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1.
Soil respiration is a vital process in all terrestrial ecosystems, through which the soil releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere at an estimated annual rate of 68-101 Pg carbon, making it the second highest terrestrial contributor to carbon fluxes. Since soil respiration consists of autotrophic and heterotrophic constituents, methods for accurately determining the contribution of each constituent to the total soil respiration are critical for understanding their differential responses to environmental factors and aiding the reduction of CO2 emissions. Owing to its low cost and simplicity, the root exclusion (RE) technique, combined with manual chamber measurements, is frequently used in field studies of soil respiration partitioning. Nevertheless, RE treatments alter the soil environment, leading to potential bias in respiration measurements. This review aims to elucidate the current understanding of RE, i.e., trenching (Tr) and deep collar (DC) insertion techniques, by examining soil respiration partitioning studies performed in several ecosystems. Additionally, we discuss methodological considerations when using RE and the combinations of RE with stable isotopic and modeling approaches. Finally, future research directions for improving the Tr and DC insertion methods in RE are suggested.  相似文献   

2.
Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is an integrative measure of ecosystem functioning representing both biotic and physical controls over carbon (C) balance. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, soil CO2 fluxes (approximately −0.1-0.15 μmol m−2 s−1) are generally low, and negative fluxes (uptake of CO2) are sometimes observed. A combination of biological respiration and physical mechanisms, driven by temperature and mediated by soil moisture and mineralogy, determine CO2 flux and, therefore, soil organic C balance. The physical factors important to CO2 flux are being altered with climate variability in many ecosystems including arid forms such as the Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, making it critical to understand how climate factors interact with biotic drivers to control soil CO2 fluxes and C balances. We measured soil CO2 flux in experimental field manipulations, microcosm incubations and across natural environmental gradients of soil moisture to estimate biotic soil respiration and abiotic sources of CO2 flux in soils over a range of physical and biotic conditions. We determined that temperature fluctuations were the most important factor influencing diel variation in CO2 flux. Variation within these diel CO2 cycles was explained by differences in soil moisture. Increased temperature (as opposed to temperature fluctuations) had little or no effect on CO2 flux if moisture was not also increased. We conclude that CO2 flux in dry valley soils is driven primarily by physical factors such as soil temperature and moisture, indicating that future climate change may alter the dry valley soil C cycle. Negative CO2 fluxes in arid soils have recently been identified as potential net C sinks. We demonstrate the potential for arid polar soils to take up CO2, driven largely by abiotic factors associated with climate change. The low levels of CO2 absorption into soils we observed may not constitute a significant sink of atmospheric CO2, but will influence the interpretation of CO2 flux for the dry valley soil C cycle and possibly other arid environments where biotic controls over C cycling are secondary to physical drivers.  相似文献   

3.
The net annual exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems is of prime importance in determining the concentration of CO2 ([CO2]) in the atmosphere and consequently future climate. Carbon loss occurs primarily through soil respiration; it is known that respiration is sensitive to the global changes in [CO2] and temperature, suggesting that the net carbon balance may change in the future. However, field manipulations of temperature and [CO2] alter many important environmental factors so it is unclear how much of the observed alterations in soil respiration is due to changes of microbial function itself instead of changes to the physical and chemical environment. Here we focus on resolving the importance of changes in the microbial community in response to warming and elevated [CO2] on carbon mineralisation, something not possible in field measurements. We took plant material and soil inocula from a long running experiment where native grassland had been exposed to both warming and elevated CO2 and constructed a reciprocal transplant experiment. We found that the rate of decomposition (heterotrophic respiration) was strongly determined by the origin of the microbial community. The combined warming + elevated CO2 treatment produced a soil community that gave respiration rates 30% higher when provided with shoot litter and 70% for root litter than elevated CO2 treatment alone, with the treatment source of the litter being unimportant. Warming, especially in the presence of elevated CO2, increased the size of the apparent labile carbon pool when either C3 or C4 litter was added. Thus, the metabolic activity of the soil community was affected by the combination of warming and elevated CO2 such that it had an increased ability to mineralise added organic matter, regardless of its source. Therefore, soil C efflux may be substantially increased in a warmer, high CO2 world. Current ecosystem models mostly drive heterotrophic respiration from plant litter quality, soil moisture and temperature but our findings suggest equal attention will need to be paid to capturing microbial processes if we are to accurately project the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems and quantify the feedback effect on atmospheric concentrations of CO2.  相似文献   

