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1.
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) carprofen was administered to dogs as a mixed-micelle solution at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg intravenously, as a palatable paste at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg orally, and as an oral tablet formulation at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg and 4-0 mg/kg orally for pharmacokinetic studies. It was also administered as an oral tablet formulation at a dose rate of 9-0 mg/kg orally daily for 14 days in a tolerance study. The pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg indicate that carprofen has a small volume of distribution (Vd area = 0–09-0-25 litres), a slow systemic clearance (Cls = 1–34-5-57 ml/min) and an elimination half-life of 3–20-11-77 hours. Both oral paste and tablet preparations were highly bioavailable and absorption was proportional to dose rate at 0–7 mg/kg and 4-0 mg/kg bodyweight. Given once daily at dose rates likely to be used clinically it is unlikely to accumulate in the plasma. Carprofen administered as a palatable paste at a dose rate of 0–7 mg/kg did not inhibit serum thromboxane generation and this drug may therefore have a mode of action different from most NSAIDs. Carprofen was well tolerated when administered as an oral tablet formulation at a dose rate of 9.0 mg/kg daily for 14 days in healthy beagle dogs.  相似文献   

2.
Piroxicam was administered to beagle dogs intravenously and orally at a dose rate of 0.3 mg/kg bodyweight. It had an elimination half-life of 40.2 hours, a volume of distribution of 0.29 +/- 0.02 litres/kg and a body clearance rate of 0.066 litres/hour. When administered orally it was 100 per cent bioavailable and maximum plasma concentrations were achieved quickly (3.1 +/- 1.0 hours). Piroxicam inhibited the generation of thromboxane B2 in the blood of dogs by more than 70 per cent and more than 50 per cent inhibition was maintained in most animals for 48 hours.  相似文献   

3.
The pharmacokinetics of aditoprim (2,4-diam-ino-5-[4-[dimethylamino]-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl] pyrimidine), a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, were studied in three eight to 17-month-old beagle dogs. The drug was alternately injected intravenously and administered orally as a tablet in two separate experiments. The doses ranged from 4–27 to 7–25 mg/kg bodyweight. The mean plasma clearance (CI) was 15-3 ml/min/kg and the mean volume of distribution (Vss) 13-1 litres/kg. The mean plasma elimination half-life times after intravenous injection and oral administration were 11-6 and 9-6 hours, respectively. Aditoprim was readily (tmax= one to four hours) and completely absorbed from the intestinal tract (f = 89 per cent).  相似文献   

4.
Reasons for performing study: Orally administered prednisolone and dexamethasone are used commonly in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses. However, the efficacy of prednisolone in improving pulmonary function during continuous antigen exposure has not been evaluated critically and there is little evidence supporting the efficacy of low‐dose oral dexamethasone in the same conditions. Hypothesis: Oral prednisolone and dexamethasone improve pulmonary function in RAO under conditions of continuous antigen exposure, and dexamethasone is more effective than prednisolone at commonly used dosages. Methods: Using a randomised crossover design, prednisolone (2 mg/kg bwt) and dexamethasone (0.05 mg/kg bwt) were administered per os, s.i.d. for 7 days, to 7 horses during clinical exacerbation of the disease. Maximal difference in transpulmonary pressure (ΔPL), lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) were measured before and after 3 and 7 days of treatment. Results: Prednisolone and dexamethasone improved pulmonary function significantly. However, the improvement was of greater magnitude after 3 and 7 days of treatment with dexamethasone compared to prednisolone. Also, after 7 days of treatment with dexamethasone, ΔPL and RL were not different from values obtained when horses were on pasture, while all 3 pulmonary function parameters remained different from pasture values after prednisolone treatment. Conclusions: Both corticosteroids improve pulmonary function, in spite of continuous antigen exposure. However, oral dexamethasone at 0.05 mg/kg bwt is more effective than prednisolone at 2 mg/kg bwt in the treatment of RAO. Potential relevance: Prednisolone was shown, for the first time, to our knowledge, to improve the pulmonary function of horses with RAO in the presence of continuous antigen exposure. This study also demonstrates the efficacy of low‐dose oral dexamethasone in reversing airway obstruction in these conditions.  相似文献   

