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1.
A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, Bihar to evaluate the intercropping systems of legumes, gram ( Cicer arietinum L.), pea ( Pisum sativum ) and lentil ( Lens culinaris ) with wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) in 1:1 and 2:1 'row replacement series'. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of new indices termed as actual yield loss (AYL) and intercropping advantage (IA). This paper highlights the comparative effectiveness of evaluating the intercropping systems through the existing intercropping indices like LER, RCC, aggressivity. The indices AYL and IA seem to be more appropriate particularly when per plant yield is considered. Intercropping reduced the yield of component crops compared with respective pure stands. Wheat + pea in 1:1 row replacement series gave the highest wheat yield equivalent value (3.02 t ha−1) followed by wheat + lentil (2.91 tha−1). When the actual sown proportion was considered wheat + lentil (1:1) resulted in maximum AYL (+0.610) and IA (+0.279) values. This treatment also gave the maximum monetary advantage (Rs 5985.45 ha−1).  相似文献   

2.
This study was conducted at the University of Jordan Research Station in the central Jordan Valley during 1988 and 1989 summer growing seasons, to determine the potential and response of summer crops to intercropping system and to poultry manure addition. Corn, soybean and watermelon were grown as sole crops and as intercrops in three paired combinations (corn: watermelon, corn: soybean, watermelon: soybean) with three levels of poultry manure (0, 20, 40 t/ha). The crop yields and land equivalent ratios (LERs) were determined for all treatments. The highest yields for the two cropping systems were obtained in response to the highest poultry manure addition. Corn gave the highest yield when intercropped with soybean, where increases in yield of 45 % and 66 % were obtained over those of corn sole crop at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha), in 1988 and 1989 seasons, respectively. Soybean gave the highest yield when grown with corn leading to an increase of 35 % and 34 % over soybean sole crop grown at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha) in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Watermelon gave the highest yield when grown with soybean, giving an increase which ranged from 390 to 920 kg ha−1 over the yield of sole cropping system under the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha). The LER values for all intercrop treatments were greater than 1.0 which gave clearly an indication for the superiority of the intercropping over the sole cropping system especially when 40 t ha−1 poultry manure was added.  相似文献   

3.
When one of the crops is a legume, intercropping has potential to reduce fertilizer nitrogen (N) needs and increase food quality. Total dry matter (DM) and grain yields of different plant populations of intercropped maize ( Zea mays L.) and climbing beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), or velvet beans ( Mucuna pruriens [L.] DC. var utilis [Wight] Bruck.) were compared in two experiments. Maize populations were 40,400 and 50,500 plants ha−1 in combination with climbing bean populations of 0, 20,200, 40,400 and 80,800 plants ha−1 in Experiment 1. In the second experiment, climbing beans, cowpeas and velvet beans at 215,200 plants ha−1 were intercropped with maize at 64,600 plants ha−1. Climbing beans contributed up to 5% to total DM yields in the first experiment. In the second experiment legume contributions to total DM were 20% for climbing beans, 12% for cowpeas and 8% for velvet beans. Increasing populations of maize and climbing beans increased grain and DM yields. Dry matter yield of maize was lowered by intercropping. However, DM yields of the intercrop were not different to maize sole cropped. Maize/cowpeas produced more total DM than maize/climbing beans. Cowpeas increased the total yield of crude protein by over 15% without lowering total DM yield of the intercrop compared to maize alone and are promising as a legume for intercropping with maize. Climbing beans show little promise as a possible legume for intercropping with maize.  相似文献   

4.
Results reported in the literature with regard to productivity of intercropping systems in comparison to sole cropping are very inconsistent. A field experiment was therefore conducted in the northern part of the Guinea Savanna in Ghana to compare the productivity of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, maize/cowpea relay intercropping with maize/cowpea rotation and maize monocropping over a 4-year period. The treatments included two levels of nitrogen (0 and 80 kg of N ha−1 y −1 as urea) and two levels of phosphorus application (0 and 60 kg of P ha−1 y−1 as Volta phosphate rock). At all levels of N and P application, maize yields of the intercropping systems, especially of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, were significantly lower than in sole cropping. Highest maize yields were obtained in maize/cowpea rotation, which in contrast to the other cropping systems did not show any reductions in yields over years. Cowpea yields were generally less affected by the cropping system, but were notably depressed when cowpea was relay-intercropped with maize. In treatments without fertilizer application (N and P) Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) and Area x Time Equivalency Ratios (ATER) generally indicated lower productivity of the intercropping systems as compared to sole cropping, with the maize/cowpea rotation showing the highest productivity. Conversely, fertilizer application resulted in higher productivity of the intercropping systems over the 4-year period. Productivity on the basis of ATER was generally lowest in maize/cowpea relay-intercropping as a consequence of the long time of land occupation. All of the parameters indicate low productivity of maize monocropping, clearly demonstrating that crop sequence as well as fertilizer application must be considered as important for maintaining high production levels at this site.  相似文献   

