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1.
Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart (Greek oregano) has been cultivated since ancient times thanks to its herbal and therapeutic properties. Currently, it is added in various commercial preparations thanks to its essential oil composition. This group of secondary compounds is affected in quantity and quality by biotic and abiotic factors during the cultivating phase and by the postharvest management. Thus, the aims of the work were to study: (1) how the growing conditions (soil full-light treatment; pot full-light treatment; pot 50%-shade treatment) can affect the essential oil content and the essential oil profile of Greek oregano branches at full-blossoming stage; and (2) how the postharvest management (distillation of the essential oil from fresh herbs, dehumidified herbs or oven-dried herbs) can affect the essential oil content and the essential oil profile of this species. The growing conditions significantly affected the biometrical parameters. The pot full-light treatment contained the highest dry matter percentage (36.5%) and the highest essential oil content, which was directly correlated to the former parameter (r = 0.890**). The postharvest management did not affect the essential oil content. The growing condition significantly affected the characterizing γ-terpinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, 4-terpineol, α-terpinene, linalyl acetate, and β-bisabolene, while it did not affect carvacrol (mean value 15.8%), p-cymene (mean value 6.0%), or sabinene (mean value 3.9%). The postharvest management significantly affected carvacrol, cis-sabinene hydrate, 4-terpineol, p-cymene, α-terpinene, linalyl acetate, and β-bisabolene, while it did not affect γ-terpinene (mean value 14.7%). The response of some compounds to growing conditions led us to hypothesise an essential oil profile of the plants grown in pots at 50%-shade to be more of a vegetative stage type oil than the essential oil profile of the plants grown in soil, although all were at the blossoming stage. The analyses on the individual compounds indicated that, even though the essential oil content in oregano did not change with a change in postharvest management, biochemical changes occurred on the profile. These could be due to enzyme activity, dilution effect or temperature effect during the drying processes. The oven-drying process and the dehumidifying process changed the essential oil profile in a similar way compared to the essential oil profile distilled from fresh herbs. Thus, when it is not possible to extract the essential oil directly from fresh herbs, processors can dry the oregano according to the equipments they have available.  相似文献   

2.
Plants belonging to four “oregano” plant species (Origanum hirtum L., Origanum onites L., Coridothymus capitatus L., and Satureja thymbra L.) were collected during flowering from 33 sites located in the eastern part of the Greek island of Ikaria in the Eastern Aegean during April, May and July 2008. C. capitatus and O. hirtum were mostly observed in higher altitudes, whereas O. onites and S. thymbra in lower ones. The spatial distribution of all species was depicted on a GIS map. All four species exhibited essential oil concentrations higher than those reported in earlier literature, namely O. onites 3-4.3%, S. thymbra 4-6.5%, C. capitatus 3.7-5.6% and O. hirtum 5.5-10.0% (v/w). Carvacrol was the main constituent of the essential oils of all species, followed by γ-terpinene, p-cymene and caryophyllene, while thymol was not detected. All constituents varied remarkably among the four species, with carvacrol exhibiting the lowest variation. Carvacrol content varied between 72.3 and 89.2% in O. onites; 46.5 and 58.0% in S. thymbra; 82.9 and 90.9% in C. capitatus; and 84.4 and 93.8% in O. hirtum. By applying hierarchical cluster analysis on the basis of the essential oil constituents two main groups, divided into four subgroups of the taxa were evident. The first group consisted of O. onites and S. thymbra, while the second one of C. capitatus and O. hirtum. The results are discussed in terms of topography and climatic variation.  相似文献   