5.
Carprofen was administered intravenously to sheep at two dose rates (0.7 and 4.0 mg kg-1), and the pharmacokinetics of the drug studied. Plasma concentrations of the drug were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Carprofen had a small volume of distribution (Vd[area], 95.5 and 118.4 ml kg-1), a prolonged elimination half-life (t1/2 beta, 26.1 and 33.7 hours) and a slow body clearance rate (Clb, 2.5 ml kg-1 h-1) in sheep.  相似文献   

6.
The gastroduodenal mucosa of 30 healthy dogs was examined by endoscope after 7 days of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration. The dogs were divided into five groups. One group received ketoprofen (1 mg/kg every 24 h), one group copper-indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg every 12 h), one group 1 mg of prednisolone and 200 mg of cinchophen (1 tablet per 20 kg every 12 h), one group aspirin (15 mg/kg every 12 h) and one group gelatin (1 capsule every 12 h). Occult blood was not detected in the faeces either prior to or after non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration. Packed cell volume, total plasma protein and buccal mucosal bleeding times did not significantly change after non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug administration. Gastroduodenal lesions were observed in 22 dogs. There was no significant difference in lesions between the ketoprofen, copper-indomethacin and prednisolone-cinchophen groups, but the gelatin group had significantly (p 相似文献   

7.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of fenbendazole in channel catfish   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Fenbendazole (FBZ) was administered intravenously (1 mg/kg) and orally (5 mg/kg) to catheterized, confined channel catfish. Blood samples were collected for 72 h, and resulting FBZ plasma concentrations were pharmacokinetically modelled. Following intravenous administration t1/2 was 0.51 h, t1/2 was 16.8 h, body clearance (C1b) was 0.0598 L/kg/h, and Vd (area) was 1.45 L/kg. After oral administration the t1/2 (abs) was 1.47 h, the t1/2 was 20.1 h, and the tlag was 0.1 h.Following oral administration of 5 mg FBZ/kg body weight, the following tissues and body fluids were sampled for concentrations of FBZ, oxfendazole (FBZ-SO), sulphone metabolite (FBZ-SO2) and hydroxy metabolite (FBZ-OH): liver, posterior kidney, fat, muscle, bowel contents and urine. Fenbendazole was detected in the highest concentrations in abdominal fat, whereas oxfendazole was found primarily in the kidney, liver and abdominal fat. The sulphone metabolite was detected only in urine and bowel contents, while the hydroxy metabolite was found most often in the liver and abdominal fat samples.  相似文献   

8.
The cardiovascular effects of intravenously (iv) administered medetomidine 20 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt) and ketamine (2 mg/kgbwt), with and without 100% inspired oxygen, were investigated in six domestic sheep. A second dose of medetomidine and ketamine was administered iv, at dose 10 μg/kg bwt and 1 mg/kg bwt respectively, 25 minutes after the initial injection. Heart rate, PaO2 pH and haemoglobin saturation decreased whereas PaCO2 and base excess increased post-injection. Transient hypertension and an increase in respiration rate were evident within the first 10 minutes of anaesthesia. Significant hypoxaemia (P<0.01) developed in sheep breathing room air. Inspired 100% oxygen improved PaO2 (but the difference was not significant), and improved haemoglobin saturation significantly (P<0.05), however, this effect varied between individuals. One sheep breathing room air suffered a cardiac arrest immediately post-injection and had to be resuscitated. Atipamezole 125 μg/kg given intramuscularly 45 minutes after the initial injection rapidly reversed the effects of medetomidine. Recovery times did not significantly differ although time to extubation and standing tended to be longer in sheep breathing room air compared to the sheep breathing 100% oxygen. The quality of the recovery did not differ.  相似文献   

