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1.
This study evaluated the use of hydrolysed rubber seed meal as a locally grown alternative feed ingredient to reduce the use of fishmeal within formulated feeds for tilapia. Five experimental diets were prepared by formulating different inclusion levels of hydrolysed rubber seed meal (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of plant‐based protein contribution). Dried and defatted rubber seed meal was hydrolysed by adding rumen digesta liquid to the ingredient. For digestibility measurement, chromic oxide was added to each diet as an inert marker. The digestibility trial was conducted over a 14‐day period by collecting faecal matter from the rearing tanks. In addition, a growth trial was conducted over a period of 50 days using four replicates per dietary treatment. In both experiments, all fish were fed three times daily to apparent satiation. At the end of growth trial, the inclusion level of hydrolysed rubber seed meal up to 50% of plant‐based protein contribution did not give any significant difference compared to the control diet in terms of feed efficiency, specific growth rate and protein retention parameters. In the digestibility study, fish fed diets containing hydrolysed rubber seed meal up to a 50% of plant‐based protein inclusion level did not give any significant difference compared to the control diet in terms of protein and dry matter apparent digestibility. Based on the result of this growth and digestibility study, up to a 50% of plant‐based protein contribution of hydrolysed rubber seed meal can be used within formulated tilapia feeds without any adverse effect.  相似文献   

2.
A 65 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a fish meal (FM) protein alternative in the diet of yellow catfish. Fish meal protein was replaced with BSFL meal protein at 0% (control), 13%, 25%, 37%, 48%, 68%, 85% and 100%. Compared with the control group, increased growth performances (e.g. weight gain rate increased by 21.7%) and immune indexes (e.g. serum lysozyme activity increased by 6.8%) of yellow catfish fed with diets in which a maximum of 48% FM protein was replaced by BSFL meal protein was determined. The diet in which 25% FM protein was replaced by BSFL meal protein resulted in the greatest growth performances (e.g. weight gain rate increased by 29.1%) and immune indexes (e.g. serum lysozyme activity increased by 31.9%) as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.9) among all diets tested. No significant differences in survival rate, body indexes or composition were determined among all treatments. Therefore, BSFL meal protein has the potential to partially replace FM protein in the diet of yellow catfish, and it may also enhance the immunocompetence of the fish.  相似文献   

3.
Juvenile gilthead sea bream with a mean initial body weight of 5 g were fed for 12 weeks with experimental diets containing 10% and 20% fishmeal protein (sole protein source in the control diet) replaced by processed pea seed meals. The processed pea seed meals were dehulled, defibred, extruded and microground pea seed meal (PSM1) or whole pea treated by infrared radiation and ground (PSM2). Apparent digestibility coefficients of the experimental diets were determined in a separate trial. At the end of the growth trial there were no significant differences in growth performance, feed utilization or whole-body composition among experimental groups. There were no differences in apparent protein digestibility among experimental groups (except for fish fed PSM1 at the lowest inclusion level). Both dry matter and energy digestibility of the diets, including PSM2 and with the highest inclusion level of PSM1, were significantly lower than those of the control diet. The results of this study suggest that pea seed meal may replace up to 20% fishmeal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles without affecting fish performance. Further studies should focus on technological treatments to increase utilization of pea seed meal carbohydrate, as both apparent dry matter and energy digestibility were affected by dietary inclusion level and by pea seed meal processing method.  相似文献   

4.
The potential of rapeseed protein concentrate as fish meal alternative in diets for wels catfish (initial average weight 86.5 ± 1.9 g) was evaluated. Sixteen fish were stocked into each of 12 experimental tanks being part of a freshwater recirculation system. Fish were organized in triplicate groups and received isonitrogenous (603 ± 3 g CP kg?1) and isocaloric (23.0 ± 0.3 kJ g?1) experimental diets with 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of fish meal replaced with rapeseed protein concentrate (710 g CP kg?1). At the end of the 63‐day feeding period, weight gain, standard growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency showed no significant difference between control group and fish fed on diets with 25% reduced fish meal content by inclusion of rapeseed protein concentrate. Higher dietary fish meal replacement negatively affected diet quality and palatability resulting in reduced feed intake, feed efficiencies and fish performance. However, blood serum values of triglycerides, glucose and protein were not significantly different between treatment groups, still indicating a favourable nutrient supply from all experimental diets.  相似文献   

