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1.
不同因素对秸秆两相厌氧消化的影响   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
两相法是有机固废物厌氧发酵的主要工艺,该文以稻秸为发酵原料,在实验室条件下比较了单相与两相法两种工艺下的产气量,研究了不同接种物对秸秆水解酸化的影响,pH值、曝气处理对相分离的效果,以期为秸秆两相法厌氧发酵工艺提供基础参数。研究结果表明,在总固体(TS)质量分数8%、35℃条件下,与秸秆单相厌氧发酵相比,采用两相工艺能将沼气中甲烷含量平均由50%提高至66%,但对秸秆原料产气量没有显著影响,接种毛头鬼伞菌（编号为0901）及厌氧污泥可以加快稻秸水解,与对照相比,稻秸半纤维素、纤维素降解率分别提高了2.11倍和8.91倍,间歇曝气不仅不能抑制产酸相产甲烷,还影响总产气量,调节酸化相pH值6.0,可以有效抑制秸秆产酸相的产甲烷,水解酸化相产气所占系统比例由79.52%下降到18.88%,甲烷相产气比例由20.48%提高到81.12%,以上研究为秸秆两相厌氧发酵控制技术提供有益参考。  相似文献   

2.
不同预处理和发酵条件对浒苔沼气产率的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
为了有效利用绿潮海藻资源,该文开展了浒苔厌氧发酵产沼气潜力及其特性的试验研究。探讨了浒苔不同预处理、发酵温度和料液浓度对产气量和所产沼气的甲烷体积分数的影响。结果表明,粉碎粒度对浒苔厌氧发酵沼气产率有一定影响,相同条件(发酵温度为35℃和料液总固体(TS)质量分数为3%)下,粗粒(1.50mm)比细粒(0.15mm)的单位质量挥发性固体(VS)产气率高,分别为327.1和458.5mL/g;发酵温度对浒苔厌氧发酵产沼气产率的影响是,随着温度的提高沼气产率先增加而后降低,当粉碎粒度为1.5mm的浒苔在发酵料液TS质量分数为3%条件下,分别在25℃、35℃和55℃温度下发酵时,35℃的料液单位质量VS产气率比25℃和45℃分别高31.3%和7.5%;随着料液TS质量分数的提高,沼气产率先增加而后降低,利用粒度为1.50mm的浒苔制备TS质量分数分别为3%、6%和10%的料液在35℃温度发酵时,TS质量分数为6%的料液产气率最高,达到465.2mL/g,所产沼气的甲烷体积分数比3%的料液高5.3%,且与10%的料液相当。因此在浒苔粉碎粒度为1.50mm,料液TS质量分数为6%以及温度为35℃的发酵条件下,对提高浒苔产气量、甲烷体积分数和发酵系统稳定性比较有利。该研究可为浒苔厌氧发酵产沼气技术和设备研发以及其他大型海藻产沼气技术的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
废弃物的高效和资源化利用是现代渔业发展面临的重要课题。该文以海带渣和养殖固废为原料开展了两相发酵产沼气效果试验研究,探讨了中温条件下(35±1℃)料液TS浓度和接种率对混合水解酸化特性以及厌氧发酵产沼气效果的影响。结果表明,海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化过程启动很快,第2天乙酸浓度即达到峰值,5 d后丙酸和丁酸浓度增幅较快,水解酸化过程中甲酸产量相对较低。不同TS浓度(6%、8%和10%)和不同接种率(10%、20%和30%)的料液水解3 d,乙酸的酸化度分别为42.6%、50.0%、49.8%和50.7%、44.3%、40.3%;主要有机酸(乙酸+丁酸+甲酸)的酸化度分别达到61.7%、68.7%、62.2%和69.4%、57.5%、58.0%。料液TS浓度为8%~10%、接种率为10%~20%和p H值为6.0~7.0时,海带渣与养殖固废在中温条件下混合水解2~3 d,即可获得后期发酵产沼气所需的酸化料液。此外,发酵产沼气结果表明,每天按与产沼气接种污泥质量比为1:7~1:9的比例添加酸化料液,在p H值为7.0~8.0和35±1℃的条件下厌氧发酵产沼气,产气系统启动很快,而且8~13 d即进入稳定产气阶段,产气率保持在489.4~581.5 m L/g VS,所产沼气中的甲烷体积分数达到82.7%~84.9%,而且料液不会出现酸化现象。海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化、批量填料发酵产沼气工艺明显提高了产气效率和系统稳定性。  相似文献   

