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1.
This study comparatively evaluates the phosphorus (P) requirement of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in view of identifying low input oil crops. Both species responded strongly to increasing P supply with respect to plant growth and yield. Yield component analysis revealed that oil yield in safflower was affected by P deficiency mainly via the number of capitula per plant followed, in consecutive order, by the number of achenes per capitulum and the single achene mass (SAM). The major yield component influencing oil yield of sunflower was the number of achenes per plant, followed by the SAM. Contribution of the seed oil concentration to overall yield variation was insignificant for both species. Path coefficient analyses indicate that in sunflower total nitrogen (N) accumulated was found to be most important, while in safflower this holds true for both the total P and N accumulated. It was concluded that safflower cannot be considered a low-input oil crop in terms of its P requirement. 相似文献
2.
The oil crop safflower may have a certain production potential under low‐input conditions (organic farming, developing countries), where the putatively low nutrient requirement is highly welcomed. However, current knowledge regarding the nutrient use efficiency of safflower as compared to similar oil crops is limited. It was thus the aim of this study to determine the potassium (K) use efficiency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as compared to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Safflower and sunflower were cultivated with increasing K supply in a mixture of equal volumes of sand, nutrient‐poor limed soil, and perlite in 5 L Mitscherlich pots. Both species responded strongly to increasing K supply with respect to growth and yield. Safflower out‐yielded sunflower at low K supply, while at high K level, the opposite was observed. Both species accumulated similar amounts of K in shoots at low K supply. Only at extremely low K supply, safflower took up more K than sunflower. However, achene yield of sunflower exceeded that of safflower at optimal and high K supply. Safflower utilized absorbed K more efficiently than sunflower to produce achene yield at suboptimal K supply in terms of both efficiency ratio and utilization index. The efficiency of a crop to use supplied or accumulated K for dry‐matter and achene production was interpreted in terms of Michaelis‐Menten kinetics, specifically addressing the shape of the yield response curve. Indeed, the efficiency of safflower to use K for growth and yield, analogue to a low Km in enzyme kinetics, was higher than in sunflower, while the K supply or K accumulation required to initiate yield formation in safflower was significantly lower. Similarly, safflower had a lower external K requirement for achene yield than sunflower at low and optimal K supplies. It can be concluded that safflower represents a low‐input crop and outperforms sunflower on soils low in available K. The data analysis also reveals that using just one efficiency indicator is usually not sufficient to adequately describe the K efficiency of the crop under consideration. 相似文献
3.
This study compares the nitrogen (N) use efficiency of safflower and sunflower in pot experiments, as the putatively high nitrogen use efficiency of the former is not sustained. Safflower out-yielded sunflower at low N supply, while at ample supply the opposite was observed. Both species accumulated similar amounts of N per pot at equivalent N supplies, but safflower was a better N accumulator due to lower dry matter production. Safflower utilizes absorbed N more efficiently than sunflower to produce seed yield at suboptimal N supply in terms of efficiency ratio and utilization index, but the opposite holds true at optimal and high supply. Functional analysis of utilization efficiency for dry matter and seed production substantiated the higher efficiency of safflower. It is concluded that in terms of N utilization safflower represents a low input crop and outperforms sunflower with respect to seed yield on soils low in available N. 相似文献
4.
This study comparatively evaluates phosphorus (P) use efficiency of safflower and sunflower in view of identifying low input oil crops. Sunflower accumulated more P than safflower at all equivalent P supplies. Sunflower was more efficient at their best P supplies to utilize absorbed P than safflower in terms of efficiency ratio and utilization index. Yield response curves interpreting the functional relationship between nutrient supply and yield using Michaelis-Menten equation indicate that sunflower is less sensitive to inadequate P supply and thus more P-efficient than safflower with respect to yield, as the term ‘Km’ is lower for sunflower. The minimal P amount per pot required to trigger yield formation (term ‘Cmin’) was lower in sunflower than safflower. Harvest Index in sunflower out-yielded that of safflower at all P supplies. Critical deficiency contents of sunflower were lower than that for safflower. It can be concluded that safflower cannot be considered as low-input crop. 相似文献
5.