5.
An experiment with sixteen cropping systems (pure and intercroppings) was conducted during the kharif season of 1985 and 1986. The sixteen cropping systems were: sole rice, sole mungbean, sole soybean, sole peanut, sole blackgram, rice + mungbean (2:1), rice + mungbean (4:1), rice + mungbean deferred (2:1), rice + soybean (2:1), rice + soybean (4 : 1), rice + soybean deferred (2 : 1), rice + peanut (2:1), rice + peanut (4 : 1), rice + blackgram (2:1), rice + blackgram (4:1) and rice + blackgram deferred (2:1). Sole crop of rice always recorded higher number of effective tillers/m2, however, it was observed that legumes had an influence on the number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight of rice in rice + legume combinations. Among legumes, pure crops of soybean and peanut always gave rise to increased number of yield components than the other crops grown in association with rice. In case of mungbean, number of pods per plant and thousand seed weight was higher in pure crops though number of seeds per pod was more with rice + mungbean combination. Deferred sown blackgram in association with rice yielded greater number of seeds per pod and thousand seed weight though sole crop of blackgram significantly produced higher number of pods per plant.  相似文献   

6.
[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources. The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton (Tc1), wide narrow row monocropping cotton (Tc2) and monocropping sesame (Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern (cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc1, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16, respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development.  相似文献   

7.
To compare the feasibilities of pearlmillet-based intercropping systems, field experiments were carried out for 2 years on loamy sand soils in the semi-arid plain zone of Rajasthan, India. Results showed that the pooled yields of pearlmillet from the single crop (1525 kg ha−1) and from the crop intercropped with legumes (1528, 1498 or 1540 kg ha−1) were statistically the same. The yields from intercrop legumes were obtained as a bonus. The highest value of land equivalent ratio (1.21) was recorded for the pearlmillet + clusterbean system, which gave significantly better results than the pearlmillet + cowpea system. It was also found that the dose of nitrogen can be reduced by up to 25 % when pearlmillet is grown with legumes. However, intercrop legumes required the recommended dose of fertilizer to produce their optimal yields. The practice of intercropping without fertilizer proved disadvantageous.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of intercrop spacing patterns on the silage yields of both maize (lea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) were examined from 1985 to 1987. Dwarf maize was intercropped with nonnodulatmg or nodulating soybean in the spacing patterns, S40same (two crops in the same row, 40 cm row width) and S20ait or S40ak (two crops in alternate rows, 20 cm or 40 cm row width, respectively). Tall maize was intercropped with nodulating soybean in S40sames S40alt and S40pair (maize in 40 cm paired rows, soybean rows 20 cm outside each maize row and 80 cm from the next set of four rows) at 0 or 60 kg N ha−1 and at population densities of 67% maize: 67% soybean or 50 % maize: 50% soybean. Maize and soybean were also intercropped and stripcropped on a farm-scale. The only difference between intercrops arranged in the same rows versus those in alternate rows was that the average soybean protein yields were higher in S40same than in S40alt. In 1986, the S40alt maize-soybean intercrops produced higher maize yields, total biomass yields and Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) than in S40pirs, and in 1987, these responses were higher in intercrops than in stripcrops. In 1986, at 0 kg N ha−1, the soybean biomass and protein yields were lower in S40alt, than in S40pairs and in 1987, these responses were lower in intercrops than in stripcrops.  相似文献   

9.
A field experiment was conducted at the Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 1983-84 and 1984-85 to study the effect of lentil residues on the yield and response of succeeding rice to nitrogen. Lentil residues benefitted the succeeding rice and gave longer and heavier panicles, more grains per panicle, higher 1000-grain weight and higher grain and straw yield of rice as compared to fallow. Rice responded well to applied nitrogen both in the absence and presence of lentil residues. The effect of lentil root residues and root residues plus incorporation of lentil straw was equivalent to 11 and 33 kg N ha−1 when 60 kg N ha−1 was applied to rice; the corresponding values being 54 and 60 kg N ha−1 when 120 kg N ha−1 was applied to rice.  相似文献   

10.
In a field experiment conducted during 1992–95 at Lucknow, India, sugarcane was planted in rows 60 and 90 cm apart in three crop rotations (rice-sugarcane-ratoon, Sesbania aculeata for green manure-sugarcane-ratoon, and cowpea-sugarcane-ratoon) with 0, 150 and 300 kg N ha−1 as urea either with or without farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha−1. Sugarcane yields were significantly greater in the Sesbania rotation than in the other because of a larger N uptake. N uptake of the crop was significantly affected by soil organic carbon, and available N and K contents. Ratoon yields, however, were largest in the cowpea sequence followed by the rice rotation, probably due to a prolonged residual effect of cowpea and rice root residues. The residual effect of a Sesbania green manure was negligible as demonstrated by the low NO3-N content of the soil profile after sugarcane harvest compared to the other two crop sequences. The total cane productivity (main sugarcane plus ratoon) was greater (156 t ha−1) in the cowpea rotation than the Sesbania (152 t ha−1) and rice (140 t ha−1) rotations.  相似文献   