3.
The chemical composition of essential oils isolated from aerial parts of native populations of Origanum vulgare L. from northwestern Himalaya was investigated by enantioselective gas chromatography (enantio-GC), capillary-gas chromatography (capillary-GC) and GC–MS. Seventy compounds, which accounted for 84.9–97% of the oil composition, have been identified. The oils were allotted to two main groups; the first group had a high percentage of components belonging to the thymol/carvacrol biosynthetic pathway and the second was characterized by a different sesquiterpene composition and a high linalool and bornyl acetate percentage. Essential oils of O. vulgare populations from Rilkot and Dhanachuli areas in northwestern Himalaya were characterized by high monoterpenoids proportions as compared to Nainital and Bhowali populations, which were dominated by sesquiterpenoids. High proportions of thymol (29.2–82%) were found only in two populations. Composition of the samples collected from Dhanachuli area differed from Nainital and Bhowali collections by a unique presence of carvacrol. Notably, there were significant differences in the concentration of rest of the terpenes in all the collections. On enantio-GC, enantiomeric excess for (3R) (−)- and (3S) (+)-linalool, (S) (+)- and (R) (−)-terpinen-4-ol, (S) (−)- and (R) (+)-α-terpineol, (1S) (−)-bornyl acetate and (1S) (−)-borneol were established in populations from Bhowali and Dhanachuli area. Moreover, linalool type oregano may be useful in promoting wider commercial utilization of the biodiversity of this species.  相似文献   

4.
To compare the response of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations to soil moisture regimes and nitrogen fertilization, a greenhouse experiment with three populations of oregano cultivated in Germany (O. vulgare var. creticum, O. vulgare ssp. hirtum, O. vulgare var. samothrake) was conducted during 2006–2007 at the research station Rauischholzhausen of Justus Liebig University in Germany. A completely randomized experimental design with three soil moisture regimes (optimal, consistent water deficiency and water deficiency from the beginning of flowering) and two nitrogen fertilization levels with six replications was realized. Dry matter production of population O. vulgare var. samothrake was stable for two experiment years, whereas those of the populations O. vulgare var. creticum and O. vulgare ssp. hirtum were higher in 2007 than in 2006. Among tested populations O. vulgare var. samothrake showed the highest essential oil content in both experiment years. Consistent water deficiency caused reduction of dry matter, but not essential oil content. Water deficiency in flowering stage reduced also dry matter production, but increased essential oil content, resulting in the highest essential oil yield in 2006 and a comparable essential oil yield as control in 2007. Higher nitrogen levels caused an increase in dry matter production of oregano for both experiment years and a decrease in essential oil content in 2007, which can be explained in terms of dilution effect. Totally, 42 compounds were identified in essential oils of three populations by means of GC–MS. Carvacrol was the dominant compound (70.0–77.4%) for all essential oil samples, followed by γ-terpinene (8.1–9.5%) and p-cymene (4.5–5.3%). The composition of essential oil of oregano populations was independent of cultivation conditions. In conclusion, the population of O. vulgare var. samothrake showed a stable dry matter yield with higher essential oil content than the populations of O. vulgare var. creticum and O. vulgare ssp. hirtum. Water deficiency after beginning of blooming (folded flowers) can induce an increase in essential oil content and thus result in higher quality of oregano herbage and higher water use efficiency of oregano plants.  相似文献   

5.
Essential oils from 22 aromatic plant species were tested for mortality of the mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus. Lethal concentrations were determined for individual essential oils. Essential oils obtained from Thymus vulgaris, Satureja hortensis and Thymus satureioides plants showed the highest effect, with LC50 found lower than 50 μg/ml (33, 36 and 44 μg/ml, respectively). Analyses showed that majority substances for T. vulgaris were thymol and p-cymene (60.3 and 10.1%, respectively); carvacrol and γ-terpinene for S. hortensis (48.1 and 36.7%, respectively), and borneol and thymol for T. satureioides (30.3 and 32.5%, respectively).The selected essential oils also showed very good effectiveness with respect to mortality and percentage of adult emergence upon short-term exposure in water contaminated with lethal doses of individual oils. While there was 77% adult emergence from the larvae in the control, in T. vulgaris, T. satureoides and S. hortensis there was only 12.3, 15.3 and 16.0% adult emergence, respectively. High antioviposition effectiveness was found in all selected oils. Almost 100% deterrence of female oviposition was determined for all oils in concentrations of 0.02%. Significant differences were seen with tested concentrations of 0.01 and 0.005%, where the oil of T. vulgaris proved most effective (repellency about 99.8 and 62.3%, respectively).  相似文献   

