ca and P concentrations in the LPS group decreased (P < 0.05) after LPS infusion compared with the control group at 1 h after infusion. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in the concentrations of 25-OHD were observed between groups control and LPS at any sampling time. Increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6 and cortisol were observed in the LPS group compared with the control group at 3 and 7 h after infusion respectively. In conclusion, the elevation of serum concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and cortisol and the alterations of circulating concentrations of Ca and P following LPS infusion indicate that the immune system has been activated and immune activation may affect macromineral homeostatic regulation, which might have important implications for metabolic health of lactating sows. Lowered serum Ca and P following immune activation also shows a causative mechanism whereby immune activation increases the risk of secondary disorders such as mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome. However, immune activation did not affect circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. 相似文献
6.
Gómez NV Castillo VA Gisbert MA Pisano P Mira G Fontanals A Blatter MF 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,143(3-4):332-337
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes a progressive disruption of immune function in cats. The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bidirectionally, mediated by cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF), several interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10), and through signals induced by the ratio of IL-10 to IL-12. FIV can affect both pituitary adrenal and thyroid axis function. Twenty FIV-infected cats in similar stages of the disease were evaluated for six months. A cross-sectional study in which the twenty cats were divided into two groups was performed. Ten were treated with Zidovudine (ZDV: 5mg/kg/d, PO, q12h, for six months) and 10 were untreated. Plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, T4, FT4, T3, IL-10, IL-12 and viral load (VL) were evaluated after six months. ACTH was found in significantly lower concentrations (p<0.0001) in the treated group whereas cortisol did not show significant differences between the two groups. Both T4 and FT4 had high values in untreated individuals (p<0.001) compared with Zidovudine treated cats. T3 did not show significant differences between the two groups. Both IL-10 and IL-12 were found in significantly higher concentrations in ZDV treated cats (p<0.001). By contrast, the IL10/IL-12 ratio values were significantly lower in untreated cats. Viral load was significantly lower in the treated cats after six months of therapy, compared with values detected pre-treatment (p<0.002). Untreated cats showed a significant increase of VL (p<0.04) compared with the values at the beginning of the study. In treated cats, VL showed lower numbers of viral copies than in untreated cats (p<0.01). In summary, Zidovudine treatment appeared to contribute to the normalization of both the adrenal and thyroid axes. This effect could be attributed to the decrease observed in VL, resulting in a change in cytokine patterns. 相似文献
7.
《Domestic animal endocrinology》1998,15(5):309-319
To understand why sick animals do not eat, investigators have studied how the immune system interacts with the central nervous system (CNS), where motivation to eat is ultimately controlled. The focus has been on the cytokines secreted by activated mononuclear myeloid cells, which include interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Either central or peripheral injection of recombinant IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α reduce food-motivated behavior and food intake in rodents. Moreover, these cytokines and their receptors are present in the endocrine system and brain, and antagonism of this system (i.e., the cytokine network) has been shown to block or abrogate anorexia induced by inflammatory stimuli. Recent studies indicate that the same cytokines act on adipocytes and induce secretion of leptin, a protein whose activity has been neuroanatomically mapped to brain areas involved in regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Therefore, many findings converge to suggest that the reduction of food intake in sick animals is mediated by inflammatory cytokines, which convey a message from the immune system to the endocrine system and CNS. The nature of this interaction is the focus of this short review. 相似文献
8.
本试验旨在研究茶皂素对荷斯坦奶牛的血清免疫相关细胞因子含量及其mRNA表达量的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选取4头瘤胃瘘管奶牛,每头奶牛分别灌注0(对照)、15、30、45 g/d的茶皂素,预试期14 d,正试期21 d,共4期。采用酶联免疫吸附剂测定(ELISA)法试剂盒测定血清中免疫球蛋白(Ig)、白细胞介素(IL)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法测定淋巴细胞IL-1、IL-6、IL-10和TNF-αmRNA表达量。结果显示:1)30 g/d茶皂素组奶牛血清Ig M含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。2)15 g/d茶皂素组奶牛血清IL-1含量显著高于对照组和45 g/d茶皂素组(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,15、30、45 g/d茶皂素组奶牛血清IL-1、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-αmRNA表达量均无显著差异(P0.05),但45 g/d茶皂素组可提高以上细胞因子mRNA表达量。由此可见,茶皂素可提高奶牛血清中Ig及免疫相关细胞因子含量,并提高细胞因子IL-6 mRNA表达量,表明茶皂素可提高奶牛免疫功能。 相似文献
9.
