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1.
放牧家畜的采食量是人们了解放牧系统动力学的关键之一。研究已查明，了解了放牧家畜的采食量和采食成分就能明晰家畜的营养状况，预测其生产性能，从而为草地管理决策提供目标，为优化资源利用提供基础数据。然而，估测放牧家畜的采食量及其组分是困难的，也是昂贵的。虽然那些改进的技术和方法有效地增强了人们获取家畜牧食行为数据的能力，但是测定放牧动物的采食量、采食成分和养分消化率一直以来都是营养学研究的挑战，方法众多，却各有利弊。因此，本研究针对目前估测放牧家畜采食量和采食成分的常用方法，如模拟采食法、牧前牧后差额法、酸不溶灰分法、三结合法、植物蜡层指示剂法和近红外光谱技术法，对它们的利弊和准确性进行讨论，并探析未来发展趋向，为今后的研究提供资料。  相似文献   

2.
试验旨在研究牦牛的采食当量,测定川西北青藏高原草甸区牧区成年母牦牛青草期放牧采食量(有机物质)。选用6头5岁空怀母牛作为试验牛,采用粪氮指数法用粪粗蛋白指数方程估测采食牧草有机物质消化率;用Cr2O3法估测日排粪量(干物质),预试期6d,收粪期6d,日喂药2次,日收粪3次,指示剂回收率100%(R1)和94%(R2);粪样按头按日测定干物质、有机物质、粗蛋白及铬含量。结果表明:日排粪量(干物质)2.82kg(R1)、2.66kg(R2);有机物质消化率74.6%;日采食量(有机物质)8.54kg(R2)、9.09kg(R1);采食量或排粪量与体重间无显著相关,体重组间差异不显著(P0.05),提示体重因素可能对同龄成年母牦牛青草期采食量无影响;与报道比较,有机物质消化率估测值偏高。  相似文献   

3.
为测定放牧条件下母羊在不同生理时期（妊娠、哺乳）的采食量和对日粮的消化率,采用了下述3种方法：①利用枯草期放牧绵羊干物质采食量高于合饲绵羊25％的关系,根据24只妊娠后期和20只哺乳前期母羊分别进行各12天的舍饲消化试验所测得的干物质采食量,得出在放牧条件下平均体重46．54kg的妊娠后期中国美利奴母羊每日来食干物质1．47kg,占体重的3．16％,占代谢你重W0.75的8．25％;平均体重39．4kg的哺乳前期母羊（哺单羔）每日采食1．93kg,占体重的4．90％,占W0.75的12．24％。②利用内源指示剂（不溶于4N─HCl灰分即AIA）和外源指示剂（Cr2O3）相结合的方法对6只妊娠前期和6只哺乳后期母羊分别进行了12天放牧条件下的消化试验,测得平均体重36．43kg妊娠前期中国美利奴母羊每日采食干物质1．38kg,占体重的3．79％,占W0.75的9．31％;平均体重43．57kg的哺乳后期母羊每日采食干物质1．74kg,占作重的3．99％,占W0.75的10．25％。在正常放牧条件下直接测得妊娠前期（11月份）母羊日粮干物质中（包括放牧采食和补饲草料）粗蛋白含量为9．87％时,日粮中粗蛋白和总能消化率分别是55．44％和66．84％;哺乳后期放牧母羊（4月份）日粮干物质中粗蛋白含量为11．57％时,日粮粗蛋白和总能消化率分别是  相似文献   

4.
为评价放牧绵羊采食量,采用控制放牧试验,设置5个放牧处理,比较了差额法和粪氮指数法测定放牧绵羊采食量的结果。结果表明:绵羊采食量随放牧强度的增大而减小,春季休牧能显著提高绵羊的采食量(P <0.05)。其中用差额法测定的最高采食量为34.8 g·d-1·kg-1,粪氮指数法测得的最高采食量为46.4 g·d-1kg-1。2种测定方法测定结果具有相同的趋势,粪氮指数法的测定结果显著高于差额法(P <0.05)。差额法测定的采食量和粪氮指数法测定的采食量间成指数相关,方程为y=1.1577e0.0628x(R2=0.677)。  相似文献   

5.
为了探讨藏绵羊后备母羊四季放牧干物质采食情况,试验采用饱和烷烃法对藏绵羊后备母羊四季放牧采食量进行了测定。结果表明:藏绵羊后备母羊春、夏、秋、冬四季放牧干物质日采食量分别为1.27 kg±0.29 kg、1.09 kg±0.18 kg、1.24 kg±0.24 kg和0.20 kg±0.03 kg,相对放牧干物质采食量分别为4.13%、3.77%、3.41%和0.89%。其中,春季干物质采食量最高,显著高于夏季(P0.05),极显著高于冬季(P0.01),与秋季的采食量接近(P0.05);冬季干物质采食量最低,与春、夏、秋三季采食量比较,差异极显著(P0.01)。提示冬季应该对羊群进行有效补饲。  相似文献   