9.
Twenty adult dogs weighing between 1.4 and 53.5 kg and aged between six months and nine years were anaesthetised and the brachial plexus was localised with the aid of a nerve stimulator. In 10 of the dogs a brachial plexus block was induced with a mixture of lidocaine and bupivacaine and the other 10 each received 0.25 ml/kg saline as a control. The end-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintained between 1.3 and 1.4 per cent during surgery for carpal arthrodesis or a fracture of the radius or ulna. Acute heart rate or blood pressure increases of 20 per cent or more were treated with 1 microg/kg fentanyl intravenously. Postoperatively, signs of pain were scored by a single blinded observer at hourly intervals until eight hours after the block had been induced, on a scale from 0 to 18. Dogs with pain scores above 5 received 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg methadone intravenously, repeated as necessary. During surgery the control dogs received significantly more fentanyl (median 0.05 microg/kg/minute, range 0.02 to 0.20 microg/kg/minute) than the group given local anaesthetic (median 0 microg/kg/minute, range 0 to 0.02 microg/kg/minute). Postoperatively, the control group required significantly more methadone (median 0.2 mg/kg, range 0.1 to 1 mg/kg) than the treated group (median 0 mg/kg, range 0 to 0.13 mg/kg).  相似文献   

10.
Twenty-nine dogs undergoing a variety of surgical procedures were assigned randomly to one of two groups. All animals were premedicated with acepromazine (0–05 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with thiopentone sodium, or propofol in the case of sight hounds, and maintained with halothane in an oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture using a non-rebreathing circuit. Dogs in group 1 were given flunixin (1 mg/kg made up to 5 ml with 0–9 per cent saline) slowly intravenously 10 minutes before the halothane was switched off. Group 2 dogs received papaveretum (0–2 mg/kg made up to 5 ml with saline] administered as before. Using a visual analogue scale, the dogs were scored for sedation and for pain by trained theatre staff who were unaware of the analgesic used. Scoring was at 15, 30, 60, 120 , 240 and 360 minutes after analgesic administration. Seven dogs were withdrawn from the trial (three from the papaveretum group and four from the group which received flunixin) because analgesia was deemed unsatisfactory and these animals were given pethidine (3 mg/kg intramuscularly) which produced adequate analgesia within 15 minutes in all cases. Clinically, flunixin proved to be as effective a postoperative analgesic as papaveretum for up to six hours and was associated with less sedation, Pain scores were significantly different at two and four hours with flunixin providing more analgesia than papaveretum and at the four hour time point, flunixin was associated with significantly less sedation than papaveretum. From this study it was concluded that flunixin has a place in the treatment of acute post surgical pain, either alone or in combination with opioid analgesics where pain is refractory to treatment with clinical doses of opioids alone.  相似文献   

11.
Cotyledoside, a bufadienolide cardiac glycoside, was administered intravenously to sheep in 2 studies. In experiment 1, sheep (n = 4) received 0.0135 mg/kg daily on 5 consecutive days and in the 2nd experiment, sheep (n = 4) received 0.027 mg/kg as a single dose. Jugular blood was collected at different time intervals and kinetic parameters were determined. The data fitted a 1-compartmental model. In both experiments a short half-life (t1/2) and mean residence time (MRT), a relative small volume of distribution (Vd(ss)) and rapid clearance were calculated. In the 1st experiment, t1/2 and MRT increased significantly (P < 0.007) from Day (D) 0 to D4. It is suggested that the rapid decline in plasma cotyledoside concentrations in sheep denotes rapid distribution of cotyledoside to the tissues or extracellular spaces and possible accumulation at the biophase.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of liposome‐encapsulated (DPPC‐C) hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) to dogs. A total of eight healthy Beagles aged 12.13 ± 1.2 months and weighing 11.72 ± 1.10 kg were used. Dogs randomly received liposome encapsulated hydromorphone, 0.5 mg/kg IV (n = 6), 1.0 mg/kg (n = 6), 2.0 mg/kg (n = 6), or 3.0 mg/kg (n = 7) SC with a 14–28 day washout between trials. Blood was sampled at serial intervals after drug administration. Serum hydromorphone concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Serum concentrations of hydromorphone decreased rapidly after IV administration of the DPPC‐C formulation (half‐life = 0.52 h, volume of distribution = 12.47 L/kg, serum clearance = 128.97 mL/min/kg). The half‐life of hydromorphone after SC administration of DPPC‐C formulation at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/kg was 5.22, 31.48, and 24.05 h, respectively. The maximum serum concentration normalized for dose (CMAX/D) ranged between 19.41–24.96 ng/mL occurring at 0.18–0.27 h. Serum hydromorphone concentrations fluctuated around 4.0 ng/mL from 6–72 h after 2.0 mg/kg and mean concentrations remained above 4 ng/mL for 96 h after 3.0 mg/kg DPPC‐C hydromorphone. Liposome‐encapsulated hydromorphone (DPPC‐C) administered SC to healthy dogs provided a sustained duration of serum hydromorphone concentrations.  相似文献   