4.
如何提高产气量一直以来都是沼气发酵过程中需要解决的主要问题。本研究是在实验室条件下组建模拟沼气发酵罐,并用于研究发酵罐中添加尿素对沼气发酵的影响。结果表明:与不添加尿素的对照组相比,处理组中添加浓度为1000mg/L的尿素可以有效提高沼气发酵基质的利用率,并提高沼气中甲烷含量,该系统中发酵原料总固体(total solid,TS)消耗率提高1.79%,挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)消耗率提高4.36%,甲烷产量提高8.4%;添加3000mg/L尿素使发酵原料TS消耗率降低1.59%,但是VS消耗率提高2.28%,产甲烷量提高5.4%;添加5000mg/L尿素则会对发酵原料的利用产生抑制作用,TS、VS消耗率分别降低3.04%、3.72%,甲烷产量降低4.2%。本研究结果将为提高沼气发酵效率提供初步的理论基础。  相似文献   

5.
以马铃薯薯渣为原料,进行厌氧发酵实验研究,探讨其产甲烷的潜力,并进行生产车用燃气的工艺研究。结果表明,马铃薯薯渣是一种良好的发酵原料,其中TS 17%,VS/TS为95%,每吨VS产沼气421 m3,每吨鲜料产气68 m3。  相似文献   

6.
为了探索花生壳厌氧发酵制取沼气的产气特性和潜力,利用NaOH在无流动水和常温的条件下,分别用质量分数为2%、4%、6%、8%的NaOH溶液对花生壳进行了碱性化学预处理,在中温（35±1）℃、总固TS质量分数为8%、pH为7.0～7.6条件下,利用自行设计的厌氧发酵实验装置进行批量厌氧消化试验,研究NaOH预处理对花生壳厌氧发酵过程中产气量、pH值和甲烷含量的影响规律。结果表明,4%NaOH预处理下的花生壳的总产气量为28083mL,比不使用NaOH和8%NaOH预处理的总产气量分别高48.91%和35.72%;甲烷含量最高超过60%,且平均甲烷含量高于不处理、2%和8%NaOH预处理;pH初期波动,13d后基本稳定在7.2左右。4%NaOH预处理下的TS产气率、VS产气率以及甲烷含量和不处理以及8%NaOH预处理下的差异性显著（P〈0.05）,和其他两组试验之间的差异不显著（P〉0.05）,表明4%NaOH预处理是较优的工艺条件。  相似文献   

7.
序批式干法厌氧发酵产沼气技术可明显提高有机废弃物处理能力,但在提高以秸秆为主的农业废弃物发酵效率核心工艺及产气性能方面还缺乏系统的研究。该文通过调节喷淋次数和接种量研究了以玉米秸秆为主要原料的序批式干法厌氧发酵产气性能,并通过模型拟合、水解产物分析等手段揭示了影响水解和甲烷生产的制约因素。结果表明,调节喷淋次数和接种量均对沼气产量具有显著性影响（P<0.05）。喷淋次数为4次/d,接种量不低于质量分数20%时,沼气产量最大为251.6 L/kg。而且,产气高峰期甲烷体积分数平均为55%左右。增加接种量、提高喷淋次数可有效促进底物的水解。但是,甲烷产量、最大产甲烷率却呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并明显受到有机酸（丙酸）、氨氮积累浓度的制约,水解产物高效转化对提高产气效率具有重要作用。该研究可为改善秸秆序批式干法厌氧发酵工艺优化提供理论指导。  相似文献   

