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1.
A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of incorporating dietary Psychrobacter sp., one predominant bacterium with antagonistic activity in the gut of fast‐growing grouper Epinephelus coioides, on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes and immune responses of E. coioides at regular monthly intervals. The fish were fed with control diet (without probiont) or probiotic diet supplemented with 1.0 × 108 CFU g?1Psychrobacter sp. No significant improvement in weight gain (WG) and specific growth ratio (SGR) were observed in the probiotic group, but a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed the probiotic diet for 60 days. Although not statistically significant, enhanced hepatopancreatic protease and lipase activities and intestinal amylase activity were observed in probiotic group at day 60. A slightly increase in phagocytic activity and phagocytic index was observed in fish fed probiotic diet for 60 days. Serum lysozyme activity showed no significant differences between the probiotic group and the control group during the whole experiment period, while an increasing trend of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the probiotic group was observed. Serum complement component 3 (C3) level of the probiotic group was higher than that of control in the whole feeding period, while complement component 4 (C4) level of the probiotic group was significantly higher than that of the control at day 60. The results of the current study firstly demonstrated potential for Psychrobacter sp. as a novel probiont to improve feed utilization, digestive enzymes and innate immunity in E. coioides.  相似文献   

2.
Strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from several different sources and evaluated in vitro for potential probiotic effects in abalones. Two isolates (Lactobacillus sp. strain a3 and Enterococcus sp. strain s6) were highly resistant to bile salt and/or gastric juice and inhibited the growth of three abalone pathogens (Listonella anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, and V. carchariae). Each of the LAB isolates was used to supplement diet of the abalone Haliotis gigantea for a period of 3 weeks. One group of animals received Lactobacillus sp. strain a3 added to commercial dry feed, one group received Enterococcus sp. strain s6 added to the feed, and a control group received only standard commercial feed. Culturable LAB counts of gut homogenates indicate the a3 colonized in the gut of abalones. Digestive enzyme activities and the concentrations of a number of volatile short-chain fatty acids (VSCFA) were elevated in the gut of abalones receiving feed supplemented with the two LAB strains. These results indicate that dietary supplementation can enable LAB colonization or persistence in the gut of abalone species and can potentially enhance probiotic effects.  相似文献   

3.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on growth performance, fish welfare, sensory evaluation, freshness during ice storage and changes in intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The 9‐week feeding trial was conducted in cages under commercial conditions during the winter season, when water temperature decreased from 14°C to 7°C. Fish were fed either a diet without probiotic supplementation (control) or with 0.2% (2 × 109 CFU kg?1 diet) of multi‐strain probiotic bacteria (Bacillus sp., Pediococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp.). Fish weight was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 9 weeks. Growth performance was not affected by dietary probiotic supplementation. Alternative complement activity (ACH50) was significantly higher in fish fed the diet with probiotic (58.4 ± 3.7 units mL?1) than in the control group (46.9 ± 3.1 units mL?1) (P = 0.03). Several biochemical markers were altered by the dietary treatment. 7‐ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) (P < 0.01), glutathione S‐transferase (GST) (P < 0.001), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (P < 0.05) increased and lipid peroxidation (LP) (P < 0.01) decreased with dietary probiotic supplementation. Flesh quality and shelf‐life of fish stored on ice was not affected by dietary probiotic supplementation. Probiotic supplementation had a limited effect on the intestinal microbiota. Signal strength of the observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) differed between the control and treatment samples and could indicate variations in the abundance of certain OTUs. Microbiota adhering to the intestinal mucus varied between sampling points, indicating that changes were associated with water temperature.  相似文献   

4.
The current study aimed to determine the effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on growth, gut morphology and non‐specific immune parameters in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles during a 1‐month trial. Fish were fed for 1‐month two diets with 1.0 or 4.6 × 106 CFU kg?1) of probiotic A (Bacillus sp., Pediococcus sp., Enterococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp.) and two diets with 3.5 or 8.6 × 105 CFU kg?1 of probiotic B (Pediococcus acidilactici) and tested against an unsupplemented diet (control). Growth performance, as well as respiratory burst activity, nitric oxide (NO), alternative complement pathway (ACH50), lysozyme and peroxidase activities, was not affected by the dietary treatments. Probiotic supplementation tended to increased growth homogeneity between tanks having diet A1 the best possible alternative to decrease costs associated to size grading. Villous length and number of goblet cells of the anterior intestine did not vary among treatments. Muscle duodenal layer was significantly thicker in fish fed probiotic A compared to probiotic B, when included at the lowest level (A2 versus B2). The current study indicate that the use of the multispecies probiotic at 1.0 × 106 CFU kg?1 might enhance protection against pathogen outbreak and increase nutrient absorption, whereas at the highest concentration could reduced size dispersion among tanks.  相似文献   