The effects of administration of the immunomodulator Ergosan, an algal extract containing alginic acid, in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to AquaVac vaccination, were tested. Juveniles treated with Ergosan, 95 days after the beginning of first solid feeding and control fish fed solely on commercial diet, were vaccinated by immersion in AquaVac solution. The time-course of the effects of vaccination on liver immunorelated gene modulation and on the tolerance to stress manipulation connected with the vaccination was investigated. Liver and plasma sampling was performed at the following times: T=pre-vaccination, T0=5min, T1=2h, T2=8h, T3=24h, T4=48h and T5=72h post-vaccination. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha 2 (TNF alpha 2) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) gene expression in trout liver was monitored by real-time PCR using Acidic Ribosomal Phosphoprotein P0 (ARP) as internal standard. The evaluation of the plasma cortisol levels was performed by EIA. In AquaVac-vaccinated fish, both the gene expression of Hsp70 and the plasma cortisol levels during the time-course were significantly (P<0.05) lower in Ergosan-treated fish with respect to control, indicating the positive role of Ergosan on handling stress tolerance. This study also demonstrated the stimulatory properties of Ergosan on cytokine genes expression involved in innate immune response: liver IL-1beta, IL-8 and TNF alpha 2 gene expression was significantly (P<0.05) higher in trout fed on Ergosan compared to control, indicating a positive role of this feed additive in improving the immune responsiveness to AquaVac vaccine. 相似文献
10.
11.
Bovine interleukin 2: regulatory mechanisms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N S Magnuson A G Spies M S Nissen C D Buck A D Weinberg P J Barr J A Magnuson R Reeves 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1987,17(1-4):183-192
A cDNA clone of the bovine interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene has been isolated and demonstrated to produce a functional bovine IL-2 protein when transfected into either CV-1 or COS-1 monkey cells. Homology comparisons of both the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of bovine IL-2 with those of the human and mouse show extensive regions of sequence conservation between the species. The amino acid sequence of the mature bovine IL-2 protein shares about 60-63% homology with those of the human and mouse, but the 3' untranslated regions of the human and mouse gene share as much, if not greater, sequence homology with the 3' untranslated regions of the human and mouse genes. In particular, a tandemly repeated sequence (TATT), n, found in the 3' untranslated tail of the bovine IL-2 clone is also found in the 3' untranslated region of a large group of cytokine genes and other inducible genes of the lymphoid and immune response systems. This sequence may serve a specific regulatory function in the immune system. 相似文献
12.
13.