5.
A 9‐week study was conducted to evaluate the potential of processed animal protein (PAP) in comparison with soybean meal (SM) to replace fish meal (FM) in practical diets for European catfish, Silurus glanis, on growth performance, liver transaminase activities and expression of growth‐related genes. Seven isonitrogenous (440 g kg‐1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (16.70 MJ/kg) practical diets were formulated by replacing 0 (control), 30%, 60% and 100% FM with either SM or PAP. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish per cages fixed in the pond. Fish fed the diet substituted 100% FM from SM or PAP had lower (p < .05) growth performance, feed efficiency and protein retention compared to control and other groups. The decreased growth performance occurred concomitant with a decline in the expression level of liver GHR/IGF‐I axis genes. The gene expression and activity of liver protein metabolism enzymes also positively correlated with growth performance. Findings of this study indicated that both SM and PAP were equally effective in replacing FM up to 60% in the practical diet of Silurus glanis. Total replacement of FM either with SM or PAP induced negative influences on growth and feed utilization.  相似文献   

6.
The ability of juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to utilize dietary raw wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch and dextrin as energy sources to spare protein for growth was quantified. Energy utilization and protein sparing were assessed by comparing the weight gain, energy retention efficiency, protein retention and body composition of silver perch that had been fed a series of diets in which the basal diet (low carbohydrate) was systematically replaced with graded levels of each carbohydrate ingredient or an inert diluent, diatomaceous earth. The protein content decreased as the carbohydrate content increased, giving four different protein to energy ratios for each of the four carbohydrate sources (except for the 60% inclusion level, at which only three carbohydrate sources were tested). Silver perch were efficient at utilizing carbohydrate for energy to spare protein. Silver perch fed diets containing up to 30% wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch or dextrin exhibited similar growth, protein retention and energy retention efficiency to the fish fed the basal diet. Weight gain of silver perch fed diets containing wheat meal or carbohydrates at 45% inclusion content had significantly reduced weight gain when compared with fish fed the basal diet. However, protein retention and energy retention efficiency were similar or better. Whole‐body protein levels of silver perch remained constant regardless of carbohydrate sources, and there was no evidence of increasing whole‐body lipid concentrations for fish fed diets with up to 60% dietary carbohydrate. Silver perch were more efficient at utilizing processed starch (either gelatinized starch or dextrin) than wheat meal or raw wheat starch.  相似文献   

7.
The relative contribution of the dietary nitrogen supplied by fish meal and a biofloc meal to the growth of Pacific white shrimp was evaluated using stable isotope analysis. Biofloculated material was obtained from an experimental tilapia culture system. Five formulated diets were supplied. Two of them consisted in isotopic controls having only fish meal or biofloc meal as protein source. Three mixed diets were formulated with varying proportions of these ingredients on a dietary nitrogen basis (75:25, 50:50 and 25:75). At the end of the trial, survival rates were similar (92–100%) but significant differences in mean final weight were observed and a negative correlation between the inclusion of biofloc meal and weight gain was evidenced. Mean final weight in shrimp fed on diet containing only fish meal was 2.8 g, while mean final weight of animals fed on diet containing 50% biofloc was 1.9 g. Isotopic mixing models indicated that all diets contributed higher proportions of dietary nitrogen from fish meal than from biofloc meal. Dietary nitrogen available in diets containing 25%, 50% and 75% of biofloc meal was incorporated in muscle tissue as 5%, 41% and 64% respectively. Diet supplying 25% of nitrogen from biofloc was the only mixed diet eliciting growth comparable to diet containing only fish meal. Lower growth and nitrogen deposition in shrimp fed on diets containing high proportions of biofloc meal were possibly associated to the use of only two protein sources and a restriction of essential amino acids.  相似文献   

8.
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with local by‐products on Clarias gariepinus growth performance, feed utilization and body composition. A control diet contained 50% of fish meal. In four other diets, fish meal was partially replaced by vegetable and animal protein blend composed of sunflower oil cake, soybean oil cake, groundnut oil cake, bean meal, chicken viscera and blood meal. The study was conducted in a recirculating water system at a mean temperature of 23.6°C. The five test diets were compared with a commercial diet developed for African catfish. All diets were balanced to be equal in gross energy (19 kJ g−1) and crude protein (40%). The experimental groups were fed in triplicate for 8 weeks, increasing fish weight from about 6.2 g at start to 52.3 g in the end. Best specific growth rate (SGR=3.4), feed efficiency (FE=1.3) and protein efficiency ratio (PER=3) were obtained with the control diet (diet 50% fish meal), although there were no significant differences between the group of fish fed the control diet and those fed diets based on groundnut oil cake or bean meal, whereas SGR (2.17), FE (0.85) and PER (1.95) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in fish fed diet containing sunflower oil cake. No significant differences (P<0.05) were found in fish fed commercial diet and diets containing bean meal or groundnut oil cake. Groundnut oil cake or bean meal can thus replace at least 50% of fish meal in the diet of Clarias fingerlings without amino acid supplementation. Because of its economic importance and its potential in animal nutrition sunflower oil cake is still an interesting feed ingredient, but its efficiency should be improved by various processing techniques. African catfish can utilize efficiently a diet with low percentage of animal protein without growth reduction.  相似文献   