13.
Chemotherapy‐induced diarrhoea (CID) is a frequent chemotherapy adverse event in dogs. Yet, there is currently no consensus regarding its management. Smectite is a natural medical clay, widely used in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in humans. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of smectite in the management of CID in dogs, and to collect epidemiological data on CID. For each episode of diarrhoea, dogs were randomized into two management groups: Smectite group, receiving smectite at 0.5 g/kg PO per day divided in two to three doses initiated at the start of CID; control group, without initial medication. In both groups, rescue metronidazole was prescribed if CID progressed or was not improved within 48 hours. Sixty dogs were recruited and received 426 chemotherapy administrations between June 2017 and March 2019. The incidence rate of CID was 110/426 (25.8%, 95% CI: 21.7%‐30.2%), and significantly differed between the chemotherapeutic drugs administered (P < .001). Metronidazole was administered in 5/54 events (9.3%, 95% CI: 3.1%‐20.3%) in the smectite group and in 40/56 events (71.4%, 95% CI: 57.5%‐82.3%) in the control group (P < .001). The time to resolution of diarrhoea was shorter (P < .001) in the smectite group (median: 19.5 hours, interquartile range [IQR]: 13.5‐32 hours) compared with the control group (median: 53 hours, IQR: 31.5‐113.5 hours). The results of this study support the administration of smectite in the first‐line management of CID in dogs.  相似文献   

14.
This study provides baseline information on the potential use of propofol as a general anesthetic for horses. Using a Latin square design, propofol (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) was administered intravenously on three separate occasions to six mature horses. Information about anesthetic induction, duration, and recovery was recorded along with results of rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, pHa, Paco2 and Pao2. Statistical analysis included a mixed model analysis of variance, a general linear model analysis and least square means test for post hoc comparisons. A P <.05 was considered significant. The quality of induction of anesthesia varied from poor to good. Two horses were not recumbent following the lowest dose of propofol. Brief paddling limb movements occurred occasionally and unpredictably after recumbency induced by all three doses. During recovery, horses were uniformly calm and coordinated in their moves to stand. Duration of recumbency (minutes) was dose related; 15.05 ± 1.58 (±±SD) following 2 mg/kg, 31.06 ± 5.56 following 4 mg/kg, and 47.85 ± 13.63 following 8 mg/kg. During recumbency at all doses, heart rate significantly increased from a predrug value of 40 ± 6 beats per minute. Substantial respiratory depression, characterized by a significant decrease in respiratory rate (from 11.7 ± 2.9 to 3.7 ± 1.6 breaths per minute) and increased Paco2 (from 44.5 ± 2.5 to 52.7 ± 8.0 mm Hg) was seen only after 8 mg/kg. A significant decrease in Pao2 was observed throughout the recumbency induced by 8 mg/kg, and also at 3 and 5 minutes following induction of anesthesia with 4 mg/ kg propofol. At 5 minutes after injection, Pao2 was 87.4 ± 13.8 and 58.1 ± 17.0 mm Hg after 4 and 8 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study do not favor the routine use of propofol as a sole anesthetic in otherwise unmedicated horses.  相似文献   

