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1.

Background

Cholangitis in dogs appears to be more common than previously thought, but understanding of the disease remains incomplete.

Objective

To describe a population of dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis.

Animals

Fifty‐four client‐owned dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis.

Methods

Medical records of dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis confirmed by histopathology between January 2004 and December 2014 were identified using a computer‐based search and retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Clinical signs included vomiting (72.2%), lethargy (70.4%), and inappetence (64.8%). Most dogs (49/50) had increased liver enzyme activities, hyperbilirubinemia (32/50), and hypercholesterolemia (24/43). Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the hepatobiliary system were seen in 84% of cases. On histopathology, 53 of 54 affected dogs had neutrophilic cholangitis (NC) or cholangiohepatitis, whereas 1 dog had lymphocytic cholangitis. Most cases (42/54) were chronic. Evidence of concurrent biliary disease (46.2%) and biliary tract obstruction (42.6%) was common. Seventeen of 36 biliary and 11 of 25 liver cultures were positive for bacterial growth; Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were most common. Median patient survival was 671 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 114–1,426). On Cox regression, dogs that did not have a cholecystectomy performed had a 2.1 greater hazard for death (P = 0.037; 95% CI: 1.0–4.3) compared to cholecystectomized dogs. Dogs >13 years old had a 5.0 greater hazard for death (P = 0.001; 95% CI: 1.9–13.2) compared to younger dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Significance

Chronic NC or cholangiohepatitis was most common. Cholecystitis and biliary tract obstruction often occurred in conjunction with cholangitis. Cholecystectomized dogs had decreased risk of death; thus, cholecystectomy may improve patient outcome.  相似文献   

2.
We hypothesized that neutrophil function in tumour‐bearing dogs is negatively impacted by chemotherapy. Flow cytometric techniques were used to assess neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytic activities at baseline, 7 and 21 days after induction chemotherapy in 20 dogs with lymphoma. Dogs had a lower percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity after stimulation with Escherichia coli (day 7; P = 0.009) and phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) (days 7 and 21; P = 0.0003 and P = 0.01, respectively), compared with healthy controls. From day 0 to 7, the percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity decreased after stimulation with E. coli (P = 0.016) and PMA (P = 0.0006). Induction chemotherapy suppresses the percentage of neutrophils capable of oxidative burst in dogs with lymphoma, with improvement in phagocytic activity over time (P = 0.03). The impact of neutrophil dysfunction on incidence and severity of sepsis in dogs receiving chemotherapy should be investigated.  相似文献   

3.

Background

Limited data exist describing risk factors for death, and long‐term outcomes in dogs with esophageal foreign body (EFB) obstruction.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate short‐ and long‐term outcomes, and analyze risk factors for death in dogs with EFB obstruction. We hypothesized duration of entrapment and treatment type would affect outcome.

Animals

A total of 222 dogs were treated for EFB obstruction at an emergency and referral hospital between March 1998 and March 2017.

Methods

Medical records for dogs with EFB were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Foreign material most frequently was osseous (180/222 [81%]), with distal esophagus the most common location (110/222 [49.5%]). Duration of clinical signs was not associated with risk of death (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.99–1.17; P = 0.2). Entrapment was treated by endoscopy (204/222 [91.8%]), surgery after endoscopic attempt (13/222 [5.9%]), and repeat endoscopy after surgery was recommended but declined (5/222 [2.3%]). In‐hospital case fatality rate was 11/222 (5%). Risk of death was significantly higher with surgery (OR = 20.1, 95% CI 3.59–112.44; P = 0.001), and 5/5 (100%) of dogs died if undergoing endoscopy after surgery was recommended but declined. Increasing numbers of postprocedural complications (OR = 3.44, CI 2.01–5.91; P < 0.001), esophageal perforation (OR = 65.47, CI 4.27–1004.15; P = 0.003), and postprocedure esophageal hemorrhage (OR = 11.81, CI 1.19–116.77; P = 0.04) increased in‐hospital risk of death. Esophageal strictures were reported in 4/189 (2.1%) of survivors available for follow‐up.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Death is uncommon in canine EFB; however, treatment type affects outcome, and these data should be used to guide decision‐making in dogs with EFB.  相似文献   

4.

Background

Reticulocyte hemoglobin content provided by the Siemens ADVIA (CHr) is an established marker of iron deficiency. The IDEXX ProCyte Dx hematology analyzer now provides a similar variable, reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET‐He).