9.
Three oilseed protein concentrates (soybean, canola, and sunflower) were evaluated to determine their potential, when supplemented with deficient essential amino acids, to partially or completely replace fish meal in diets fed to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss . Triplicate aquaria of juvenile trout (average weight of 12 g) were fed the experimental diets for 10 wk, at which time the average weight of the fish was approximately sixfold higher than the initial weight. Average fish weight gains on diets in which the protein component was 100% fish meal; 75% fish meal, 25% soybean protein concentrate; 50% fish meal, 50% soybean protein concentrate; and 75% fish meal, 25% sunflowerseed protein concentrate were not significantly different ( P < 0.05). The average weight of fish fed a commercial feed was significantly lower than that of fish fed the 100% fish meal diet, but not significantly different from fish fed the three other formulations mentioned above. Fish fed diets containing 50% fish meal, 50% canola protein concentrate; and 25% fish meal, 75% sunflowerseed protein concentrate had significantly lower average final weights than those of fish fed the other diets. Feed conversion ratio patterns among the dietary treatment groups reflected those of weight gain. Fish survival exceeded 95% on all diets. Apparent protein digestibility coefficients ranged from 79.5% (75% soybean protein concentrate, 25% canola protein concentrate) to 90.6% (100% soybean protein concentrate). The results of this study demonstrated that certain oilseed protein concentrates have good potential as protein sources in rainbow trout feeds when properly supplemented with essential amino acids.  相似文献   

10.
A basal practical diet for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca) was formulated and elaborated to test several protein contents and substitution possibilities of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM) in a 90‐day trial with 5‐month‐old juveniles (30.54 mm TL, 0.30 g W). A factorial design included nine feeding treatments: three protein contents (50%, 40% or 30%) and three levels of replacement (0%, 25% or 45%) of FM protein by SBM protein. In addition, a commercial carp feed was used as reference. Final survival ranged from 98.2% to 99.4%. The 50% dietary protein with 0% or 25% replacement and 40% dietary protein with 25% replacement diets enabled higher growth (P < 0.05) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) than the rest of practical diets. Fish fed 50% dietary protein had similar growth than those fed carp feed (63.8% protein). Deformed fish averaged 1% for the practical diets and 87.6% for the carp feed. The basal practical diet has showed to be feasible and levels of 40–50% dietary protein with 25% replacement of FM protein by SBM protein can be recommended for juvenile tench aged 5–8 months.  相似文献   

11.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate various ingredient combinations in a 28% or 32% protein diet for optimum performance of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. All diets contained soybean meal and corn, but with or without cottonseed meal, wheat middlings or fish meal (FM). Channel catfish fingerlings were stocked into 0.04 ha earthen ponds at 18 530 fish ha?1. Fish were fed one of eight diets once daily to apparent satiation for two growing seasons. Results demonstrated that the dietary ingredient composition used had significant effects on fish performance, but magnitude of differences was relatively small. Overall, diets containing FM resulted in greater weight gain (Experiments 1 and 2) and lower feed conversion ratio (Experiment 1) than fish fed all‐plant diets. However, certain combinations of plant ingredients provided the similar fish growth as some diets containing FM. There were no significant differences in weight gain between fish fed soybean meal–corn or soybean meal–corn–wheat middlings‐based diets with cottonseed meal or FM. The use of wheat middlings in the diet had no significant effects on fish production characteristics.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of replacing fish meal with Caridina nilotica as a protein ingredient on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass, proximate composition and economic benefits in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture was evaluated. Replacement of the FM with C. nilotica was done at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (D25, D50, D75 and D100) and the substitution effects was compared with the control diet (D0, 0% C. nilotica). After 140 days of culture, the best growth performance, nutrient utilization and economic benefits occurred in fish groups fed diets with 25% C. nilotica inclusion. However, growth performance in fish fed diets D50 and D75 were comparable with the control (P > 0.05). At 100% substitution level of FM with C. nilotica, the growth performance and fish survival was lower than control. Protein and lipid contents in the fish and their digestibilities were highest in diet D25 and decreased with increasing levels of substitution of FM with C. nilotica. This study demonstrate that utilization of local protein sources (C. nilotica) can be effectively used to replace up to 75% of FM in the diets without compromising growth performance, survival, nutrient utilization and economic benefits in O. niloticus culture.  相似文献   