Jehad Abbadi Klaus Dittert Bernd Steingrobe Norbert Claassen 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(19):2459-2483
Potassium uptake efficiency of safflower and sunflower was studied under semi-controlled conditions in loamy and sandy soils. Both species performed better in loamy soil. Safflower had higher agronomic efficiency and higher relative root length under suboptimal K supply. Safflower had higher specific root density and less root radius at all K levels. Safflower had higher relative root-shoot ratio under suboptimal K in loamy soil. Both species had similar K-influx at low and optimal K in loamy soil, while sunflower had higher influx under suboptimal and optimal supplies in sandy soil. Safflower had higher shoot demand in both soils under suboptimal and optimal K. Both species depleted similar amounts of soil solution-K under suboptimal K in sandy soil, while sunflower was more efficient under suboptimal levels in loamy soils. Sunflower depleted more extractable-K under both suboptimal and optimal K. Safflower could be considered K-uptake efficient crop. 相似文献
6.
L. A. C. Moraes A. Moreira L. G. M. Souza P. Cerezini 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(14):1627-1635
Due to the high levels of crude protein in the achene, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oilseeds grown worldwide, particularly for the oil and meal production for animal feed. Despite these advantages, there are few studies on nutrient use efficiency under tropical conditions, especially nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of N sources and rates on sunflower achene yield (AY), yield and physiological components, and nutritional status of sunflower. The five N sources (calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NO3NH4), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and urea (CO(NH2)2)), and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg?1) were studied. AY was reduced with the ammonia sources application from the 100 mg N kg?1. Plant height and capitulum dry weight (CDW), capitulum diameter, shoot dry weight (SDW), and chlorophyll content were significantly related with N sources and rates. Except for potassium (K), the N rates changed the N, P, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and N concentration in achene. In the comparison of sources, on the average of N rates, urea application was more effective than the other N fertilizers in the AY. 相似文献
7.
Muhammad Saeed Akram Muhammad Ashraf Muhammad Shahbaz Nudrat Aisha Akram 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2009,172(6):884-893
In order to assess the effectiveness of foliar‐applied potassium (K+, 1.25%) using different salts (KCl, KOH, K2CO3, KNO3, KH2PO4, and K2SO4) in ameliorating the inhibitory effect of salt stress on sunflower plants, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. Sodium chloride (150 mM) was applied through the rooting medium to 18 d–old plants and after 1 week of salt treatment; different K+‐containing salts were applied twice in 1‐week interval as a foliar spray. Salt stress adversely affected the growth, yield components, gas exchange, and water relations, and also caused nutrient imbalance in sunflower plants. However, foliar‐applied different sources of potassium improved shoot and root fresh and shoot dry weights, achene yield, 100‐achene weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water‐use efficiency, relative water content, and leaf and root K+ concentrations of sunflower plants grown under saline conditions. Under nonsaline conditions, improvement in shoot fresh weight, achene yield, 100‐achene weight, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and root Na+ concentration was observed due to foliar‐applied different K sources. Of the different salts, K2SO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, and K2CO3 were more effective than KCl and KOH in improving growth and some key physiological processes of sunflower plants. 相似文献
8.
Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza Muhammad Farrukh Saleem Imran Haider Khan Muhammad Baqir Hussain 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(18):2291-2300
The present study investigated the induced drought tolerance in sunflower through foliar application of potassium (K) at critical growth stages (head formation or achene filling). Five genotypes of sunflower (G-101, SF-187, Hysun-33, Hysun-38, and 64-A-93) were tested for drought tolerance at ?0.55, ?1.36, and ?1.60 MPa osmotic potential using polyethylene glycol 6000. Hysun-33 showed the highest stress tolerance index as calculated from germination percentage, seedling height, root length, and dry matter. This genotype was further evaluated in the field under drought at head formation or achene filling stages, with or without 1% K foliar application. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Drought at head formation or achene filling stage significantly decreased biological yield, head diameter, plant height, 1000 achene weight, and achene yield as compared to unstressed control. Potassium application significantly improved all the aforementioned parameters and therefore could be a better strategy for ameliorating drought stress in sunflower. 相似文献
9.
Mohammad R. Sabzalian Aghafakhr Mirlohi Ghodratollah Saeidi Mohammad T. Rabbani 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(8):1057-1064
Wild species of safflower, Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb., is highly crossable with cultivated species, C. tinctorius L. and could be directly exploited in broadening safflower gene pool and improving the crop for biotic and abiotic stress
environments. In this study, genetic diversity among accessions of C. oxyacanthus and their relationships with cultivated safflower were evaluated using agro-morphological traits and polymorphic inter-simple
sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Significant variation was observed among accessions particularly for seeds per capitulum,
seed yield per plant, harvest index and capitula per plant. Cluster analysis based on agro-morphological traits classified
the wild accessions in two groups according to their geographical regions, and separated them from the cultivated genotypes.