Objectives

The objective was to evaluate RET‐He and its diagnostic utility in dogs, and to calculate a cutoff value for diagnosing iron‐deficient erythropoiesis (IDE). Furthermore, the prevalence of RET‐He values below this cutoff value was established.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐one CBCs of healthy dogs were used to establish a RI. Stability of RET‐He was evaluated by repeated measurements over 48 hours (n = 10). The 25‐run coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated, and correlation and bias between measurements of RET‐He and CHr were assessed (n = 190). A cutoff value for diagnosing IDE was calculated. The utility of RET‐He in the detection of IDE was evaluated in 123 dogs. The prevalence of low RET‐He values was assessed retrospectively in a multicenter study (2012–2014) under participation of 7 veterinary clinics.

Results

Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent with an RI of 22.2 to 28.6 pg was statistically stable over 48 hours (P = .10). The CV was 1.8%. A fair correlation (ρ = 0.74) between RET‐He and CHr with a small bias of ?0.6 pg was found. The cutoff value for diagnosing IDE was 20.9 pg (sensitivity: 85%; specificity: 99%). The prevalence of RET‐He values below 20.9 pg was 10.3% (1084/10,553 dogs).

Conclusions

RET‐He on the ProCyte Dx is a precise screening tool in dogs to detect iron‐deficient erythropoiesis.  相似文献   

5.

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually is associated with a rapid ventricular rate. The optimal heart rate (HR) during AF is unknown.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Heart rate affects survival in dogs with chronic AF.

Animals

Forty‐six dogs with AF and 24‐hour ambulatory recordings were evaluated.

Methods

Retrospective study. Holter‐derived HR variables were analyzed as follows: mean HR (meanHR, 24‐hour average), minimum HR (minHR, 1‐minute average), maximum HR (maxHR, 1‐minute average). Survival times were recorded from the time of presumed adequate rate control. The primary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR <125 bpm versus ≥125 bpm.

Results

All 46 dogs had structural heart disease; 31 of 46 had congestive heart failure (CHF), 44 of 46 received antiarrhythmic drugs. Of 15 dogs with cardiac death, 14 had CHF. Median time to all‐cause death was 524 days (Interquartile range (IQR), 76–1,037 days). MeanHR was 125 bpm (range, 62–203 bpm), minHR was 82 bpm (range, 37–163 bpm), maxHR was 217 bpm (range, 126–307 bpm). These were significantly correlated with all‐cause and cardiac‐related mortality. For every 10 bpm increase in meanHR, the risk of all‐cause mortality increased by 35% (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P < 0.001). Median survival time of dogs with meanHR<125 bpm (n = 23) was significantly longer (1,037 days; range, 524‐open) than meanHR ≥125 bpm (n = 23; 105 days; range, 67–267 days; P = 0.0012). Mean HR was independently associated with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality (P < 0.003).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Holter‐derived meanHR affects survival in dogs with AF. Dogs with meanHR <125 bpm lived longer than those with meanHR ≥ 125 bpm.  相似文献   

6.
Background: Peripheral blood neutrophils of untreated human cancer patients have been shown to have normal, increased, and decreased phagocytic activity, killing capacity, and/or oxidative burst activities. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate oxidative burst and phagocytic activities of peripheral blood neutrophils from tumor‐bearing dogs before therapy and compare them with neutrophil function of healthy control dogs. Methods: Heparinized whole blood was obtained from dogs with high‐grade lymphoma (n=23), sarcoma (n=13), or carcinoma (n=11), and healthy control dogs (n=11) for flow cytometric evaluation of oxidative burst and phagocytic activities. Percentage of bursting cells and amount of oxidative burst activity were determined after stimulation with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) or Escherichia coli. Percentage of phagocytic cells and amount of phagocytic activity were determined after incubation with fluorescent E. coli. Results: Compared with control dogs, dogs with sarcoma (P=.004) and carcinoma (P=.05) had a lower percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity after stimulation with PMA. Phagocytic activity was significantly lower in dogs with sarcomas compared with control dogs (P<.0001) and dogs with lymphoma (P=.01). Conclusions: Untreated carcinomas and sarcomas in dogs may suppress the percentage of neutrophils capable of oxidative burst when stimulated by PMA. Furthermore, sarcomas also may suppress the amount of phagocytic activity per neutrophil. Until further studies can be performed, the clinical significance of these findings is unknown.  相似文献   