4.
A natural‐13C‐labeling approach—formerly observed under controlled conditions—was tested in the field to partition total soil CO2 efflux into root respiration, rhizomicrobial respiration, and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Different results were expected in the field due to different climate, site, and microbial properties in contrast to the laboratory. Within this isotopic method, maize was planted on soil with C3‐vegetation history and the total CO2 efflux from soil was subdivided by isotopic mass balance. The C4‐derived C in soil microbial biomass was also determined. Additionally, in a root‐exclusion approach, root‐ and SOM‐derived CO2 were determined by the total CO2 effluxes from maize (Zea mays L.) and bare‐fallow plots. In both approaches, maize‐derived CO2 contributed 22% to 35% to the total CO2 efflux during the growth period, which was comparable to other field studies. In our laboratory study, this CO2 fraction was tripled due to different climate, soil, and sampling conditions. In the natural‐13C‐labeling approach, rhizomicrobial respiration was low compared to other studies, which was related to a low amount of C4‐derived microbial biomass. At the end of the growth period, however, 64% root respiration and 36% rhizomicrobial respiration in relation to total root‐derived CO2 were calculated when considering high isotopic fractionations between SOM, microbial biomass, and CO2. This relationship was closer to the 50% : 50% partitioning described in the literature than without fractionation (23% root respiration, 77% rhizomicrobial respiration). Fractionation processes of 13C must be taken into account when calculating CO2 partitioning in soil. Both methods—natural 13C labeling and root exclusion—showed the same partitioning results when 13C isotopic fractionation during microbial respiration was considered and may therefore be used to separate plant‐ and SOM‐derived CO2 sources.  相似文献   

5.
Extramatrical mycelia (EMM) of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are potentially extensive in soil and receive significant allocations of plant-derived carbon. Although losses from living EMM occur via respiration and exudation, EMM represents a considerable biomass component and potential carbon sink in many forest soils. ECM root tips and rhizomorphs may persist in soil for many months, but interactions between grazing arthropods and decomposers probably facilitate more rapid turnover of diffuse EMM. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] is likely to increase carbon allocation to ECM fungi by their tree hosts. This will probably increase root colonization by ECM fungi and drive changes in their communities in soil. The likely effects of elevated [CO2] and other climate change factors on the production and turnover of EMM production are difficult to predict from current evidence, and this hampers our understanding of their potential value as future carbon sinks. Responses of grazing soil arthropods to future climate change will have a strong influence on EMM turnover, along with the abilities of ECM fungi to store carbon in below-ground, and this should be seen as a priority area for future research.  相似文献   