5.
A study was conducted to assess the probiotic effect of different dietary forms of Pediococcus acidilactici on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal colonization and basic health status were investigated after a 10 week feeding trial. Fish were fed either vegetative (Veg) or lyophilized (Lyo) cells incorporated into a basal diet at either 107 (Lo) or 108 (Hi) CFU g?1. P. acidilactici temporarily colonized the digestive tract (as both epithelium associated and transient populations) in all probiotic groups during supplemented feeding. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of localized colonization of P. acidilactici‐like cells between intestinal folds of the probiotic fed fish. Compared to the control group, no significant improvements in growth performance, feed utilization or carcass composition were observed in the probiotic fed fish (P > 0.05). However, a significant reduction of condition factor (K) was evident in fish fed the lyophilized diets. Increased leucocyte levels were observed in fish fed the low level vegetative P. acidilactici supplemented diet yet leucocyte types were not affected. The study demonstrates some potential for the application of P. acidilactici with rainbow trout but further research is required to optimize applications.  相似文献   

6.
The farming of hybrid surubins in Brazil has been affected by bacterial diseases. To avoid this problem, the development of prophylactics such as probiotics has proved to be a promising tool against bacterial outbreaks. This study evaluated the dietary supplementation with lactic acid bacterium Weissella cibaria and its probiotic action in the intestinal tract focusing the hemato‐immunological parameters, histology and electron microscopy. A total of 96 fish were maintained in a recirculation system and divided into 12 tanks, two treatments (supplemented and unsupplemented fish) and six replicates. Fish were fed supplemented commercial diet with W. cibaria for a period of 45 days, and the unsupplemented fish were with commercial feed without probiotic. The numbers of red blood cells, thrombocytes and lymphocytes were higher in supplemented fish after 45 days (P < 0.05). The percentage of phagocytosis, the agglutination titre and the total immunoglobulin concentration were higher in fish fed probiotic. Fish fed supplemented diet presented increased length and width of the intestinal villi, the number of goblet cells and villi's perimeter. The probiotic W. cibaria was capable of colonizing and benefitting the surubins' gastrointestinal tracts, improving intestinal health and the hemato‐immunological parameters of fish.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of dietary administration of Lactococcus lactis MM1 and Enterococcus faecium MM4, two strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gut of juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides, on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes and immune response of juvenile E. coioides was evaluated. The fish were fed for 60 days with three different diets: control diet (without probiotic), diet P1 supplemented with 1.0 × 108 CFU g?1L. lactis or diet P2 with 1.0 × 108 CFU g?1E. faecium. Although growth and feed intake decreased slightly, significant improvement of feed utilization was observed in fish fed diet P1 and diet P2 for 60 days. The hepatopancreatic protease activities in the two probiotic treatments were significantly higher than that in the control. The phagocytic activity, serum superoxide dismutase activity and complement component 4 (C4) and IgM levels were not significantly affected by diet P1 and diet P2. Serum complement component 3 (C3) levels in the two treatments were significantly higher than that in the control. Significant increased serum lysozyme activity was observed in fish fed the diet P1, while significant decreased lysozyme activity was observed in fish fed the diet P2 compared with the fish fed the control diet. There was a significant interaction effect between diet and administration date for the complement C4. The study demonstrates potential for L. lactis MM1 and E. faecium MM4 to improve the feed utilization and modulate the immune function in E. coioides.  相似文献   

8.
A 90‐day experiment was conducted by rearing 1020 prawn juveniles (0.54 ± 0.03 g) in water supplemented with three different concentrations of probiotic bacteria viz. T1 (107 cfu L?1), T2 (108 cfu L?1), T3 (109 cfu L?1) and the control (C) (unsupplemented water), to evaluate probiotic effect of Lactobacillus plantarum. In the present study, the growth parameters (WG%, SGR) and feed utilization parameters (FCR, PER) significantly improved (P < 0.05) in T3. The growth and feed utilization parameters though improved marginally in T1 and T2, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05) compared to the control. The gastro‐intestinal Lactobacillus sp. count increased significantly (P < 0.05) in all the treatment groups, whereas the decrease in harmful bacteria was significant (P < 0.05) in T3 compared to the control. Similarly, the Lactobacillus sp. count in culture water increased significantly (P < 0.05) in all the experimental groups, whereas the decrease in harmful bacteria was significant (P < 0.05) in T2 and T3. The immune parameters (THC, PO and RB activity) and clearance efficiency significantly improved (P < 0.05) in T3 with concurrent decrease (P < 0.05) in cumulative mortality against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. However, water quality did not improved (P > 0.05) in any of the treatment groups. The results indicate that Lactobacillus plantarum at a minimum concentration of 109 cfu L?1 could be used as water additive to confer its probiotic effect in prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Moreover, future studies with higher probiotic concentrations should be conducted for its efficient commercial scale field application.  相似文献   