7.
Background: The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is a primary regulator of monocyte mobilization from bone marrow, and increased concentrations of MCP‐1 have been associated with sepsis and other inflammatory disorders in critically ill people. The relationship between MCP‐1 and disease in dogs has not been evaluated previously. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess serum concentrations of MCP‐1 in healthy dogs, dogs in the postoperative period, and critically ill dogs. We hypothesized that MCP‐1 concentrations would be significantly increased in critically ill dogs compared with postoperative or healthy dogs. Methods: Serum concentrations of MCP‐1 were measured in 26 healthy control dogs, 35 postoperative dogs, and 26 critically ill dogs. Critically ill dogs were further subgrouped into dogs with sepsis, parvovirus gastroenteritis, immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia, and severe trauma (n=26). MCP‐1 concentrations were determined using a commercial canine MCP‐1 ELISA. Associations between MCP‐1 concentrations and disease status were evaluated statistically. Results: MCP‐1 concentration was significantly higher in critically ill dogs (median 578 pg/mL, range 144.7–1723 pg/mL) compared with healthy dogs (median 144 pg/mL, range 4.2–266.8 pg/mL) and postoperative dogs (median 160 pg/mL, range 12.6–560.4 pg/mL) (P<.001). All subgroups of critically ill dogs had increased MCP‐1 concentrations with the highest concentrations occurring in dogs with sepsis. However, differences among the 4 subgroups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Critically ill dogs had markedly increased serum concentrations of MCP‐1 compared with postoperative and healthy dogs. These results indicate that surgery alone is not sufficient to increase MCP‐1 concentrations; thus, measurement of MCP‐1 may be useful in assessing disease severity in critically ill dogs.  相似文献   

8.
The aim of the present study was to investigate influences of threonine and tryptophan supplementation (TTS) on immune response of growing pigs inoculated with modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine. Twenty growing barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly assigned to four groups according to the PRRS vaccination and TTS. Serum samples were collected from all pigs at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49 post‐vaccination (day 0 defined as the day of vaccination). Pigs were euthanized and samples collected at day 49 post‐vaccination. The results showed that TTS tended to increase weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) of pigs (P < 0.1). PRRS vaccine enhanced serum PRRSV‐specific antibody, serum virus neutralizing (SVN) antibody and interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐10 and IL‐1β concentrations (P < 0.05). The expression of TLR3 and TLR7 mRNA in lymph nodes were higher in TTS than in the control group after PRRS vaccine inoculation (P < 0.05). TTS diet mitigated lung damage which is induced by PRRS vaccination from microscopic evaluation. These results suggest that dietary TTS could improve growth performance of growing pigs, which may be ascribed to the improved immune response and mitigated lung damage.  相似文献   

9.

Background

Thyrotropin (TSH) can be increased in humans with primary hypoadrenocorticism (HA) before glucocorticoid treatment. Increase in TSH is a typical finding of primary hypothyroidism and both diseases can occur concurrently (Schmidt's syndrome); therefore, care must be taken in assessing thyroid function in untreated human patients with HA.

Objective

Evaluate whether alterations in cTSH can be observed in dogs with HA in absence of primary hypothyroidism.

Animals

Thirty dogs with newly diagnosed HA, and 30 dogs in which HA was suspected but excluded based on a normal ACTH stimulation test (controls) were prospectively enrolled.

Methods

cTSH and T4 concentrations were determined in all dogs and at selected time points during treatment (prednisolone, fludrocortisone, or DOCP) in dogs with HA.

Results

cTSH concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2.6 ng/mL (median 0.29) and were increased in 11/30 dogs with HA; values in controls were all within the reference interval (range: 0.01–0.2 ng/dL; median 0.06). There was no difference in T4 between dogs with increased cTSH (T4 range 1.0‐2.1; median 1.3 μg/dL) compared to those with normal cTSH (T4 range 0.5‐3.4, median 1.4 μg/dL; P=0.69) and controls (T4 range 0.3‐3.8, median 1.8 μg/dL; P=0.35). After starting treatment, cTSH normalized after 2–4 weeks in 9 dogs and after 3 and 4 months in 2 without thyroxine supplementation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Evaluation of thyroid function in untreated dogs with HA can lead to misdiagnosis of hypothyroidism; treatment with glucocorticoids for up to 4 months can be necessary to normalize cTSH.  相似文献   

10.

Background

There are conflicting reports of plasma lipoprotein lipid content in dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Objectives

To determine lipoprotein lipid content of plasma of dogs with DM by spectrophotometry and ultracentrifugation; to compare lipoprotein lipid content in diabetic and healthy dogs; and to quantify apolipoprotein B‐100 (ApoB) in dogs with DM.

Animals

22 dogs with DM and 9 healthy dogs.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry. Very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentrations were calculated after ultracentrifugation. Non‐HDL‐C cholesterol was calculated by subtracting HDL‐C from TC. ApoB was quantified by ELISA. The Mann‐Whitney test was used for comparison of median lipoprotein concentrations, and Spearman's correlation was used to assess associations between ApoB and lipoprotein fractions.