6.
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Chinese native Cryptomeria japonica and Cryptomeria fortunei were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils of C. japonica with α-elemol (20.12%), kaur-16-ene (14.84%), β-phellandrene (5.97%), β-elemene (5.87%), α-eudesmol (5.62%) and β-eudesmol (5.03%) as main constituents. Forty components were identified in the oil of C. fortunei with kaurene (34.04%), α-elemol (13.34%), γ-eudesmol (10.80%), β-eudesmol (10.16%), α-pinene (2.75%) and γ-cadinene (1.92%) as the most abundant components. This study demonstrated the occurrence of α-elemol chemotype in C. japonica and kaurene chemotype in C. fortunei from China. The essential oil compositions of two Cryptomeria samples were shown that they can be used for green plant protection, pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries.  相似文献   

7.
With recent public attention focused on chemical residues in food, the managing of plant disease organisms without the use of conventional chemical fungicides or bactericides can sometimes be a challenge. The main aim of this study was the evaluation of the antifungal activity of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Prostrates’, Salvia officinalis and their major constituents (carvacrol, thymol, linalool, eucalyptol) against the fungus Pilidiella granati. The results showed that the essential oil vapour of O. basilicum, S. officinalis, R. officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Prostrates’, O. vulgare had fungicidal activities against the mycelial growth and conidia germination of P. granati, the pathogen causing postharvest fruit rots in pomegranate. However, in vivo experiments, only the essential oils of O. vulgare and O. basilicum controlled this fungus effectively with the essential oil of O. vulgare to being more effective at the same rates. Analysis showed a high number of compounds in each essential oil, with carvacrol, eucalyptol, linalool and thymol predominating. Thymol and carvacrol primarily and linalool secondary showed antifungicidal activity against P. granati. These results represent an important step towards the goal using essential oils from O. basilicum, S. officinalis, R. officinalis, R. officinalis ‘Prostrates”, O. vulgare and their constituents carvacrol and thymol to control of the pathogen P. granati of pomegranate.  相似文献   

8.
High resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (HRFTMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were employed as complementary metabolomic tools to dereplicate the chemical profile of the new and antitrypanosomally active sponge-associated bacterium Actinokineospora sp. EG49 extract. Principal Component (PCA), hierarchical clustering (HCA), and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to evaluate the HRFTMS and NMR data of crude extracts from four different fermentation approaches. Statistical analysis identified the best culture one-strain-many-compounds (OSMAC) condition and extraction procedure, which was used for the isolation of novel bioactive metabolites. As a result, two new O-glycosylated angucyclines, named actinosporins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the broth culture of Actinokineospora sp. strain EG49, which was cultivated from the Red Sea sponge Spheciospongia vagabunda. The structures of actinosporins A and B were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, as well as high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Testing for antiparasitic properties showed that actinosporin A exhibited activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei with an IC50 value of 15 µM; however no activity was detected against Leishmania major and Plasmodium falciparum, therefore suggesting its selectivity against the parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei; the causative agent of sleeping sickness.  相似文献   

9.
The development of natural crop protective products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides is currently in the spotlight. In vitro experiments are valuable precursors to more costly in vivo trials, allowing the identification of effective essential oils and establishing the concentrations required for inhibition of a specific, or spectrum of decay pathogens. In this study, the antifungal properties of eighteen essential oils were evaluated in vitro by addition to the fungal growth medium of five pathogens (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria citrii, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum) isolated from mango, avocado, citrus, grapes and cactus pear. The inhibitory properties of some of the major compounds of the oils, identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection were also determined. Most of the oils were selected on the basis of commercial availability and for containing a predominant compound. Visual inspection of fungal growth was done and the lowest concentration where fungal growth was completely inhibited on all replicates was recorded. Thyme oil proved to be the most effective inhibitor, totally inhibiting all of the pathogens tested at concentrations of 1000 μl/l and lower, with the exception of a resistant Penicillium strain. Cinnamon oil, rich in eugenol (81.2%), demonstrated good fungicide potential, while the carvone-rich oils displayed promising activity against the citrus pathogens. Oils characterized by high concentrations of S-carvone were less effective than those containing the R-enantiomer. Essential oil of Lippia citriodora was active against all of the pathogens, excluding L. theobromae from avocado. These essential oils, applied alone or in combination, are good candidates for further in vivo testing and for investigations concerning their modes of action.  相似文献   