6.
Soil respiration (Rs) is a combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, but it is often modeled as a single efflux process, influenced by environmental variables similarly across all time scales. Continued progress in understanding sources of variation in soil CO2 efflux will require development of Rs models that incorporate environmental influences at multiple time scales. Coherence analysis, which requires high temporal frequency data on Rs and related environmental variables, permits examination of covariation between Rs and the factors that influence it at varying temporal frequencies, thus isolating the factors important at each time scale. Automated Rs measurements, along with air, soil temperature and moisture were collected at half hour intervals at a temperate forest at Harvard Forest, MA in 2003 and a boreal transition forest at the Howland Forest, ME in 2005. As in other temperate and boreal forests, seasonal variation in Rs was strongly correlated with soil temperature. The organic and mineral layer water contents were significantly related to Rs at synoptic time scales of 2–3 days to weeks, representing the wetting and drying of the soils as weather patterns move across the region. Post-wetting pulses of Rs were correlated with the amount of precipitation and the magnitude of the change from pre-wet-up moisture content to peak moisture content of the organic horizon during the precipitation events. Although soil temperature at 8–10 cm depth and Rs showed strong coherence at a 24-h interval, calculated diel Q10 values for Rs were unreasonably high (6–74) during all months for the evergreen forest and during the growing season for the deciduous forest, suggesting that other factors that covary with soil temperature, such as canopy assimilatory processes, may also influence the diel amplitude of Rs. Lower diel Q10 values were obtained based on soil temperature measured at shallower depths or with air temperature, but the fit was poorer and a lag was needed to improve the fit (peak Rs followed peak air temperature by several hours), suggesting a role for delayed substrate supply from aboveground processes to affect diel patterns of Rs. High frequency automated Rs datasets afford the opportunity to disentangle the temporal scales at which environmental factors, such as seasonal temperature and phenology, synoptic weather events and soil moisture, and diel variation in temperature and photosynthesis, affect soil respiration processes.  相似文献   

7.
Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
Five main biogenic sources of CO2 efflux from soils have been distinguished and described according to their turnover rates and the mean residence time of carbon. They are root respiration, rhizomicrobial respiration, decomposition of plant residues, the priming effect induced by root exudation or by addition of plant residues, and basal respiration by microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). These sources can be grouped in several combinations to summarize CO2 efflux from the soil including: root-derived CO2, plant-derived CO2, SOM-derived CO2, rhizosphere respiration, heterotrophic microbial respiration (respiration by heterotrophs), and respiration by autotrophs. These distinctions are important because without separation of SOM-derived CO2 from plant-derived CO2, measurements of total soil respiration have very limited value for evaluation of the soil as a source or sink of atmospheric CO2 and for interpreting the sources of CO2 and the fate of carbon within soils and ecosystems. Additionally, the processes linked to the five sources of CO2 efflux from soil have various responses to environmental variables and consequently to global warming. This review describes the basic principles and assumptions of the following methods which allow SOM-derived and root-derived CO2 efflux to be separated under laboratory and field conditions: root exclusion techniques, shading and clipping, tree girdling, regression, component integration, excised roots and insitu root respiration; continuous and pulse labeling, 13C natural abundance and FACE, and radiocarbon dating and bomb-14C. A short sections cover the separation of the respiration of autotrophs and that of heterotrophs, i.e. the separation of actual root respiration from microbial respiration, as well as methods allowing the amount of CO2 evolved by decomposition of plant residues and by priming effects to be estimated. All these methods have been evaluated according to their inherent disturbance of the ecosystem and C fluxes, and their versatility under various conditions. The shortfalls of existing approaches and the need for further development and standardization of methods are highlighted.  相似文献   

8.
In the long term, all CO2 produced in the soil must be emitted by the surface and soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) must correspond to soil respiration (Rsoil). In the short term, however, the efflux can deviate from the instantaneous soil respiration, if the amount of CO2 stored in the soil pore-space (SCO2) is changing. We measured FCO2 continuously for one year using an automated chamber system. Simultaneously, vertical soil profiles of CO2 concentration, moisture, and temperature were measured in order to assess the changes in the amount of CO2 stored in the soil. Rsoil was calculated as the sum of the rate of change of the CO2 storage over time and FCO2. The experiment was split into a warm and a cold season. The dependency of soil respiration and soil efflux on soil temperature and on soil moisture was analyzed separately. Only the moisture-driven model of the warm season was significantly different for FCO2 and Rsoil. At our site, a moisture-driven soil-respiration model derived from CO2 efflux data would underestimate the importance of soil moisture. This effect can be attributed to a temporary storage of CO2 in the soil pore-space after rainfalls where up to 40% of the respired CO2 were stored.  相似文献   