ISSR marker also revealed a high genetic variation among the accessions, and cluster analysis based on this marker divided
genotypes into four groups, with cultivated ones in a separate clade. Genetic variation observed among the wild safflower
germplasm at the DNA level was higher than the agro-morphological traits, indicating that ISSR is an effective marker system
for detecting diversity among safflower genotypes and their genetic relationships. Accessions of C. oxyacanthus with high genetic relationship to cultivated species could be used for interspecific hybridization in breeding programs of
safflower. 相似文献
10.
不同品种油葵对盐胁迫响应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过盆栽试验,研究了盐胁迫对不同品种油葵出苗、生长、产量及植株Na+和K+吸收的影响,明确不同品种油葵对盐胁迫效应的差异。结果表明,随土壤盐浓度的升高,油葵的出苗率、株高、产量和生物量均有所下降,新葵杂6号受到的抑制作用更加明显;与全生育期的相比,各品种在出苗阶段的耐盐性远高于成苗至成熟期阶段,低盐胁迫对油葵的出苗和后期生长均有一定的促进作用。研究发现当盐胁迫对油葵苗期生长的相对抑制率超过40%时不能完成其生活史,超过50%时则不能生长至成熟期,在显蕾或花期枯死。随着盐胁迫程度的加剧植株中Na+的含量成倍增加,K+/Na+显著降低,而K+含量变化较小,适宜的盐浓度可促进植株对钾的吸收,但品种间存在较大的差异,在同一盐浓度下油葵植株中Na+含量陇葵杂1号<法A15<新葵杂6号,而K+含量与K+/Na+则刚好相反,各品种对盐胁迫的敏感性均为花期、显蕾期>苗期>成熟期;减少植株对Na+的吸收,维持K+的稳定性,保持较高K+/Na+是品种耐盐的重要机制之一,三个油葵品种中,陇葵杂1号耐盐性最强,其次为法A15,新葵杂6号耐盐性较差。 相似文献
11.
Limited water availability is a severe threat to the sustainability of crop production. Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) has been found very effective in reducing the adverse affects of water scarcity. This study was conducted to examine the role of exogenous GB application in improving the yield of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different irrigation regimes. There were three levels of irrigation: Control (four irrigations), three irrigations (irrigation missing at budding stage) and two irrigations (irrigation missing at budding and grain formation stage) in the experiment. While GB was applied exogenously at 100 mM GB each at budding and grain formation stages, the Control treatment did not receive any GB application. Data regarding yield, yield components and quality parameters showed that water stress reduced the head diameter, number of achene per head, 1000-achene weight and yield. Nonetheless, it was significantly improved by the exogenous GB application. Among the qualitative characteristics, protein contents were significantly increased by water stress at different growth stages but were reduced by exogenous GB application. Whilst oil contents were reduced by drought at different stages, GB application, however, did not ameliorate the negative effect of drought stress on achene oil contents. The effects of water stress and foliar application of GB were more pronounced when applied at vegetative stage than at the reproductive stage. Moreover, exogenous GB application was only advantageous under stress conditions. 相似文献
12.