11.
The effects of three okra planting densities (28 000; 56 000 and 111 000 plants ha1) intercropped within or between maize rows were investigated in two field trials during the 1990 and 1991 wet seasons at Nsukka. The plant height and the leaf area index (LAI) increased as the planting density increased in sole or intercropped okra while the number of branches per plant decreased with increasing okra planting density. The height of maize plants also increased as okra planting density increased but the LAI decreased. Intercropping reduced the yield and yield components (number and weight of pods per plant) of okra and maize (number of cobs, cob length and 100-grain weight). Increasing okra planting density reduced the sole and the intercropped okra and also the maize intercrop yield by reducing the number of pods and grains as well as the pod and grain size, respectively. Assessment of the productivity ofthe mixtures showed that the highest yield advantage (35%) of growing okra and maize together was obtained at 28000 okra plants ha1 while the highest monetary return was realized at the highest okra planting density of 111000 plants ha1 intercropped between maize rows. The patterns of row arrangement did not have effect on the growth, yield and yield components of the mixtures.  相似文献   

12.
空间配置是影响间作套种作物生长和产量构成的关键因素之一。本研究固定玉米–大豆套作带宽200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,设置4个玉米窄行行距为20 cm(A1)、40 cm(A2)、60 cm(A3)和80 cm(A4)套作处理,2个玉米和大豆净作对照处理,研究行距配置对套作系统中玉米和大豆生物量、根系及产量的影响。结果表明,套作大豆冠层光合有效辐射和红光/远红光比值均低于净作,且随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作系统中大豆地上地下生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积从第三节龄期(V3)到盛花期(R2)逐渐增加,但随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作玉米地上地下生物量从抽雄期到成熟期逐渐增加,根体积却逐渐降低,但这些参数随玉米窄行的变宽而增加。玉米和大豆在带状套作系统中产量均低于净作,且随玉米窄行的变宽,玉米产量逐渐增加,2012和2013两年最大值平均为6181 kg hm–2,而大豆产量逐渐降低,两年最大值平均为1434 kg hm–2,产量变化与有效株数和粒数变化密切相关。此外,玉米–大豆带状套作群体土地当量比(LER)大于1.3,最大值出现在A2处理,分别为1.59(2012年)和1.61(2013年),且最大经济收益也出现在A2处理(2年每公顷平均收益为1.93万元)。因此,合理的行距配置对玉米–大豆带状套作系统中作物的生长、产量构成和群体效益具有重要的作用。  相似文献   

13.
A 1-year study was conducted in 1983/84 at 2 experimental sites in Brazil to determine the effect of Azolla green-manure (AO), A. intercrop (OA) and their combination (AA) on rice yield in comparison to mineral fertilization with urea. Nitrogen sources were combined with 4 rice sowing/planting systems.
On terraced terra-roxa soil (Paleudalf) in subtropical northern Paraná State, transplanted rice (T) yielded 8.66 t · ha−1 compared to pregerminated (P), direct-sown (D) and conventionally sown (C) rice with 7.92; 7.73 and 7.48 t · ha−1, respectively. N-source treatments yielded 9.33; 8.54 and 7.34 t · ha−1 for AA, OA and AO compared to 8.46; 7.98 and 6.05 for 100, 50 and 0 kg N · ha−1, respectively. Fertilizer-nitrogen equivalence (FNE) of Azolla treatments compared to urea broadcast in 3 applications ranged between 0 and more than 100 kg N · ha−1.
On hydromorphic latosol (Ustic Dystropept) in tropical Goiás State, rice yields were 4.07; 2.52; 1.46 and. 1.33 t · ha−1 for systems T, P, C and D, respectively. N-source treatments yielded 2.79; 1.98 and 1.78 t · ha−1 for AA, AO and OA compared to 3.43; 2.63 and 1.46 t · ha−1 for 60; 30 and 0 kg N · ha−1 as urea broadcast in 2 applications, respectively. FNE of Azolla was between 0 and 56 kg N · ha−1.  相似文献   