9.
A 56‐d feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary mannan‐oligosaccharides (MOS) and fructo‐oligosaccharide (FOS) on growth indices, body composition, intestinal bacterial community and digestive enzymes activity of regal peacock. A total of 240 fish were randomly distributed to 15 experimental units (40‐L aquariums) of 16 fish each. These replicates were randomly assigned to one of five treatments in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. The treatments were control diet (no MOS and FOS), diet A (2 gkg?1 MOS + 1.5 g kg?1 FOS), diet B (2 g kg?1 MOS + 3 g kg?1 FOS), diet C (4 g kg?1 MOS + 1.5 g kg?1 FOS) or diet D (4 g kg?1 MOS + 3 g kg?1 FOS). The results showed that feeding diet C increased specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio and decreased feed conversion ratio compared with control diet. Higher intestinal trypsin activity and increased Lactobacillus counts were observed in fish fed diets B and C. All diets significantly elevated body protein deposition and intestinal amylase activity compared to the control diet. In conclusion, the diet supplemented with 4 g kg?1 MOS + 1.5 g kg?1 FOS was advantageous over other MOS + FOS‐supplemented diets, with respect to growth performance and health benefits of regal peacock.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum) supplemented diet on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a polyculture system with marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) as regards culture performance, hematology, and gut bacterial microbiota. Ten 20-m2 pens were arranged in one earthen pond and stocked with 2 fish (41.9 g) m−2 and 10 shrimp (2.3 g) m−2, in total of 40 Nile tilapias and 200 shrimp per experimental unit. Tilapia groups in five of the experimental units were fed a commercial diet supplemented with L. plantarum and the other five with an unsupplemented commercial diet (control). After 12 weeks of culture, the tilapia groups fed the probiotic-supplemented diet presented values 13.6, 7.5, and 7.1% higher for feed efficiency, yield, and final weight, respectively. Viable culturable heterotrophic bacteria counts were reduced, and the number of lactic acid bacteria was increased in the gut of fish and shrimp fed the probiotic-supplemented diet. Hematological analyses showed higher number of thrombocytes and leukocytes in tilapia fed the supplemented diet. L. plantarum utilized in this study colonized the gut of tilapia and shrimp and resulted in reduced number of total bacteria and increased tilapia final weight and feed efficiency.  相似文献   

11.
Probiotic administration is associated with the enhancement of host resistance to environmental and nutritional stressors, improving survival and growth rates. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus toyoi on growth performance, innate immune responses and gut morphology of two trout species feeding a commercial diet high in soybean meal. A commercial probiotic (4.2 × 109 CFU g?1 of additive) was supplemented to the experimental diets at 0% (control), 0.03% (P1; 6 × 103 CFU g?1 of diet) or 0.06% (P2; 1.5 × 106 CFU g?1 of diet) and fed to brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for 9 and 20 weeks respectively. Rainbow trout showed significantly better growth performance than brown trout, regardless of the dietary treatment. No effect of dietary probiotic supplementation was detected on growth performance, body composition or innate immune parameters (plasma lysozyme, alternative complement and peroxidase activities). In both species, after 9 weeks, intestinal lamina propria and submucosa were widened, with increased presence of inflammatory cells, significantly higher in groups fed probiotics. This inflammatory process, with villi and enterocytes noticeably damaged compared with the control group, was more pronounced in brown trout. Under the current trial conditions, the B. subtilis + B. cereus toyoi had no positive impact in either trout species, on the contrary a harmful effect was observed.  相似文献   