Naila Kanwal Fawad Ali Hafeez Ahmad Sadaqat 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(8):690-705
ABSTRACTThe knowledge about heterosis breeding of achene yield in sunflower is known; however, dissection of the genetic components of achene yield and seed quality traits is limited. Therefore, the prescribe study was conducted using Line × Tester design to determine combining abilities, and about the maternal-and-paternal gene actions involved in achene yield and seed quality traits in 21 single cross hybrids. Significant mean differences for achene yield and seed quality traits were observed, with total attributed variation (R2?=?0.89). Principal component analysis (P?<?0.05) explained 92.6% variation and using factor analysis, we found factor 1 had primary variables (AW, AL, AT, HD, PH, PC, LA and OC) contributed 35.6% variation to achene yield. Combining ability analysis showed the positive general combining ability for E%, HD, PH, 100 AW and AYP in parental inbred lines, whilst, hybrids had positive specific combining ability for E%, HD, PH, 100 AW, DTF, DTM, OA, LA, OC and AYP. Females contributed significantly higher (P?<?0.05) for AYP, E%, HD, NWPH, PH, 100 AW, LA and OA than that of males. Two-way hierarchical clustering showed the most promising hybrid H5 (A-18?×?G-79) in Cluster V. The hybrid H5 also showed heterosis, heterobeltosis and commercial heterosis, therefore, genetic exploitation of H5 is highly desirable in future breeding to map QTLs/genes in arid/semi-arid zones and /or similar growing conditions to boost up yield and seed quality traits. 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):411-425
Abstract Sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and boron application did not affect the seed yield or oil percentage of sunflower (Hilianthus annuus L.) on both dryland and irrigated soils in North Dakota in 1981. Field averages indicated significant Zn, Mn, and B uptake by sunflower at the 12‐leaf stage as a result of fertilization with these elements. Increased Zn uptake was also observed in the uppermost mature leaf at anthesis from zinc fertilization. Although sunflower yield from boron fertilization was not significantly different from the check, a trend was observed in which boron fertilization seemed to decrease sunflower yield. Sunflower yields from the boron treatment were the lowest out of seven treatments in three out of four fields. Also, sunflower yield from the boron treatment was significantly lower than both iron and sulfur treatments when all fields were combined. 相似文献
14.
Wajid Nasim Ashfaq Ahmad Shakeel Ahmad Muhammad Nadeem Nasir Masood Muhammad Shahid 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(1):82-92
A wide gap exists between production and consumption of vegetable oils in Pakistan. Thereby, a significant proportion (2.28 million tons) of vegetable oils is being imported at the cost of 2257 million US$. Therefore, the present study was conducted to quantify the comparative performance of various sunflower hybrids as influenced by various levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer under different agro-environments. The experimental treatments consisted of three sunflower hybrids (Hysun33, Hysun38, and Pioneer-64A93) and five levels of N fertilizer (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg N ha?1), arranged in a randomized complete block design in a split plot with four replications. The field trials were conducted for two consecutive crop seasons under three different agro-ecologies (arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid) in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The results of the study demonstrated that the productivity of sunflower hybrids varied greatly in response to N fertilization and different ecologies. Maximum achene yield of 3177 kg ha?1 was harvested under sub-humid environment, followed by the semi-arid one. Among the hybrids, Hysun38 excelled the other two hybrids with a production of 3083 kg ha?1 and 41% oil contents. Generally, the productivity of hybrids increased with the increasing doses of N fertilizer. Maximum achene yield was obtained by addition of 180 kg N ha?1. The findings of the study revealed that yield potential of Hysun-38 could be exploited by addition of N fertilizer at the rate of 180 kg N ha?1 under sub-humid environment. 相似文献
15.
Wenjie Yang 《Journal of plant nutrition》2018,41(5):636-644
We investigated how plant height, number of stem and branch, seed production and seed germination of Capsella bursa-pastoris were affected by nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer using a pot fertilizer experiment. Plant growth parameter was determined, and fully ripen seeds were tested for germination. C. bursa-pastoris exhibited great phenotypic variation in plant height, number of stem and branch in relation to N, P and K supply. Seed production per plant was lowest in the control and low P treatment, and highest in NPK treatment. More than 16,000 seeds per plant were produced in treatments where N and P were applied together. A balanced N, P and K supply results in producing a high percentage and fast germinating seeds, while a deficiency of P and K together with a high N supply results in low germination ability and fast germinating of the produced seeds in C. bursa-pastoris. 相似文献
16.
A field experiment was conducted using a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effects of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) application on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth at the New Developmental Research Farm of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University in Peshawar,Pakistan.Six levels of K (0,25,50,75,100 and 125 kg K ha-1) were main plots while four levels of P (0,45,90 and 135 kg P ha-1) were subplots.Increase in both K and P levels enhanced grain oil concentration of sunflower.Increase in P level increased grain protein concentration,while increase in K level decreased grain protein concentration.Both oil and protein yields increased significantly with increase in K and P levels.The increase in oil and protein yields of sunflower was mainly attributed to the improvement in yield components (grains per head,grain weight and head size) and the significant increase in grain yield.The highest net returns of 297 and 368 US$ ha-1 based on grain and oil yields,respectively,were obtained from a combination of 100 kg K ha-1 + 45 kg P ha-1. 相似文献
17.