Lykkegaard K Lauritzen B Tessem L Weikop P Svendsen O 《Research in veterinary science》2005,79(3):922-251
The effect of local anaesthetics on spinal nociception and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) was examined in a porcine model of abdominal surgery. A standardised laparotomy without visceral involvement was performed on 24 pigs. One group received a unilateral infiltration of mixed lidocaine and bupivacaine in skin, muscle and peritoneum of the surgical area prior to surgery (n=12), while local anaesthetics were replaced by isotonic saline in a second group (n=12). A sham group was subjected to anaesthesia (n=8), but did not undergo surgery. Two hours after surgery, half of the pigs from each group were perfused with formalin and the spinal cord was taken out for stereological quantification of the total number of Fos-like-immunoreactive (Fos-LI) neurones in the dorsal horn. Surgery with saline gave rise to a significant increase in the number of Fos-LI neurones ipsilaterally (107,001+/-16,548; p<0.001) as well as contralaterally (12,766+/-3,842; p<0.01) compared to the sham group. In animals undergoing surgery with LA, the number of Fos-LI neurones ipsilaterally was not significantly different from the sham group (p=0.78), and was reduced significantly both ipsilaterally (6960+/-1662; p<0.001) and contralaterally (3974+/-1131; p<0.05) compared to the saline group. In the other half of each group, blood samples, for determination of ACTH, cortisol, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 concentrations, were drawn prior to and at predetermined time-points during and after surgery. Surgery with saline gave rise to dramatic increases in plasma ACTH and cortisol (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively) within 15 min of incision. In contrast, no changes from the initial concentrations of ACTH and cortisol were observed in pigs receiving local anaesthetics. No changes in plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein or interleukin-6 were observed in either of the groups. These results indicate that spinal nociception and HPA-axis activation caused by laparotomy in pigs can be attenuated by use of infiltration and incisional local anaesthetics prior to surgery. The present model provides a valuable tool in the evaluation of analgesic treatment during surgery, offering objective measures of both nociception and stress. 相似文献
14.
Paolo Borghetti Roberta Saleri Eugenio Mocchegiani Attilio Corradi Paolo Martelli 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2009,130(3-4):141-162
The Central Nervous (CNS) and Immune Systems (IS) are the two major adaptive systems which respond rapidly to numerous challenges that are able to compromise health. The defensive response strictly linking innate to acquired immunity, works continuously to limit pathogen invasion and damage. The efficiency of the innate response is crucial for survival and for an optimum priming of acquired immunity. During infection, the immune response is modulated by an integrated neuro-immune network which potentiates innate immunity, controls potential harmful effects and also addresses metabolic and nutritional modifications supporting immune function. In the last decade much knowledge has been gained on the molecular signals that orchestrate this integrated adaptive response, with focus on the systemic mediators which have a crucial role in driving and controlling an efficient protective response. These mediators are also able to signal alterations and control pathway dysfunctions which may be involved in the persistence and/or overexpression of inflammation that may lead to tissue damage and to a negative metabolic impact, causing retarded growth.This review aims to describe some important signalling pathways which drive bidirectional communication between the Immune and Nervous Systems during infection. Particular emphasis is placed on pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunomodulator hormones such as Glucocorticoids (GCs), Growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Leptin, as well as nutritional factors such as Zinc (Zn).Finally, the review includes up-to-date information on this neuroimmune cross-talk in domestic animals. Data in domestic animal species are still limited, but there are several exciting areas of research, like the potential interaction pathways between mediators (i.e. cytokine-HPA regulation, IL-6-GCS-Zn, cytokines-GH/IGF-1, IL-6-GH-Leptin and thymus activity) that are or could be promising topics of future research in veterinary medicine. 相似文献
15.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute phase response (APR) in cloned pigs derived from two different cell lines [C1 (n = 2) and C2 (n = 7)] as compared to genetically similar non-cloned pigs (CONT; n = 11) following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 25 microg/kg BW) challenge. Pigs were weaned at 21 days of age and maintained in individual pens in the same room until sample collection approximately 1 week later. Blood samples were collected every 30 min for 2 h prior to and 4h after the LPS challenge. Serum samples were analyzed for cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Average gestational length for cloned pigs, 118.8 +/- 0.97 days, was longer (P < 0.005) than that of CONT pigs, 114+/-0.41 days. For serum cortisol, there was a time by group interaction (P < 0.0001) such that the cortisol response was greater in CONT pigs as compared to C2 pigs (P < 0.0001), but not different from C1 pigs (P > 0.74). A time by group interaction (P < 0.0001) was observed for serum TNF-alpha such that the TNF-alpha response was greater in CONT pigs as compared to C2 pigs (P = 0.0002) and tended to be greater (P < 0.06) than C1 pigs. A time by group interaction (P < 0.0001) was also observed for serum IL-6 such that the serum IL-6 response was greater (P < 0.003) in CONT pigs as compared to C2 pigs and there was a trend (P = 0.10) for serum IL-6 to be greater in CONT pigs compared to the C1 pigs. These are the first results to demonstrate that cortisol and proinflammatory cytokine profiles associated with the APR of cloned pigs are altered compared to genetically similar non-cloned pigs. Our results also indicate that the cell line from which clones are derived may dictate the APR. The hormone and cytokine profiles reported herein are a significant contribution towards our understanding, and perhaps our ability to prevent or reduce the incidence of premature deaths in cloned animals and warrants further investigation of the immune system of cloned animals. 相似文献
16.