15.
Twenty-four bitches which had been in labour for less than 12 hours were randomly divided into four groups of six. They all received 0.5 mg/kg of chlorpromazine intravenously as premedication, followed 15 minutes later by either 8 mg/kg of thiopentone intravenously (group 1), 2 mg/kg of ketamine and 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam intravenously (group 2), 5 mg/kg of propofol intravenously (group 3), or 2.5 mg/kg of 2 per cent lidocaine with adrenaline and 0.625 mg/kg of 0.5 per cent bupivacaine with adrenaline epidurally (group 4). Except for group 4, the bitches were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with enflurane. The puppies' heart and respiratory rates and their pain, sucking, anogenital, magnum and flexion reflexes were measured as they were removed from the uterus. The puppies' respiratory rate was higher after epidural anaesthesia. In general the puppies' neurological reflexes were most depressed after midazolam/ketamine, followed by thiopentone, propofol and epidural anaesthesia.  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: Platelets are of great importance in the pathogenesis of endotoxemia. Although thrombocytopenia is used as a diagnostic sign of endotoxemia, changes in values for platelet indices (plateletcrit [PCT], mean platelet volume [MPV], and platelet size distribution width [PDW]) in response to endotoxin are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate platelet count and its relations with platelet indices in a canine model of endotoxemia. Methods: Twenty dogs were divided into 2 groups of 10 each, and treated intravenously with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 mg/kg) or vehicle. Venous blood samples were collected before treatment (0 hour) and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after treatment. Platelet counts and indices were determined on a CELL-DYN hematology analyzer. RESULTS: The platelet count and PCT decreased by a mean of 73% and 93%, respectively (P<.001), at 0.5 hour, and remained 70% and 85% lower than baseline values (P<.001) for 24 hours after endotoxin injection. MPV and PDW increased by a mean of 28% and 45%, respectively (P<.01), at 0.5 hour, and remained increased by 7% and 16% over baseline values for 24 hours (P<.01-.001). Platelet count correlated positively with PCT (P<.001), but correlated negatively with MPV (P<.001) and PDW (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in platelet count and its association with platelet indices may reflect changes in platelet production and reactivity. Platelet indices have potential value in the diagnosis and monitoring of dogs and humans with endotoxemia.  相似文献   

17.
Nine Standardbred horses of similar athletic fitness (six mares, three geldings), ranging from 4 to 11 years of age, were used to determine the effects of 0, 250, or 500 mg intravenously administered furosemide on plasma tCO2 changes over time. All horses were either currently racing or in advanced stages of race training before entering a qualifying race. Horses were randomly allotted to one of the three treatment levels of furosemide during 3 consecutive weeks. Jugular venous samples were obtained from horses at rest in box stalls before and hourly for 6 hours after administration of furosemide. Body weights of horses ranged from 356 to 456 kg, and the mean was 417 kg. Thus, the dose of furosemide received by each horse ranged from 0.55 to 0.70 mg/kg body weight for the 250-mg injections and from 1.1 to 1.4 mg/kg body weight for the 500-mg injections. Furosemide caused metabolic alkalosis in the horses. Least square means (±SEM) were determined and horses had adjusted plasma tCO2 of 32.2, 33.9, and 34.7 ± 0.41 for the 0-, 5-, and 10-mL doses of furosemide, respectively. The type 3 tests of hypotheses found that there was a difference (P < .0001) across time, a difference (P = .0016) according to furosemide dose, and a difference (P < .0001) according to treatment × hour. There was no difference (P > .05) according to week or treatment × week. These data suggest that either 250 or 500 mg furosemide given to Standardbred race horses induces statistically similar metabolic alkalosis.  相似文献   