13.
The potential of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in formulated diets for the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae, was assessed. Isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated containing 40% protein and 8% lipid. WHLPC replaced 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of soybean meal protein in the formulated diets. Twenty postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei weighing 5.0 ± 0.00032 mg were randomly assigned to twelve 30‐L aquarium tanks and were fed experimental diets for 70 days. Results show that the overall biological performance of shrimp in terms of specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed efficiency (FE) and survival in treatment receiving the 25% WHLPC replacement is comparable to that of the control diet. Replacement levels beyond 25% exhibited significant depression in terms of growth performance of the shrimp. Collectively, these findings indicate that WHLPC can replace 25% of soybean meal protein in the formulated diets of L. vannamei.  相似文献   

14.
An 84-day feeding trial was conducted with juvenile (6.9 g) Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with the legume guar seed as a protein source in practical diets. Four isonitrogenous (32% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.5kcal DEg?1 diet) diets were formulated. The replacement levels for guar were 25%, 50% and 75%. The reference diet contained fish meal as the main protein source and no guar. The growth performance, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were significantly better in fish fed diets with 25%, 50% and 0% guar than in fish fed the 75% guar diet. The results of the present study suggest that effective replacement of fish meal protein by guar seed protein up to the level of 50% is possible in tilapia practical diets without any adverse effects on growth and feed conversion ratio.  相似文献   

15.
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the amount of soybean meal (SBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) without compromising growth and health of Asian red‐tailed catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (S0, S15, S30, S45 and S60) were formulated with SBM to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of FM. The replacement level up to 30% improved daily growth coefficient, plasma adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and IgM content, and hepatic ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutathione reductase activities, whereas these were depressed by a further inclusion. The highest protein efficiency ratio and lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed the S15 diet. Replacement of FM with SBM generally decreased plasma insulin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) contents and hepatic catalase activity, whereas no significant differences were observed among fish fed the S0, S15 and S30 diets. In contrast, replacing FM with SBM generally increased blood urea nitrogen content, and that was higher in fish fed the S60 diet compared to fish fed the S0 diet. The highest growth hormone (GH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities were observed in fish fed the S30 diet. Fish fed the S30 and S45 diets exhibited the highest hepatic AMPD, GDH, IGF‐1 and target of rapamycin mRNA levels and muscle AMPD and GDH mRNA levels, whereas those were lowest in fish fed the S60 diet. These results indicate that under the reported conditions SBM may be included in the diet up to 222 g/kg as a substitute for FM, replacing about 30% of FM protein in juvenile H. wyckioides.  相似文献   

16.
Mature winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus seeds were quick-cooked and the full-fat meal derived was used to completely replace menhaden fish meal as a dietary protein source for the African catfish Clarias gariepinus . Five dry practical diets (400 g crude protein kg−1 and 17.5 kJ gross energy g−1 dry diet) containing menhaden fish meal (diet 1) or winged bean meal with or without graded levels of supplemental L -methionine (diets 2, 3, 4 and 5; 0, 5, 10 and 15 g kg−1, respectively) were fed to catfish fingerlings (5.8  +  1.2 g) for 70 days. Weight gain, growth rate, feed conversion and protein utilization by catfish fed a winged bean meal diet without L -methionine supplementation (diet 2) was inferior ( P  > 0.05) to that in catfish fed the other diets, where performance differed nonsignificantly. Carcass protein of catfish was lower ( P  < 0.05) while liver protein was higher ( P  < 0.05) in catfish fed the winged bean meal diet without methionine supplementation. Results suggest that winged bean meal cannot replace fish meal as a protein source in catfish diets except with a minimum supplementation with 5 g L -methionine kg−1 diet.  相似文献   

17.
One of the current challenges of global fish farming is developing plant‐based proteins as a feasible substitute for fishmeal in the formulation of aquafeeds. Substitution levels of fishmeal with hydrolyzed soybean meal (HSM) in diets for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) were evaluated for growth, protein metabolism and antioxidant activity. The experiment was carried out in a recirculation system of 20 tanks of 250 L. A total of 300 silver catfish juveniles were used to compose five treatments and four replicates per treatment. Levels of soybean hydrolysate (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were tested in diets (39% protein and 3,500 Kcal) for 60 days. Silver catfish growth was higher at all inclusion levels of HSM when compared to the control diet. No change was shown for body protein deposition. The production of nitrogenous compounds in the liver and muscle was also unaffected by any of the diets. The diet containing 20% HSM promoted an increase in the amounts of non‐protein thiols in the gills and brain. The HSM substitution levels of up to 20% of fishmeal in the diet increases growth and contributes to silver catfish antioxidant activity.  相似文献   