9.
Soil respiration represents the integrated response of plant roots and soil organisms to environmental conditions and the availability of C in the soil. A multi-year study was conducted in outdoor sun-lit controlled-environment chambers containing a reconstructed ponderosa pine/soil-litter system. The study used a 2×2 factorial design with two levels of CO2 and two levels of O3 and three replicates of each treatment. The objectives of our study were to assess the effects of long-term exposure to elevated CO2 and O3, singly and in combination, on soil respiration, fine root growth and soil organisms. Fine root growth and soil organisms were included in the study as indicators of the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration. The study evaluated three hypotheses: (1) elevated CO2 will increase C assimilation and allocation belowground increasing soil respiration; (2) elevated O3 will decrease C assimilation and allocation belowground decreasing soil respiration and (3) as elevated CO2 and O3 have opposing effects on C assimilation and allocation, elevated CO2 will eliminate or reduce the negative effects of elevated O3 on soil respiration. A mixed-model covariance analysis was used to remove the influences of soil temperature, soil moisture and days from planting when testing for the effects of CO2 and O3 on soil respiration. The covariance analysis showed that elevated CO2 significantly reduced the soil respiration while elevated O3 had no significant effect. Despite the lack of a direct CO2 stimulation of soil respiration, there were significant interactions between CO2 and soil temperature, soil moisture and days from planting indicating that elevated CO2 altered soil respiration indirectly. In elevated CO2, soil respiration was more sensitive to soil temperature changes and less sensitive to soil moisture changes than in ambient CO2. Soil respiration increased more with days from planting in elevated than in ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 had no effect on fine root biomass but increased abundance of culturable bacteria and fungi suggesting that these increases were associated with increased C allocation belowground. Elevated CO2 had no significant effect on microarthropod and nematode abundance. Elevated O3 had no significant effects on any parameter except it reduced the sensitivity of soil respiration to changes in temperature.  相似文献   

10.
[目的]探究干旱区不同降雨模式对藻结皮覆被区土壤碳释放的影响,为精确估算干旱区生态系统土壤碳释放量提供科学依据。[方法]以乌兰布和沙漠为例,通过人工增雨和改变降雨频率来模拟全球气候变化,对藻结皮覆被区土壤碳释放量进行长期野外监测。[结果]降雨能够刺激藻结皮覆被区土壤呼吸速率迅速大幅度提升,并在1 h内达到峰值,12 h左右降至较低水平。但随着干湿交替次数的不断增大,土壤再湿润后所产生的呼吸脉冲逐渐减弱,最后1次降雨与第1次相比土壤呼吸峰值降低了40%～60%。在降雨后16 h累积碳释放量、总碳释放量都随着降雨量的增大而增大,但当降雨量增大到一定程度后,其对土壤碳释放量的促进作用不再明显。就单次降雨而言,低频率、大雨量的降雨事件所引起的碳释放量明显高于高频率、小雨量的降雨事件。但总降雨量一致的情况下,则是高频率的小降雨事件所释放的总碳量最高,其次为低频率的大降雨事件,正常降雨频率下最小。[结论]气候变化所引起的降雨量增加和降雨频率的变化将会增加藻结皮覆被区的碳排放量,在预测碳收支时,也应将藻结皮的碳排放量变化作为考虑因素之一。  相似文献   