14.
Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, Jharkhand, during the kharif (wet) seasons of consecutive four years (1998–2001) to study the effect of staggered seeding of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in rice field as a cereal–legume intercropping system and to minimize the degree of competition between the crop species to avoid yield damage, and at the same time to create a high level of competition by the intercrops to suppress the weeds. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, aggressivity, actual yield loss, monetary advantage, etc. Intercropping reduced the yield of component crops when compared with respective pure stands. However, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice (30 cm) after one weeding was most remunerative system and registered maximum rice-equivalent yield (2711 kg ha−1). Rice–blackgram (20 cm) intercropping system was very effective for weed smothering among unweeded intercropping treatments. In conclusion, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice field (30 cm) with one weeding may be recommended for better yield, weed suppression and better economics in the eastern plateau region of India.  相似文献   

15.
Maize dominated cassava irrespective of cassava or maize growth habit and the optimum maize population giving the highest production based on relative yield total or land equivalent ratio varied with maize variety in a tropical Alfisol at Ibadan, transition humid/subhumid zone in West Africa. The sparsely vegetative, early maize supported higher intercrop maize population (up to 80,000 ha−1) than the late maturing, highly vegetative TZSRW. Because there is a compensatory relationship in the yields of the two crop components, the choice of an appropriate crop type and maize population in cassava + maize intercrop system will depend on the relative economic importance of each crop component.  相似文献   

16.
Eleven upland rice genotypes of varying growth duration and plant stature were evaluated in two cropping systems: monocrop and intercrop, with pigeon pea cv. U pas 120, in order to study the effects of intercropping on rice grain yield and its contributing characteristics during 1990 to 1992 wet seasons. Cropping system and cropping system × genotype interaction effects were significant for yield ha−1, panicle weight, panicles m−2 and spikelet fertility suggesting the need for evaluating and selecting genotypes suitable for intercropping. Rice grain yield reduction in the intercrop ranged from 24.5 % in genotype RR 203-16 to 54.5 % in genotype Aditya. Panicle weight, total dry matter at flowering as well as at harvest, and harvest index were also reduced. Plant height and panicle weight were positively associated with yield in both systems, however, the yield was positively and significantly correlated with spikelets per panicle and spikelet fertility with the intercropping system. The correlation between cropping systems indicated the possibility of simultaneous improvement for these characteristics in monocropping and intercropping.  相似文献   

17.
Intercropping of chilli ( Capsicum annuum ) and dwarf bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) is a recently adopted practice by farmers in Sri Lanka. As chilli fetches a higher market price, the bean population which could be incorporated into a 100% population of chilli has to be found. In the present experiment, effects of three bean populations (100, 75 and 50% of sole crop population 250 000 pl ha−1) and four row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2) were tested at Kundasale, Sri Lanka. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of all intercrops were significantly greater than one, indicating a greater productivity per unit land area in intercropping than sole cropping. At 100% and 75% bean populations, LER and intercrop yields of bean were significantly greater than at 50%. Row arrangement did not have a significant effect on either LER or bean yield in intercrops. Intercrop bean yields were lower than sole bean yields indicating significant competition from chilli. Chilli yields were not affected by either bean population or row arrangement. Intercrop chilli yields were greater than the sole chilli yield indicating significant positive effects from bean. Greater radiation interception and lower weed growth and the absence of overlap between yield formation periods of the two component crops were probably responsible for the greater productivity (LER) of intercrops.  相似文献   

18.
Four sweet potato cultivars were inter- and relay-cropped with maize at two locations in Peru. Increasing interspecific competition drastically reduced tuber yields of all cultivars; fewer tubers m −2 were produced and no tolerant genotype was identified. Likewise the mean tuber weight declined linearly for two cultivars when competition became severe. Shoot development was less affected. Under intense competition the plant top was favoured in assimilate partitioning to the detriment of tuber formation. Overall reduction in assimilate production due to mixed cropping was the major cause of yield loss. Various intercropping combinations were found with the same productivity but distinct proportions of the component crops (sweet potato + maize). Land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded sole crop productivity only for the combinations with the highest maize yields. Biomass production was clearly increased by intercropping but there was no increment in marketable yields. Relay-cropping reduced tuber and maize yields and had the lowest productivity of all combinations tested.  相似文献   

19.
An experiment with eight cropping systems (pure and intercropping) with three levels of irrigations I0, I1 and I2 based on the physiological growth stages of safflower and chickpea was conducted during the rabi (winter) season of 1983—84 and 1984—85. The eight cropping systems were CS1— sole chickpea, CS2— sole safflower, CS3— paired rows of chickpea, CS4— paired rows of safflower, CS5— chickpea + 50% safflower, CS6— safflower + 50% chickpea, CS7— chickpea + 75% safflower and CS8— safflower + 75% chickpea. Sole crop of chickpea always had higher yield component than inter-cropping. However, none of the yield components in safflower was influenced by intercropping except number and weight of capsules per plant in 1983—84 only. With regard to levels of irrigation chickpea and safflower responded to two irrigations.  相似文献   

20.
Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha−1) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha−1 (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha−1 and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha−1 recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha−1 full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha−1 applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.  相似文献   

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