18.
The supplemental effect of Antarctic krill meal (KM) into a low fish meal (FM) diet was evaluated for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A 56% FM‐based diet was regarded as a high FM inclusion diet (HFM), and a low‐FM diet (LFM) was prepared by replacing 50% FM from the HFM. Four other diets were prepared by supplementing 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% KM into the LFM diet gradually replacing soy protein concentrate and tankage meal (designated as KM3, KM6, KM9 and KM12 respectively). Quadruplicate groups of fish were fed one of the diets for 12 weeks. The growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were improved by the dietary KM supplementation. Digestibility of dietary protein and dry matter was increased by the KM3‐9 diets. Haematocrit and haemoglobin were increased by KM supplementation. The innate immunity and antioxidant capacity assessed by Ig, antiprotease, lysozyme, GPx and SOD and the condition factor of fish were significantly increased by KM3‐9 diets. Moreover, goblet cell counts, villi length and fillet yield of fish were significantly improved by all the KM‐containing diets (KM3‐12). A 25‐day‐long challenge test with the Edwardsiella tarda pathogen showed that the cumulative mortality was higher in fish fed the LFM diet than in fish fed the HFM or KM‐supplemented diets. The results indicate that dietary KM supplementation in a LFM diet can increase growth performance and feed utilization efficiency, diet digestibility, intestinal development and functions, innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder. The recommended level of KM inclusion in a LFM diet seems to be 6.6% according to quadratic regression analysis.  相似文献   

19.
Soya bean meal‐based formulated feeds have recently become available for snakehead culture in Vietnam. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate replacement of fish meal (FM) protein by another soya product, soya protein concentrate (SPC), in snakehead (Channa striata) diets. Five iso‐nitrogenous (45% crude protein) and iso‐caloric (19 KJ g?1) practical diets were formulated to replace 0% (control), 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of protein FM by protein SPC (100% FM, 40% SPC, 60% SPC, 80% SPC and 100% SPC respectively). A digestibility experiment was also conducted with the same formulated diets with addition of 1% chromic oxide. Fish fed 100% FM and 40% SPC diets had significantly better growth and survival compared with other treatments. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities of experimental fish fed 100% FM and 40% SPC diets were significantly higher than those fed other diets. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the diet and diet components, ADCdiet, ADCprotein and ADClipid, of fish fed diet 40% SPC and 100% FM treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The cost/kg fish produced in diets 100% FM and 40% SPC was much lower compared with other treatments. Dietary inclusion levels of SPC in diet above 40% significantly affected fish survival, growth, digestibility and trypsin and chymotrypsin activities, although fish chemical composition was not greatly affected.  相似文献   

20.
为研究橡胶籽油替代豆油对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)生长性能、消化酶活性、血脂水平、蛋白质代谢及抗氧化功能的影响,分别以橡胶籽油替代0(对照组)、25%、50%、75%和100%豆油配制5种等氮等能饲料,进行10周饲养实验。实验显示,0~50%替代组草鱼增重率、日增重系数显著高于100%替代组(P<0.05)。随着橡胶籽油替代豆油比例的升高,饲料系数呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中,25%替代组饲料系数最低,显著低于50%~100%替代组(P<0.05);25%替代组蛋白质效率最高,显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。随着橡胶籽油替代比例的升高,肠道胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,25%替代组脂肪酶活性最高,显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),50%替代组胰蛋白酶活性最高,显著高于对照组、75%和100%替代组(P<0.05)。0~50%替代组肝胰脏胰蛋白酶活性显著高于75%和100%替代组(P<0.05)。25%~100%替代组血清总胆固醇(TC)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。随着橡胶籽油替代比例的升高,肝胰脏天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中,25%替代组AST、ALT活性最低,显著低于对照组和100%替代组(P<0.05)。0~25%替代组血浆总抗氧化力(TAC)显著低于75%和100%替代组(P<0.05)。对照组血浆、肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于100%替代组(P<0.05)。由此可知,橡胶籽油替代25%~50%豆油对草鱼生长性能、饲料利用率、血脂水平、抗氧化功能指标均无不良影响;但替代超过50%时显著降低草鱼生长性能和消化酶活性。  相似文献   

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