11.
An open dynamic chamber system was used to measure the soil CO2 efflux intensively and continuously throughout a growing season in a mature spruce forest (Picea abies) in Southern Germany. The resulting data set contained a large amount of temporally highly resolved information on the variation in soil CO2 efflux together with environmental variables. Based on this background, the dependencies of the soil CO2 efflux rate on the controlling environmental factors were analysed in-depth. Of the abiotic factors, soil temperature alone explained 72% of the variation in the efflux rate, and including soil water content (SWC) as an additional variable increased the explained variance to about 83%. Between April and December, average rates ranged from 0.43 to 5.15 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 (in November and July, respectively) with diurnal variations of up to 50% throughout the experiment. The variability in wind speed above the forest floor influenced the CO2 efflux rates for measuring locations with a litter layer of relatively low bulk density (and hence relatively high proportions of pore spaces). For the temporal integration of flux rates for time scales of hours to days, however, wind velocities were of no effect, reflecting the fact that wind forcing acts on the transport, but not the production of CO2 in the soil. The variation in both the magnitude of the basal respiration rate and the temperature sensitivity throughout the growing season was only moderate (coefficient of variation of 15 and 25%, respectively). Soil water limitation of the CO2 production in the soil could be best explained by a reduction in the temperature-insensitive basal respiration rate, with no discernible effect on the temperature sensitivity. Using a soil CO2 efflux model with soil temperature and SWC as driving variables, it was possible to calculate the annual soil CO2 efflux for four consecutive years for which meteorological data were available. These simulations indicate an average efflux sum of 560 g C m−2 yr−1 (SE=22 g C m−2 yr−1). An alternative model derived from the same data but using temperature alone as a driver over-estimated the annual flux sum by about 7% and showed less inter-annual variability. Given a likely shift in precipitation patterns alongside temperature changes under projected global change scenarios, these results demonstrate the necessity to include soil moisture in models that calculate the evolution of CO2 from temperate forest soils.  相似文献   

12.
Knowledge of seasonal trends and controls of soil CO2 emissions to the atmosphere is important for simulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations and for understanding and predicting the global carbon cycle. This is particularly the case for high arctic soils subject to extreme fluctuating environmental conditions. Based on field measurements of soil CO2 efflux, temperature, water content, pore gas composition in soil and frozen cores as well as detailed temperature experiments performed in the laboratory, we evaluated seasonal controls of CO2 effluxes from a well-drained tundra heath site in NE-Greenland. During the growing season, near-surface temperatures correlated well with observed CO2 effluxes (r2>0.9). However, during intensive thawing of near-surface layers we observed up to 1.5-fold higher effluxes than expected due to temperature alone. These high rates were consistent with high CO2 concentrations in frozen soil (>10% CO2) and suggested a spring burst event during soil thawing and a corresponding trapping of produced CO2 during winter. Laboratory experiments revealed that microbial soil respiration continued down to a least −18 °C and that up to 80% of the produced CO2 was trapped in soil at temperatures between 0 and −9 °C. The trapping of CO2 in frozen soil was positively correlated with soil moisture (r2=0.85) and led to an abrupt change of the temperature sensitivity (Q10) observed for soil CO2 release at 0 °C with Q10 values below 0 °C being up to 100-fold higher than above 0 °C. The results of sub-zero CO2 production allowed us to predict the microbial soil respiration throughout the year and to evaluate to what extent burst events during thawing can be explained by the release of CO2 being produced and trapped during winter. Taking only the upper 20 cm of the soil into account, winter soil respiration accounted for about 40% of the annual soil respiration. At least 14% of the winter CO2 production was trapped during the winter 2000-2001 and observed to be released upon thawing. Thus, the site-specific winter soil respiration is an important part of the annual C cycle and CO2 trapping should be accounted for in future field and modelling studies of soil respiration dynamics in arctic ecosystems. In conclusion, we have discovered a soil moisture dependent uncoupling of CO2 production and release in frozen soils with important implications for future field studies of Arctic C cycling.  相似文献   