Regulation of the growth hormone and luteinizing hormone response to endotoxin in sheep 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Infectious disease processes cause physiological adaptations in animals to reorder nutrient partitioning and other functions to support host survival. Endocrine, immune and nervous systems largely mediate this process. Using endotoxin injection as a model for catabolic disease processes (such as bacterial septicemia), we have focused our attention on regulation of growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in sheep. Endotoxin produces an increase in plasma GH and a decrease in plasma LH concentrations. This pattern can be reproduced, in part, by administration of various cytokines. Antagonists to both interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) given intravenously (IV) prevented the endotoxin-stimulated increase in GH. Since endotoxin will directly stimulate GH and LH release from cultured pituitary cells, the data suggest a pituitary site of action of the endotoxin to regulate GH. Studies with portal vein cannulated sheep indicated that gonadotropin releasing hormone was inhibited by endotoxin, suggesting a central site of action of endotoxin to regulate LH. However, other studies suggest that endotoxin may also regulate LH secretion at the pituitary. Thus, IL-1 and TNF regulate GH release from the pituitary gland while endotoxin induces a central inhibition of LH release. 相似文献
17.
The reproductive system at the neuroendocrine-immune interface: focus on LHRH,estrogens and growth factors in LHRH neuron-glial interactions 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Morale MC Gallo F Tirolo C L'Episcopo F Gennuso F Testa N Caniglia S Spina-Purrello V Avola R Scoto GM Marchetti B 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2003,25(1):21-46
Bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Signals generated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (i.e. luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, LHRH, and sex steroids) are major players coordinating the development immune system function. Conversely, products generated by immune system activation exert powerful and longlasting effects on HPG axis activity. In the central nervous system (CNS), one chief neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) compartment is represented by the astroglial cell population and its mediators. Of special interest, the major supporting cells of the brain and the thymus, astrocytes and thymic epithelial cells, share a similar origin and a similar set of peptides, transmitters, hormones and cytokines functioning as paracrine/autocrine regulators. This may explain some fundamental analogies in LHRH regulation of both cell types during ontogeny and in adult life. Hence, the neuropeptide LHRH significantly modulates astrocyte and thymic cell development and function. Here we focus this work on LHRH neuron-glial signaling cascades which dictate major changes during LHRH neuronal differentiation and growth as well as in response to hormonal manipulations and pro-inflammatory challenges. The interplay between LHRH, growth factors, estrogens and pro-inflammatory mediators will be discussed, and the potential physiopathological implications of these findings summarized. The overall study highlights the plasticity of this intersystem cross-talk and emphasize neuron-glial interactions as a key regulatory level of neuroendocrine axes activity. 相似文献
18.