12.
This study evaluated the effect of two bacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and the dairy yogurt (DY) Lactobacillus sp., on improving the growth performance, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and some immunological and haematological parameters. Nile tilapia (19.1 g) were stocked in 0.42 m3 tanks at 67 fish m?3 and fed with two probiotic‐incorporated diets and a control diet for 99 days, followed by a normal diet for another 61 days. At the end of the probiotic feeding, the mean weight, FCR and production rate showed no significant difference among the treatments. However, after 61 days of feeding of the normal diet, the B. amyloliquefaciens fish showed significantly superior growth and better FCR than the control. The DY group had the lowest growth and the poorest FCR. Significantly higher serum lysozyme activity, head‐kidney superoxide dismutase, total immunoglobulin and serum bacterial agglutination titres were recorded in the probiotic groups than the control. Haematological parameters showed no difference between treatments. The B. amyloliquefaciens fed fish showed that the gut microflora was dominated by B. amyloliquefaciens even after the withdrawal of the probiotic. On the contrary, the probiotic bacterial species isolated from the dairy yoghurt did not persist longer in the gut. These results indicate the beneficial effect of administering the bacteria isolated from fish gut microflora, B. amyloliquefaciens, in improving growth, FCR and immunological parameters. The high persistence of B. amyloliquefaciens indicates that the probiotic colonization in the gut is essential for the best responses and economics.  相似文献   

13.
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic on performance and intestinal microflora of Chinese soft‐shelled turtle. Healthy Chinese soft‐shelled turtles (6000 pieces with average weight of 5 g) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: control and treatment with three replicates each. The control was fed on normal basal diet, whereas treatment was fed on basal diet supplemented with 1 × 108 cfu.g?1 Bacillus subtilis preparation. The results showed that the final mean weight of treatment (265.84 ± 3.48 g) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of control (240.45 ± 4.32 g). There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in FCR, and DGs were obtained in probiotics fed group as compared to control. The level of sucrase, maltase, amylase, lipase and ATPase of treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of control. Pyrosequencing showed that the dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus strain decreased microbial diversity. Phylum Firmicutes was dominant in both groups. Compared with the control, Firmicutes was increased, while others were decreased in treatment group. The results indicated that dietary supplementation of probiotic can improve growth performance, digestibility and intestinal microflora in Chinese soft‐shelled turtle.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a dietary multi‐species probiotic on growth, gut morphology and immune parameters in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish were fed with two experimental diets, a control diet and the same diet supplemented with the probiotic for 72 days. A sub‐lethal bath challenge with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was performed after the growth trial. Intestine and blood samples were collected to study gut structure and plasmatic immune parameters. No significant differences were found in growth performance. The analysis of gut morphology showed a significant increase in intestinal villi height of Senegalese sole fed the probiotic. Regarding circulating leucocytes, dietary probiotic supplementation increased thrombocytes levels whereas a decrease in the proportion of lymphocytes was observed. No significant differences were observed in humoural immune parameters. Bath challenge differentially affected leucocyte counts and increased peroxidase activity. This study presents the possibility of using dietary probiotic supplementation to increase Senegalese sole welfare since gut morphology was positively affected. Although the immune response after a bacterial challenge was not modulated by dietary treatment, further studies would be instrumental to unravel eventual dietary benefits on immune mechanisms.  相似文献   

15.
The present feeding trial examined the effect of synbiotic use of Bacillus mycoides and organic selenium (OS) as Sel‐Plex on marron immunity, growth and survival. The marron were cultured in recirculated tanks and fed test diets consisting of a basal diet; basal diet supplemented with B. mycoides (108 CFU g?1 of feed); basal diet supplemented with OS (Sel‐Plex) (0.2 g kg ? 1 of feed) and basal diet supplemented with synbiotic (B. mycoides at 108 CFU g?1 and OS 0.2 g kg ? 1 feed) diet, in triplicate. The effect of the prebiotic OS (Sel‐Plex) on the growth rate of B. mycoides was also studied in vitro. The results suggested that synbiotic use of B. mycoides and OS significantly improved some immune parameters of marron, particularly the glutathione peroxidase, and to some extent total haemocyte counts. However, the synbiotic feed did not synergistically improve marron growth, in fact the use of B. mycoides‐supplemented diet alone demonstrated significantly higher growth in marron compared with the growth of marron fed on other test diets. Supplementation of the basal diet with host origin B. mycoides significantly increased the intestinal bacterial population (3.399 ± 825 CFU g ? 1 of gut) in marron compared with other diets. Organic selenium as Sel‐Plex in Trypticase Soya Broth also confirmed that OS did not increase the amount of growth of B. mycoides and resulted in a lower intestinal bacterial population in the synbiotic diet‐fed marron. In conclusion, synbiotic of OS and B. mycoides may improve a particular immune parameters of marron and to a lesser extent their growth.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis on the histopathological changes in Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles (4.0 ± 0.02 g) challenged with known pathogenic strain of Vibrio alginolyticus are reported. Two isocaloric basal diets supplemented with probiotic bacteria B. licheniformis (1.0 × 109 cfu/g feed) and other without probiotic supplementation were fed to the M. rosenbergii juveniles for 45 days. The histological observations revealed no significant changes in the hepatopancreas and gut tissues of both the experimental and the control groups which indicate that the present bacterium is a safe candidate probiont for the host. Prawns were challenged with V. alginolyticus after 45 days of feeding with probiotic diet. The histopathological studies of the hepatopancreas revealed that M. rosenbergii fed with probiotic‐supplemented diet showed less changes as compared to the prawns fed with control diet on second and fourth day of post‐experimental challenge with V. alginolyticus. Histopathological observations revealed that the gills of the prawns fed with control diet were severely affected in comparison to the prawns fed with probiotic‐supplemented diet after challenging with V. alginolyticus. Results from this study revealed the improved protection by dietary incorporation of B. licheniformis in reducing the histopathological manifestations due to V. alginolyticus infection in freshwater prawn.  相似文献   