13.
Forest systems cover more than 4.1×109 ha of the Earth's land area. The future response and feedbacks of forest systems to atmospheric pollutants and projected climate change may be significant. Boreal, temperate and tropical forest systems play a prominent role in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) biogeochemical cycles at regional and global scales. The timing and magnitude of future changes in forest systems will depend on environmental factors such as a changing global climate, an accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere, and increase global mineralization of nutrients such as N and S. The interactive effects of all these factors on the world's forest regions are complex and not intuitively obvious and are likely to differ among geographic regions. Although the potential effects of some atmospheric pollutants on forest systems have been observed or simulated, large uncertainty exists in our ability to project future forest distribution, composition and productivity under transient or nontransient global climate change scenarios. The potential to manage and adapt forests to future global environmental conditions varies widely among nations. Mitigation practices, such as liming or fertilization to ameliorate excess NOx or SOx or forest management to sequester CO2 are now being applied in selected nations worldwide.The U.S. Government's right to a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.  相似文献   

14.
太行山前平原农田生态系统土壤呼吸速率的研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
研究结果表明，华北太行山前平原农田土壤呼吸速率呈明显的季节节律变化，土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子。农艺措施对土壤呼吸速率有明显影响，深耕十深松处理条件下土壤呼吸速率大于少耕+深松和深耕+不深松处理。秸秆还田量大的处理土壤呼吸速率高。该区年土壤呼吸总量深耕+深松为1788g/m2，少耕+深松为1667g/m2，深耕+不深松为1629g/m2。  相似文献   

15.
The climatic changes on earth may have serious implications for the carbon (C) cycle in the terrestrial Arctic throughout the 21st century. Arctic vegetation takes up carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere producing biomass. In a cold and often moist soil environment, dead organic matter is preferentially preserved as soil organic matter (SOM) due to the inhibition of decomposition processes. However, viable soil microbes exhale huge amounts of CO2 and methane (CH4) annually. Hence, Arctic ecosystems exhibit annual fluxes of both carbon‐based (CO2 and CH4) greenhouse gases (GHGs) that are in an order of magnitude of millions of tons. Rising Arctic temperatures lead to the degradation of much of today's permafrost in the long run. As a result, large quantities of frozen SOM may become available for decomposers, and GHGs that are entrapped in permafrost may be released. At the same time, warming tends to stimulate the growth, development, and reproduction of many Arctic plants, at least transiently. The present northward migration of boreal shrubs and trees into southern tundra areas may be amplified by that, increasing the ecosystems' gross primary production and, thus, their C sequestration. On the other hand, rising temperatures boost SOM decomposition and microbial respiration rates. In general, soil temperature and soil moisture are key environmental variables to control the intensity of aerobic and anaerobic respiration by microbes, and autotrophic respiration by plants. On the basis of published data on Arctic CO2 and CH4 fluxes, the calculations on the terrestrial C‐based Arctic GHG balance made in this review reveal a current annual GHG exchange that ranges between a weak storage of ≤ 225 Tg CO2 equivalent (eq.) y–1 and a huge release of ≤ 1990 Tg CO2 eq. y–1. Hence, the Arctic GHG balance does apparently already contribute positively to the climatic changes at present. Regarding the future, the relative development of the uptake and release of CO2 and CH4 by northern ecosystems is fundamental to the overall GHG status of the Arctic under scenarios of continued climate change.  相似文献   

16.
Spatial and temporal patterns of soil respiration rates and controlling factors were investigated in three wet arctic tundra systems. In situ summer season carbon dioxide fluxes were measured across a range of micro-topographic positions in tussock tundra, wet sedge tundra, and low-centre polygonal tundra, at two different latitudes on the Taimyr Peninsular, central Siberia. Measurements were carried out by means of a multi-channel gas exchange system operating in continuous-flow mode.Measured soil respiration rates ranged from 0.1 g CO2-C m?2 d?1 to 3.9 g CO2-C m?2 d?1 and rate differences between neighbouring sites in the micro-topography (microsites) were larger than those observed between different tundra systems. Statistical analysis identified position of the water table and soil temperature at shallow depths to be common controls of soil respiration rates across all microsites, with each of these two factors explaining high proportions of the observed variations.Modelling of the response of soil respiration to soil temperature and water table for individual microsites revealed systematic differences in the response to the controlling factors between wet and drier microsites. Wet microsites – with a water table position close to the soil surface during most of the summer – showed large soil respiration rate changes with fluctuations of the water table compared to drier microsites. Wet microsites also showed consistently higher temperature sensitivity and a steeper increase of temperature sensitivity with decreasing temperatures than drier sites. Overall, Q10 values ranged from 1.2 to 3.4. The concept of substrate availability for determining temperature sensitivity is applied to reconcile these systematic differences. The results highlight that soil respiration rates in wet tundra are foremost controlled by water table and only secondarily by soil temperature. Wet sites have a larger potential for changes in soil respiration rates under changing environmental conditions, compared to drier sites.It is concluded that understanding and forecasting gaseous carbon losses from arctic tundra soils and its implication for ecosystem-scale CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter dynamics require good knowledge about temporal and spatial patterns of soil water conditions. The water status of tundra soils can serve as a control on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration.  相似文献   