10.
The main source of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in human nutrition is currently seafood, especially oily fish. Nonetheless, due to cultural or individual preferences, convenience, geographic location, or awareness of risks associated to fatty fish consumption, the intake of fatty fish is far from supplying the recommended dietary levels. The end result observed in most western countries is not only a low supply of n-3 LC-PUFA, but also an unbalance towards the intake of n-6 fatty acids, resulting mostly from the consumption of vegetable oils. Awareness of the benefits of LC-PUFA in human health has led to the use of fish oils as food supplements. However, there is a need to explore alternatives sources of LC-PUFA, especially those of microbial origin. Microalgae species with potential to accumulate lipids in high amounts and to present elevated levels of n-3 LC-PUFA are known in marine phytoplankton. This review focuses on sources of n-3 LC-PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, in marine microalgae, as alternatives to fish oils. Based on current literature, examples of marketed products and potentially new species for commercial exploitation are presented.  相似文献   

11.
Three metabolites of fucoxanthin were isolated from a brown alga, Scytosiphon lomentaria, and the structure of a new compound was determined by NMR. The content of fucoxanthin, a biologically active carotenoid, in four edible brown algae, cultivated in deep seawater, was studied.  相似文献   

12.
The high infraspecific chemical and morphological polymorphism is characteristic for species of genus thyme (Thymus L.). This characteristic can be subservient to the selection of valuable clones from natural habitats. The objective of the present study was to select valuable Thyme clones from native flora of Lithuania according to the productivity of biomass and chemical composition of essential oils for the cultivation. Two Thymus species, namely large thyme (T. pulegioides L.) and wild thyme (T. serpyllum L.), grow wild in Lithuania and other Baltic States (Latvia and Estonia). Was established that T. pulegioides is more suitable for the cultivation than T. serpyllum, because can grow more dried total biomass (up to 3 times), are higher (2.8 times) and synthesize higher amount of essential oils with significant amounts of such biologically active compounds as the thymol, carvacrol, geraniol or linalool. Four most fecund clones of T. pulegioides (the total biomass of dried plant 29–45 g, the amount of essential oil in whole plant 0.5–0.7%) were selected which accumulate the highest amounts of thymol (up to 26.1%), carvacrol (up to 31.0%), geraniol (up to 45.0%) and linalool (up to 80.3%). The cultivation of these clones enables to get the high yield of biomass and chemically homogeneous herbal raw material of desirable chemical composition for the phytomedicines and phytocosmetics.  相似文献   

13.
This study is designed to examine the yield components, fatty acid, and essential oil compositions and phenolic contents fruit essential oil composition, the total phenolic amounts as well as the antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds under drought. This plant is one of the most common aromatics in the Mediterranean kitchen. Plants were treated with different levels of water deficit: control (C), moderate water deficit (MWD) and severe water deficit (SWD). Our results indicated that MWD improved the number of umbels per plant as well as the number of umbellets per umbel and the seed yield, in comparison to the control, but it decreased under SWD. Fatty acid composition analysis indicated that petroselinic acid was the major fatty acid (55.9%) followed by palmitic (23.82%) and linoleic (12.40%) acids. Water deficit enhanced the palmitic acid percentage and affected the double bound index of the fatty acid pool and thus the oil quality. The essential oil yield was 1.64% based on the dry weight and increased by 1.40 folds under MWD. Nevertheless it decreased by 37.19% under SWD in comparison to the non treated seeds. Drought results on the modification of the essential oil chemotype from γ-terpinene/phenyl-1,2 ethanediol in the control seeds to γ-terpinene/cuminaldehyde in stressed ones. Besides, total phenolic contents were higher in the treated seeds (MWD and SWD). Results suggest that water deficit treatment may regulate the production of bioactive compounds in cumin seeds, influencing their nutritional and industrial values. Besides, antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by four different test systems, namely DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid chelating and reducing power assays and showed that treated seeds (MWD and SWD) exhibited the highest activity.  相似文献   