17.
A feeding trial was conducted to determine effects of dietary inosine on growth, immune responses, oxidative stress resistance and intestinal morphology of juvenile red sea bream. A semi‐purified basal diet supplemented with 0 (D1, control), 2 g kg?1 (D2), 4 g kg?1 (D3), 6 g kg?1 (D4) and 8 g kg?1 (D5) dietary inosine, respectively, to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight: 8 g). After 50 days of feeding trial, fish fed diets with 4 g kg?1 inosine had the highest (p < .05) final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate. Similarly, improved feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also found at 4 g kg?1 inosine supplemented group. Some non‐specific immune parameters such as total serum protein, lysozyme activity and bactericidal activity tended to be higher for fish fed diets supplemented with inosine. Peroxidase and catalase activity also influenced (p < .05) by dietary inosine supplementation. Fish fed 2 g kg?1 and 4 g kg?1 inosine supplemented diets showed the least oxidative stress condition. Inosine supplementation significantly increased (p < .05) anterior enterocyte height and posterior fold height, enterocyte height and microvillus height compared with control. We concluded that 4 g kg?1 dietary inosine supplementation effectively provokes growth and health performance of red sea bream by increasing growth, immune response, oxidative stress resistance and intestinal health condition.  相似文献   

18.
We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 104 cfu mL?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×105 cfu mL?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 107 cfu g?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 108 cfu g?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.  相似文献   

19.
This study was undertaken to assess dorsal aorta cannulation as a method to evaluate alterations in diet composition and feeding protocol on pigment retention in salmonid fish. Temporal changes in blood astaxanthin concentrations of dorsal aortacannulated Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were followed in relation to variations in dietary pigment concentration and fish-feeding husbandry protocol. The fish were held individually in 200-L fibreglass tanks supplied with running sea water. Each fish was forced to swim at 0.5 body lengths s?1 and was fed daily by hand to satiation. The fish had an average growth rate of 1% day?1. Blood astaxanthin concentrations were noted to be highly correlated (r= 0.995) with dietary levels of astaxanthin, but not as well correlated (r= 0.71) with total gut content of this pigment. Marked variations in blood astaxanthin concentration were noted between individual fish at each dietary pigment concentration, but the ranking of the fish was generally unaffected between each dietary pigment level. After cessation of feeding a diet supplemented with 75 mg of astaxanthin kg?1, salmon fed a diet with no pigment showed more-rapid blood pigment clearance than those that were starved. Likely, feed remaining in the alimentary tract of the starved fish functioned as a reservoir of pigment for the blood until the intestinal tract was empty. Blood pigment levels were not depressed in salmon fed a diet supplemented with 75 mg of astaxanthin kg?1 once daily instead of twice daily.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the possible dietary application of live and heat‐inactivated probiotic Bacillus pumilus SE5 in grouper Epinephelus coioides, juveniles (14.6 ± 0.2 g) were fed either a basal control diet (without probiotic) or the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 108 CFU g?1 live (T1) and heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 (T2). The heat‐inactivated probiotic significantly improved the final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) at day 60 and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at day 30 and 60, while the viable probiotic significantly decreased the FCR at day 60 (P < 0.05). Phagocytic activity, serum complement C3 and IgM levels as well as SOD activity elevated significantly in fish fed the heat‐inactivated probiotic for 60 days (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the heat‐inactivated probiotic remarkably up‐regulated expression of TLR2 and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐8 and IL‐1β) in head kidney (P < 0.05), but the viable probiotic failed to do so. These results indicated that heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 can effectively improve the growth performance and immune responses of E. coioides.  相似文献   

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