17.
Two of the major uncertainties in forecasting future terrestrial sources and sinks of CO2 are the CO2-enhanced growth response of forests and soil warming effects on net CO2 efflux from forests. Carbon dioxide enrichment of tree seedlings over time periods less than 1 yr has generally resulted in enhanced rates of photosynthesis, decreased respiration, and increased growth, with minor increases in leaf area and small changes in C allocation. Exposure of woody species to elevated CO2 over several years has shown that high rates of photosynthesis may be sustained, but net C accumulation may not necessarily increase if CO2 release from soil respiration increases. The impact of the 25% rise in atmospheric CO2 with industrialization has been examined in tree ring chronologies from a range of species and locations. In contrast to the seedling tree results, there is no convincing evidence for CO2-enhanced stem growth of mature trees during the last several decades. However, if mature trees show a preferential root growth response to CO2 enrichment, the gain in root mass for an oak-hickory forest in eastern Tennessee is estimated to be only 9% over the last 40 years. Root data bases are inadequate for detecting such an effect. A very small shift in ecosystem nutrients from soil to vegetation could support CO2-enhanced growth. Climate warming and the accompanying increase in mean soil temperature could have a greater effect than CO2 enrichment on terrestrial sources and sinks of CO2. Soil respiration and N mineralization have been shown to increase with soil temperature. If plant growth increases with increased N availability, and more C is fixed in growth than is released by soil respiration, then a negative feedback on climate warming will occur. If warming results in a net increase in CO2 efflux from forests, then a positive feedback will follow. A 2 to 4°C increase in soil temperature could increase CO2 efflux from soil by 15 to 32% in eastern deciduous forests. Quantifying C budget responses of forests to future global change scenarios will be speculative until mature tree responses to CO2 enrichment and the effects of temperature on terrestrial sources and sinks of CO2 can be determined.  相似文献   

18.
土壤呼吸排放是陆地生态系统土气交换快速而活跃的途径之一,对大气CO2浓度的变化有显著的影响。本文对太湖地区一个代表性水稻土水稻收割后土壤基底呼吸CO2排放进行了昼夜观测和采样分析。结果表明,不同小区平均土壤呼吸与CO2排放速率在CO2-C.12.2～25.2.mg/(m2h)之间,日排放量在CO2-C.327.2～604.1mg/(m2d)之间,低于文献报道的森林和草地及旱作农田的土壤呼吸;与长期有机-无机配施处理相比,长期单施化肥CO2日排放量提高了55%～85%,并且显著提高了土壤呼吸对土壤(5.cm)温度的响应敏感性。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸CO2排放强度与土壤微生物N(Nmic)、微生物C∶N(Cmic/Nmic)和P的有效性有密切的关系;生物有效N和P的有效性显著地影响着土壤呼吸与CO2的生成和排放。本试验结果进一步支持了水稻土的固碳效应。但是,供试不同小区土壤呼吸排放强度的变异隐含着长期不同施肥处理可能使与高呼吸活性有关的微生物群落发生改变,有待于进一步研究。  相似文献   

19.
Responses of soil respiration and its components to drought stress   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Purpose

Climate change is likely to increase both intensity and frequency of drought stress. The responses of soil respiration (R s) and its components (root respiration, R r; mycorrhizal respiration, R m; and heterotrophic respiration, R h) to drought stress can be different. This work aims to review the recent and current literature about the variations in R s during the period of drought stress, to explore potential coupling processes and mechanisms between R s and driving factors in the context of global climate change.