This study tested the hypotheses that: (1) either acute stress induced by Burdizzo castration, or cortisol infusion would modulate plasma glucose, insulin and growth hormone (GH) concentrations; and (2) immune modulation induced by cortisol would be dependent on the pattern, intensity and duration of circulating cortisol concentrations. Fifty 9.2-month-old Holstein×Friesian bulls (232±2.0 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of five treatments (n=10 per treatment): (1) sham handled control; (2) Burdizzo castration; (3) hydrocortisone infusion to mimic the castration-induced secretion pattern of cortisol; (4) hourly pulse infusion of hydrocortisone; and (5) sustained infusion of hydrocortisone for 8 h. Blood samples were collected intensively on day 0, and weekly from days 1 to 35. Castration acutely increased plasma cortisol, GH and haptoglobin concentrations, suppressed lymphocyte in vitro interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, but had no effect on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Cortisol infusion to simulate the castration-induced secretion pattern of cortisol, and pulse infusion of cortisol did not suppress the IFN-γ production. A sustained infusion of cortisol resulted in the transient suppression of IFN-γ production. Moreover, the sustained cortisol infusion resulted in increased plasma glucose, insulin and GH concentrations. The overall 14-day feed intakes and 35-day growth rates were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, cortisol infusion to induce immune suppression in vivo occurred only at pharmacological doses. Within physiological ranges, cortisol was not associated with the suppression of immune function, indicating that during castration cortisol per se is not responsible for the suppression of in vitro IFN-γ production. 相似文献
19.
P.N. Williams C.T. Collier J.A. Carroll T.H. Welsh Jr J.C. Laurenz 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2009
The temporal pattern and sex effect of immune and stress hormone responses to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge were assessed using a pig model. Secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 increased in a time-dependent manner following LPS infusion. There was also a time-dependent increase in secretion of the stress-related hormones cortisol, epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) following LPS, with peak concentrations attained within 30 min. The magnitude of the TNF-α and IL-1β responses were both positively associated (P < 0.05) with the magnitude of cortisol response following LPS, whereas serum IL-1β and IL-6 were positively correlated with the magnitude of E and NE responses following LPS. Acute-phase protein production was also time-dependently increased following LPS. The concentration of immune cells in circulation was decreased (P < 0.05) at 5.5 h post-LPS and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine production. By 24 h post-LPS, immune cell counts increased (P < 0.05) and were positively associated with both pro-inflammatory cytokine and stress hormone production. The amplitude of pro-inflammatory cytokine response following LPS was affected (P < 0.05) by sex classification; however, the magnitude of elevated cytokine concentrations was not. The magnitude of the NE response, but not of the E and cortisol responses, to LPS was influenced by sex (P < 0.05). Similar to the pro-inflammatory cytokines, the magnitude of exposure to the stress hormones following LPS was not influenced by sex. The production of serum amyloid A (SAA) was influenced by sex, with barrows producing more SAA than gilts at 24 h post-LPS (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results demonstrate sex-specific, concomitant temporal changes in innate immune- and stress-related hormones. 相似文献
20.
D W Horohov A Dimock P Guirnalda R W Folsom K H McKeever K Malinowski 《American journal of veterinary research》1999,60(5):643-647
OBJECTIVE: To compare exercise-induced immune modulation in young and older horses. ANIMALS: 6 young and 6 aged horses that were vaccinated against equine influenza virus. PROCEDURE: Venous blood samples were collected for immunologic assessment before and immediately after exercise at targeted heart rates and after exercise for determination of plasma lactate and cortisol concentrations. Mononuclear cells were assayed for lymphoproliferative responses and incubated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) to induce lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Antibodies to equine influenza virus were measured. RESULTS: Older horses had significantly lower proliferative responses to mitogens than younger horses prior to exercise. Exercise caused a significant decrease in lymphoproliferative response of younger horses, but not of older horses. Activity of LAK cells increased slightly with exercise intensity in younger horses. Cortisol concentrations increased in both groups after exercise; younger horses had higher concentrations after exercise at heart rates of 180 and 200 beats/min than those of older horses. Plasma lactate concentrations increased with exercise intensity but there were no differences between older and younger horses. Older horses had lower antibody titers to equine influenza virus than younger horses. Exercise did not affect antibody titers. CONCLUSION: Although lymphoproliferative responses and antibody titers of older horses were less than those of younger horses, older horses were more resistant to exercise-induced changes in immune function, possibly because of lower cortisol concentrations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Stress and aging are known to affect immune function. Older horses had reduced immune function, but were more resistant to exercise-induced immune suppression than younger horses. 相似文献