8.
为了研究添加物对混合原料恒温厌氧和好氧发酵过程的影响,实现生物质向沼气和沼肥的快速转化,先在3个分别无添加、添加质量浓度1 g/L尿素和1 g/L草木灰的0.56 m3恒温发酵装置中进行了牛粪和番茄茎叶VS(Volatile Solid)比例1:1、TS(Total Solid)为8%、发酵温度(26±2)℃、为期54 d的恒温批式厌氧发酵,并将剩余沼液进行(30±1)℃、12 L/min、为期8 h的好氧曝气处理,对比分析不同添加物的厌氧发酵及沼液好氧处理组合对装置产气和产肥性能的影响。结果表明：厌氧发酵阶段,反应前28 d各添加物对系统产沼气及合成甲烷的促进作用显著,且尿素组效果最好,累计产气量、累计产甲烷量分别为4 917、1 746.4 L,较空白组提高91%、128.7%,较草木灰组提高12.6%、69.4%,同时尿素组甲烷体积分数达到50%以及达到系统总产气量80%即5 346 L的时间均较空白组提前了5 d,但全周期空白组累计产气量和累计产甲烷量均高于其它2组;好氧处理阶段,空白组、草木灰组和尿素组沼液完全腐熟的最快时间分别为第1小时、第4小时、第1小时,此时GI（Germination Index）分别为98%、124.5%、100.4%,TDS（Total Dissolved Solid）分别为5 670、5 350、7 010 mg/L,NH+ 4-N分别为734.4、538.1、862.1 mg/L,尿素组沼液生物有效性最好。综上,尿素组系统中前期的产气效率最佳、产肥品质最优,但与复混液体肥料标准相比仍需补充养分,或浓缩处理。该研究为提高沼气产气效率、沼肥品质提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
堆肥预处理对稻秸厌氧发酵产气量的影响   总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5  
堆腐作为秸秆厌氧发酵的预处理技术已广泛使用,但堆腐也会使秸秆中部分有机物损失,了解堆腐损失有机物对秸秆总产气量的影响,可以更客观地评价堆腐预处理技术的可行性。该试验在室内中温（35℃）、总固体（TS）质量20%条件下,研究了稻秸堆肥预处理、添加猪粪对稻秸产沼气的影响,分析了堆肥预处理以及厌氧发酵前后稻秸组分的变化,估算了堆肥预处理对稻秸总固体质量产气量的损失。结果表明：稻秸堆肥预处理并不能增加稻秸产气量与甲烷含量,堆肥预处理使稻秸的半纤维素量损失了12%以上,从而降低了稻秸总固体质量产气量。厌氧发酵中稻秸半纤维素降解率最高,对稻秸产气贡献率最大。由此可见,堆肥预处理方式并不能提高稻秸厌氧发酵的产气量。  相似文献   

10.
汽爆预处理青玉米秸秆厌氧发酵特性   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
为了研究青玉米秸秆未汽爆和汽爆预处理后厌氧发酵产沼气特性,该文采用汽爆压力为2.5MPa,保压时间为90s,加入质量分数为30%的沼液,未气爆青玉米秸秆的TS(总固体物)质量分数为6%,汽爆预处理青玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的TS质量分数分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、6%、8%、10%和15%,考察了厌氧发酵过程中pH值和产气量随时间和TS质量分数的变化。结果表明:未汽爆秸秆在TS质量分数为6%时能够顺利厌氧发酵,但汽爆秸秆厌氧发酵液极易酸化,且无法调节,适宜的TS质量分数最大为4%;未汽爆秸秆挥发性固体产气率为214.6mL/g,汽爆秸秆在TS质量分数为3%时产气率最大,为334.8mL/g,比未处理秸秆提高了56%;未汽爆秸秆的产气速率为3.3mL/(g·d),汽爆秸秆产气速率随TS质量分数增大而减小,在TS质量分数为1%时最大,为14.8mL/(g·d)。青玉米秸秆经汽爆预处理后其厌氧发酵产沼气的产气率和产气速率大大提高,可以节约发酵时间,缩短发酵周期,有利于秸秆能源化利用的工业化生产。  相似文献   

11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

17.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

18.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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