14.
Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Cryptomeria fortunei from the principal habitats in China. The essential oil yields of samples from various locations ranged from 0.61 to 1.66% (w/w). GC-MS analysis revealed eighty-seven compounds, constituting 85.89-94.75% of the total essential oils. The main constituents were kaurene (0-44.69%), phyllocladene (0.07-32.98%), kaur-16-ene (0-32.28%), elemol (5.28-18.92%), α-cadinol (0-11.39%), α-eudesmol (0-11.21%), α-pinene (2.32-9.15%). The samples were separated into 3 chemotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis, according to the composition of the corresponding essential oils. Chemical composition of essential oils was significantly related to nine geographic distributions among populations. Our results revealed chemical polymorphism in the essential oils of the C. fortunei leaf in China. The chemical variability could be attributed to genetic and environmental factors. The chemical diversity of the oils offers opportunity to choose C. fortunei leaves and essential oils with preferential compound for green plant protection, pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries.  相似文献   

15.
The full whole culture (FWC), containing parasporal protein toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis israelinsis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus 2362 (Bs), either singly or in combination with plant oils and commercial insecticides, was tested against larval and adult stages of Culex pipiens mosquitoes under controlled laboratory conditions. In terms of LC50 values recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, the bacterial toxins showed high potency towards both larvae and adults of mosquitoes in a dose-dependent manner. Generally, the Bti toxin seemed to be more potent than the Bs toxin. For example, the Bti toxin showed a 24 h LC50 of 8.2 ppm against mosquito larvae compared to 13.6 ppm for the Bs toxin. In the adult bioassay, the obtained 24 h LC50 values were 0.064 and 0.085 mg/cm2, respectively for the two bacterial toxins. The bacterial toxins mixed with plant oils or insecticides at equitoxic doses (e.g., LC25 values) mostly showed potentiation effects, either against larvae or adults of the tested insect. Among a total of 14 paired mixtures, only the joint action estimated for the mixture of malathion + Bti or Bs was accounted as additively. Combining Bti or Bs endotoxins at LC0 with different plant oils and insecticides at LC50 concentration levels each, has resulted in considerable synergism against either larvae or adults. In the case of larval bioassays, the maximum synergistic factor (SF) obtained (ca. 2.0) was entitled to the mixture of Bti + spinosad. In the adult bioassays, the mixtures containing Curcuma longa or Melia azedarach oil extracts with Bti or Bs toxins achieved a SF accounted to 2.0. The results of the present study may be considered as an additional contribution to the area of joint toxicity of biocidal agents combining bacterial toxins, plant oils and traditional insecticides. The reached findings may encourage future research to elucidate its performance under practical field conditions.  相似文献   

16.
To expand the potential of pseudopterosins and seco-pseudopterosins isolated from the octocoral Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae of San Andrés and Providencia islands (southwest Caribbean Sea), we report the anti-microbial profile against four pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans) and report a more complete cytotoxic profile against five human cells lines (HeLa, PC-3, HCT116, MCF-7 and BJ) for the compounds PsG, PsP, PsQ, PsS, PsT, PsU, 3-O-acetyl-PsU, seco-PsJ, seco-PsK and IMNGD. For the cytotoxic profiles, all compounds evaluated showed moderate and non-selective activity against both tumor and normal cell lines, where PsQ and PsG were the most active compounds (GI50 values between 5.8 μM to 12.0 μM). With respect to their anti-microbial activity the compounds showed good and selective activity against the Gram-positive bacteria, while they did not show activity against the Gram-negative bacterium or yeast. PsU, PsQ, PsS, seco-PsK and PsG were the most active compounds (IC50 2.9–4.5 μM) against S. aureus and PsG, PsU and seco-PsK showed good activity (IC50 3.1–3.8 μM) against E. faecalis, comparable to the reference drug vancomycin (4.2 μM).  相似文献   