Our understanding of how mineral nutrition affects productivity and composition of bioenergy crops grown on marginal lands remains fragmented and incomplete despite world‐wide interest in using herbaceous biomass as an energy feedstock. Our aim was to determine switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) biomass production and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield on marginal soils used previously to evaluate the effect of soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertility on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) forage production. Grain yield of maize was reduced on P‐ and/or K‐limited plots that also impaired alfalfa forage yield, whereas switchgrass biomass yields were high even in plots possessing very low available P (4 mg kg–1) and K (< 70 mg kg–1) levels. Linear‐plateau regression models effectively described the relationship of soil test P and K to tissue P and K concentrations, and tissue P and K concentrations accurately predicted removal of P and K in harvest biomass. However, neither soil‐test P and K, nor tissue P and K concentrations were effective as diagnostics for predicting switchgrass biomass yield nor could soil tests and their change with cropping predict nutrient removal. Concentrations of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash were not influenced by P and K nutrition. Predicted bio‐ethanol production was closely associated with biomass yield whereas high biomass K concentrations reduced estimated bio‐oil production per hectare by as much as 50%. Additional research is needed to identify diagnostics and managements to meet the bioenergy production co‐objectives of having high yield of biomass with very low mineral nutrient concentrations (especially K) while sustaining and improving the fertility of marginal soils. 相似文献
18.
Mariana Cecilia Fernández Flavio Hernán Gutiérrez Boem Gerardo Rubio 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2011,174(4):673-677
Despite a general consent about the beneficial contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on natural ecosystems, there is an intense debate about their role in agricultural systems. In this work, soybean (Glycine max L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field plots with different P availabilities were sampled across the Pampean Region of Argentina (> 150 samples from Mollisols) to characterize the relationship between available soil P and indigenous mycorrhizal colonization. A subsequent pot experiment with soybean and sunflower was carried out to evaluate the effect of P supply (0, 12, and 52 mg P kg–1) and AMF inoculation on AMF colonization and crop responsiveness to P in a Mollisol. Both crops showed high AMF colonization in the field (average: 55% for soybean and 44% for sunflower). While mycorrhizal colonization in soybean was significantly and negatively related to available soil P, no such trends were apparent in sunflower. Also, total biomass was 3.5 and 2.0 times higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal pot‐grown soybean under low‐ and medium‐P conditions, respectively. Sunflower, on the other hand, did not benefit from AMF symbiosis under medium and high P supply. While mycorrhization stimulated P‐uptake efficiency in soybean, the generally high P efficiency in sunflower was not associated with AMF symbiosis. 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3):579-589
Abstract One to two foliar applications of NPKS solutions enhanced yields from 10–40% when applied to pot grown bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. Bulgarian) during the seed filling period. Further spray applications had progressively more negative effects on yields. Addition of calcium ions or cytokinin to the spray treatments did not give further yield increases. Addition of an organo‐silicone surfactant (L77) to the spray solution gave higher yield increases than those obtained by adding a carbohydrate based surfactant (Tween 80). Percent N P and K contents of the bean seeds were inversely related to yields suggesting that the rate of supply of these minerals to the seeds was not limiting production; the results support the idea that leaf integrity was one of the main factors affected by late season N P K S sprays, and that this in turn affected yields. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13):1628-1635
Lowland rice significantly contributes to world as well as Brazilian rice production and information on genotypes potassium-use efficiency is limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate lowland rice genotypes for potassium (K)–use efficiency. Ten genotypes were evaluated at 0 mg K kg?1 (low) and 200 mg K kg?1 (high) of soil. Grain yield and shoot dry weight were significantly affected by K as well as genotype treatments. Genotypes CNAi 8860, CNAi 8859, BRS Fronteira, and BRS Alvorada were the best in relation to K-use efficiency because they produced best grain yield at low as well as at higher K levels. Shoot dry weight, number of panicles per pot, and 1000-grain weight had highly significant (P < 0.01) association with grain yield. Spikelet sterility, however, had significant negative association with grain yield. These plant parameters were mainly influenced by genotypes, indicating importance of selecting appropriate genetic material for improving grain yield. Soil K depletion was significant at harvest, suggesting large amount of K uptake by lowland rice genotypes. 相似文献