18.
Eleven buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) of 1-1 1/2 years of age and weighing between 64 and 174 kg were given chloramphenicol at the dose rates of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the plasma levels. The median elimination half-life was estimated to be 2.95 h and the median volumes of distribution were 1.1667 litres/kg with the 10 mg/kg dose and 0.9699 litres/kg with the 20 mg/kg dose. The median metabolic clearance rates were 288.30 and 234.13 ml/h/kg, respectively. From the average plasma concentrations obtained with the 20 mg/kg i.v. dose, it was considered necessary to repeat the drug by the i.m. route with the same dose (four calves) which resulted in prolonging the therapeutic concentration (> 5 μg/ml) until 18 h. At therapeutic concentrations, about 60% of the drug was bound to plasma proteins. Using the overall elimination rate constant (0.2354 h-1) and the apparent specific volume of distribution (0.97 litres/kg), different dosage regimens were calculated so as to obtain plasma concentrations (Cp min) of 2, 5 and 10 μg/ml.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of the study was to compare two methods of measuring physiological dead space/tidal volume ratio (Vd /Vt ) and alveolar dead space (Vd ALV). Measurements were obtained by automated single breath CO2 analysis (Ventrak 1550/Capnoguard 1265 (V&C)) and classical calculations were carried out using the Enghoff–Bohr equation in anaesthetized dogs. The V&C consists of a mainstream capnometer, a pneumotachometer, a signal processor, and computer software to determine continuous single‐breath CO2 analysis (SBT‐CO2). Eleven dogs of mixed breed (five female, six male) mean body mass 35 ± 10 kg, aged 9 months to 8 years were studied. Pre‐anaesthetic medication was acepromazine (0.03 mg kg?1) and methadone (0.1 mg kg?1). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol given to effect and maintained with propofol (10 mg kg?1 hour?1) and fentanyl (0.02 mg kg?1 hour?1) by infusion. The dog's trachea were intubated and the carbon dioxide and flow sensor were placed between the tube and the Y‐piece of a circle system (Fi O2 = 1.0). Controlled ventilation was started (tidal volume 10–15 mL kg?1) and settings were not changed throughout the measurement period. Mixed expired PCO2 (P e ?CO2) was measured by analyzing expired gas collected in a mixing box in the expiratory limb of the circle system. The dorsal pedal artery was cannulated for arterial blood sampling and analysis. Measurements were done every 15 minutes for 1 hour. The Vd /Vt was automatically calculated and displayed from the SBT‐CO2 analysis and also obtained using the Enghoff modification of the Bohr equation (Vd /Vt = (PaCO2 ? P e ?CO2)/PaCO2). Alveolar dead space was determined by calculating the physiological dead space (Vd phys = expired volume × (Vd /Vt )) and subtracting the anatomical dead space measured by SBT‐CO2. Values for Vd /Vt and Vd ALV obtained with both methods were compared using Students t‐test. The mean values from the automatic dead space calculation (Vd /Vt : 0.62–0.63; Vd ALV: 56.1–64.3 mL) did not differ significantly from those calculated arithmetically (Vd /Vt : 0.62–0.63; Vd ALV: 54.09–66.31 mL). The mean differences and standard deviation in Vd /Vt was 0.63 ± 0.00 and in Vd ALV 58.98 ± 4.28 mL for the two measurement techniques. Our data indicate that V&C can be used for accurate noninvasive online Vd /Vt and Vd ALV measurements in anaesthetized ventilated dogs.  相似文献   

20.
The pharmacokinetics of spiramycin in pigs were investigated after intravenous and oral administration. The potential therapeutically effective blood level was established after a single administration and examined in a subsidiary five day study. The rapid intravenous injection of 25 mg spiramycin/kg bodyweight produced marked salivation in all the test animals. The elimination half-life (2.3 +/- 1.2 hours) was relatively short, in accordance with the total body clearance rate (27.3 +/- 10.1 ml/minute/kg). The high volume of distribution (5.2 +/- 2.2 litres/kg) was due to the accumulation of the drug in the body tissues. The maximum plasma concentration (4.1 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml) after oral administration of 85 to 100 mg spiramycin/kg bodyweight was reached after 3.7 +/- 0.8 hours and the half-life of the elimination phase was 6.0 +/- 2.4 hours. The oral bioavailability was 45.4 +/- 23.4 per cent. Ad libitum feeding of a diet containing 2550 mg spiramycin/kg produced a steady state concentration of 0.96 +/- 0.27 micrograms/ml. This plasma concentration would provide a potentially therapeutically effective blood concentration against Mycoplasma species, Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus species.  相似文献   

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