17.
Some microbial species are chemically homogenous, and the same secondary metabolites are found in all strains. In contrast, we previously found that five strains of P. luteoviolacea were closely related by 16S rRNA gene sequence but produced two different antibiotic profiles. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether such bioactivity differences could be linked to genotypes allowing methods from phylogenetic analysis to aid in selection of strains for biodiscovery. Thirteen P. luteoviolacea strains divided into three chemotypes based on production of known antibiotics and four antibacterial profiles based on inhibition assays against Vibrio anguillarum and Staphylococcus aureus. To determine whether chemotype and inhibition profile are reflected by phylogenetic clustering we sequenced 16S rRNA, gyrB and recA genes. Clustering based on 16S rRNA gene sequences alone showed little correlation to chemotypes and inhibition profiles, while clustering based on concatenated 16S rRNA, gyrB, and recA gene sequences resulted in three clusters, two of which uniformly consisted of strains of identical chemotype and inhibition profile. A major time sink in natural products discovery is the effort spent rediscovering known compounds, and this study indicates that phylogeny clustering of bioactive species has the potential to be a useful dereplication tool in biodiscovery efforts.  相似文献   

18.
Actinomycetes are an important resource for the discovery of natural products with therapeutic properties. Bioprospecting for actinomycetes typically proceeds without a priori knowledge of the bacterial diversity present in sampled habitats. In this study, we endeavored to determine if overall bacterial diversity in marine sediments, as determined by 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing, could be correlated with culturable actinomycete diversity, and thus serve as a powerful tool in guiding future bioprospecting efforts. Overall bacterial diversity was investigated in eight marine sediments from four sites in New Brunswick, Canada, resulting in over 44,000 high quality sequences (x = 5610 per sample). Analysis revealed all sites exhibited significant diversity (H’ = 5.4 to 6.7). Furthermore, statistical analysis of species level bacterial communities (D = 0.03) indicated community composition varied according to site and was strongly influenced by sediment physiochemical composition. In contrast, cultured actinomycetes (n = 466, 98.3% Streptomyces) were ubiquitously distributed among all sites and distribution was not influenced by sediment composition, suggesting that the biogeography of culturable actinomycetes does not correlate with overall bacterial diversity in the samples examined. These actinomycetes provide a resource for future secondary metabolite discovery, as exemplified by the antimicrobial activity observed from preliminary investigation.  相似文献   

19.
The essential oils from 9 aromatic plants were tested on repellency and mortality of Meligethes aeneus adults. All the tested essential oils caused high mortality of M. aeneus adults in the tarsal tests. The lethal doses after 6 h exposure were ranged between 197 and 1508 μg cm−2. Essential oils obtained from Carum carvi and Thymus vulgaris were most efficient where LD50 was estimated as 197 and 250 μg cm−2, respectively.Repellency declined in all the essential oils as a function of time. The longest persistence time was determined for essences obtained from C. carvi and T. vulgaris where significantly the highest repellent index of 65.6% and 63.8%, respectively, was determined. Repellent index lower than 15% was determined for the remaining essential oils.  相似文献   

20.
Cyanobacteria from underexplored and extreme habitats are attracting increasing attention in the search for new bioactive substances. However, cyanobacterial communities from tropical and subtropical regions are still largely unknown, especially with respect to metabolite production. Among the structurally diverse secondary metabolites produced by these organisms, peptides are by far the most frequently described structures. In this work, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization coupled to high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with positive ion detection was applied to study the peptide profile of a group of cyanobacteria isolated from the Southeastern Brazilian coastal forest. A total of 38 peptides belonging to three different families (anabaenopeptins, aeruginosins, and cyanopeptolins) were detected in the extracts. Of the 38 peptides, 37 were detected here for the first time. New structural features were proposed based on mass accuracy data and isotopic patterns derived from full scan and MS/MS spectra. Interestingly, of the 40 surveyed strains only nine were confirmed to be peptide producers; all of these strains belonged to the order Nostocales (three Nostoc sp., two Desmonostoc sp. and four Brasilonema sp.).  相似文献   

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