Results and discussion

The sensitivity of soil respiration and its components to drought stress depended on the ecosystems and seasonality. Drought stress depressed R s in mesic and xeric ecosystems, while it stimulated R s in hydric ecosystems. The reductions in supply and availability of substrate decreased both auto- and heterotrophic respirations, leading to the temporal decoupling of root and mycorrhizal respiration from canopy photosynthesis as well as C allocation. Drought stress also reduced the diffusion of soluble C substrate, and activities of extracellular enzymes, consequently, limited microbial activity and reduced soil organic matter decomposition. Drought stress altered Q 10 values and broke the coupling between temperature and soil respiration. Under drought stress conditions, R m is generally less sensitive to temperature than R r and R h. Elevated CO2 concentration alleviated the negative effect of drought stress on soil respiration, principally due to the promotion of plant C assimilation subsequently, which increased substrate supply for respiration in both roots and soil microorganisms. Additionally, rewetting stimulated soil respiration dramatically in most cases, except for soil that experienced extreme drought stress periods. The legacy of drought stress can also regulate the response of soil respiration rate to rewetting events in terrestrial ecosystems through changing abiotic drivers and microbial community structure.

Conclusions and perspectives

There is increasing evidence that drought stress can result in the decoupling of the above- and belowground processes, which are associated with soil respiration. However, studies on the variation in rates of soil respiration and its components under different intensities and frequencies of drought stress over the ecosystems should be reinforced. Meanwhile, molecular phylogenetics and functional genomics should be applied to link microbial ecology to the process of R s. In addition, we should quantify the relationship between soil respiration and global change parameters (such as warming and elevated [CO2]) under drought stress. Models simulating the rates of soil respiration and its components under global climate change and drought stress should also be developed.  相似文献   

20.
Abrupt increases in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration below 0 °C have been interpreted as a change in the dominance of other co-dependent environmental controls, such as the availability of liquid-state water. Yet the relationship between unfrozen water content and soil respiration at sub-zero temperatures has received little attention because of difficulties in measuring unfrozen water contents. Using a recently-developed semi-solid 2H NMR technique the unfrozen water content present in seasonally frozen boreal forest soils was quantified and related to biotic CO2 efflux in laboratory microcosms maintained at temperatures between −0.5 and −8 °C. In both soils the unfrozen water content had an exponential relationship with temperature and was increased by addition of KCl solutions of defined osmotic potential. Approximately 13% unfrozen water was required to release the dependence of soil respiration on unfrozen water content. Depending on the osmotic potential of soil solution, this threshold unfrozen water content was associated with temperatures down to −6 °C; yet if temperature were the predictor of CO2 efflux, then the abrupt increase in the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux was associated with −2 °C, except in soils amended with −1500 kPa KCl which did not show any abrupt changes in temperature sensitivity. The KCl-amendments also had the effect of decreasing Q10 values and activation energies (Ea) by factors of 100 and three, respectively, to values comparable with those for soil respiration in unfrozen soil. The disparity between the threshold temperatures and the reductions in Q10 values and activation energies after KCl amendment indicates the significance of unfrozen water availability as an environmental control of equal importance to temperature acting on sub-zero soil respiration. However, this significance was diminished when soils were supplied with abundant labile C (sucrose) and the influences of other environmental controls, allied to the solubility and diffusion of respiratory substrates and gases, are considered to increase.  相似文献   

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