6.
对育成公羊和育成母羊分别采用集粪袋全收粪法和外源指示剂法（Cr2O3）测定每日排粪量,跟群手工模拟采集草样,用Tilley和Terry法（1963）测定牧草及补饲草、料的干物质消化率。测得在常规生产管理条件下（归牧后补饲混合精料和青干草）,中国美利奴育成公羊冬季干物质进食量平均1297g／日·只,占活重的3．14％,其中放牧采草量322g,占干物质进食总量的25％;育成母羊冬季干物质进食量平均1033g／日·只,是活重的3．00％,其中放牧米草量336g,占干物质进食总量的33．3％。试验测得在冬季放牧加补饲的条件下,育成公、母羊维持代谢能需要量分别为0．48MJ／W0.75kg和0．45MJ／W0.75kg。  相似文献   

7.
干物质采食量 ●奶牛的干物质采食量应在分娩后十周(70天)内达到最大。 ●奶牛采食高峰期的日采食量至少应占体重的4％。例:625kg×4％=25kg干物质/日 ●奶牛在日挤奶3次时的日干物质采食量应比日挤奶2次时的多5％-6％。  相似文献   

8.
采用食道瘘管技术与两级离体消化试验及外源指示剂Cr_2O_3测定日排粪量技术3结合的方法,在新疆南山夏秋两季牧场分别进行放牧中国美利奴细毛绵羊牧草干物质采食量的测定。测得夏牧场上18只放牧母羊采食牧草干物质量平均为96.02±7.408克/体重公斤~(0.75)和日排粪干物质量平均为38.72±4.20克/体重公斤~(0.75)。秋牧场上8只放牧母羊采食牧草干物质量平均为75.41±5.799克/体重公斤~(0.75)和日排粪干物质量为38.31±2.73克/体重公斤(0.75)。测得用3只食道瘘管羊采集夏秋牧场上牧草标样的干物质消化率分别为59.65±2.376％与49.02±5.538％,秋季采食牧草干物质量及消化率均显著大于秋季(p<0.001)。两季牧场的日排粪干物质量没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。  相似文献   

9.
为了进一步探讨饱和链烷技术在典型草原自由放牧家畜中的应用,定量研究自由放牧绵羊食性及食量,于2004年6-9月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站放牧样地进行试验,选择体重及体况相近、健康无病的二岁羯羊(内蒙古细毛羊×蒙古羊)60只,按体重(36.9±2.6) kg聚类分组,设置6种放牧率(0,1.33,2.67,4.00,5.33和6.67羊/hm2)的轮牧实验,绵羊采食量的测定选择放牧率为1.33,4.00和6.67羊/hm2的处理,试验开始,每只羊投喂1粒QSM饱和链烷缓释胶囊。食性测定选用全部的放牧率进行,同时辅助全粪法、扣笼法一同评价。试验期内定期收集试验地牧草样品及绵羊粪便样品,使用气相色谱分析牧草和粪样中的链烷含量,应用链烷技术估测放牧绵羊的排粪量、牧草采食比例和干物质采食量。结果表明,植物链烷模式存在种间差异,运用链烷技术估测的排粪量和实际测得排粪量差异不显著(P>0.05),放牧绵羊主要采食7~9种牧草,且不同放牧季节不同放牧率绵羊采食的牧草种类和比例不同,但采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。本研究表明,运用链烷技术结合扣笼方法可以估测天然草地自由放牧家畜牧草的采食比例、干物质采食量和排粪量。  相似文献   

10.
大约克生长猪采食行为研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文对大约克生长母猪的采食行为进行了观测和研究,并总结其采食规律。选用体重(28.0±1.2)kg的大约克猪60头,采用美国奥斯本(Osbern)工业公司生产的FIRE全自动种猪生产性能测定系统,对猪采食行为进行精确的测定。结果表明:30～60 kg体重大约克生长猪,平均日采食次数为9.5次;平均日采食量为1.48 kg;日采食量(kg)和体重(kg)之间的回归方程为:y=-0.000052x3+0.0054x2-0.1177x+0.7189,R2=0.96;平均日增重为0.68 kg;白天的采食量占全天的68.9%;全天采食量的高峰时间段为15:00～18:00。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

14.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.  相似文献   

19.
<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.  相似文献   

20.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

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