Results

All values are reported in mg/dL. Median TG (122), TC (343.5), HDL‐C, (200), VLDL‐C, (27) LDL‐C (68), non‐HDL‐C (114), and ApoB (320) were significantly higher in dogs with DM, compared to healthy dogs (57, 197, 168, 12, 16, 31, and 258, respectively, P‐values 0.0079, <0.001, 0.029, 0.011, <0.001, <0.001, 0.025, respectively). A significant association was found between ApoB and LDL‐C (Spearman's rho = 0.41, P = 0.022) and between ApoB and non‐HDL‐C (Spearman's rho = 0.40, P = 0.027).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Dyslipidemia of dogs with DM is characterized by pronounced increases in LDL‐C and non‐HDL‐C concentrations, although all lipoprotein fractions are significantly increased. Knowledge of specific lipoprotein fraction alterations in dogs with DM can enhance treatment options for diabetic dyslipidemia in dogs.  相似文献   

11.

Background

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common lower urinary tract disorder of domestic cats that resembles interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) in humans. Diagnosis of FIC is based on clinical signs and exclusion of other disorders because of a lack of specific pathologic findings or other objective biomarkers. Cytokines are potential noninvasive biomarkers to define the presence, severity, and progression of disease, and response to treatment.

Objectives

The objective of this pilot study was to determine concentrations of selected cytokines in serum from healthy cats and cats with acute FIC.

Animals

Serum samples from 13 healthy cats and from 12 cats with nonobstructive acute FIC were utilized.

Methods

Multiplex analysis of 19 cytokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL12, CXCL8, Flt3L, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐12 (p40), IL‐13, IL‐18, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, PDGF‐BB, SCF, sFas, and TNF‐α) was performed with a commercially available feline‐specific multiplex bead‐based assay.

Results

Mean serum concentrations of IL‐12 (p40; P < 0.0001), CXCL12 (P = 0.002), IL‐18 (P = 0.032), and Flt3L (P = 0.0024) were significantly increased in FIC cats compared to healthy cats. GM‐CSF, IL‐1b, IL‐2, and PDGF‐BB were undetectable or detected in an insufficient number of cats to allow meaningful comparisons.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We have identified increased serum concentrations of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines CXCL12, IL‐12, IL‐18, and Flt3L in FIC‐affected cats. These findings suggest potential candidates for noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic outcome monitoring of affected cats and provide additional insight into the etiopathogenesis of FIC.  相似文献   

12.
Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a severe disease characterized by systemic inflammation and immunosuppression. The function of circulating phagocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) in affected dogs has not been fully investigated. We characterized the functional capacity of canine phagocytes in CPE by determining their oxidative burst and phagocytic activities using flow cytometry. Blood was collected from 28 dogs with CPE and 11 healthy, age-matched, control dogs. Oxidative burst activity was assessed by stimulating phagocytes with opsonized Escherichia coli or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and measuring the percentage of phagocytes producing reactive oxygen species and the magnitude of this production. Phagocytosis was measured by incubating phagocytes with opsonized E. coli and measuring the percentage of phagocytes containing E. coli and the number of bacteria per cell. Complete blood counts and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were also determined. Serum CRP concentration was negatively and positively correlated with segmented and band neutrophil concentrations, respectively. Overall, no differences in phagocyte function were found between dogs with CPE and healthy control dogs. However, infected dogs with neutropenia or circulating band neutrophils had decreased PMA-stimulated oxidative burst activity compared to healthy controls. Additionally, CPE dogs with neutropenia or circulating band neutrophils had decreased PMA- and E. coli–stimulated oxidative burst activity and decreased phagocytosis of E. coli compared to CPE dogs without neutropenia or band neutrophils. We conclude that phagocytes have decreased oxidative burst and phagocytic activity in neutropenic CPE dogs and in CPE dogs with circulating band neutrophils.  相似文献   

13.

Background

Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiology of several diseases and has been documented as a contributor to disease in both the human and veterinary literature. One at‐risk cell is the erythrocyte, however, the role of oxidative stress in anemia in dogs has not been widely investigated.

Hypothesis/Objective

Anemic dogs will have an alteration in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a decrease in of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and an increased concentration of urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes (F2‐IsoP) when compared to healthy dogs.

Animals

40 client‐owned dogs with anemia (PCV <30%) age‐matched to 40 client‐owned healthy control dogs.

Methods

Prospective, cross‐sectional study. Whole blood GPx activity, plasma TAC, and urinary F2‐isoprostane concentrations were evaluated in each dog and compared between groups.

Results

Anemic dogs had significantly lower GPx activity (43.1 × 103 +/‐ 1.6 × 103 U/L) than did dogs in the control group (75.8 × 103 +/‐ 2.0 × 103 U/L; P < 0.0001). The GPx activity in dogs with hemolysis (103 +/‐ 0.8 × 103 U/L) was not significantly different (P = 0.57) than in dogs with nonhemolytic anemia (43.5 × 103 +/‐ 1.1 × 103 U/L). The TAC concentrations (P = 0.15) and urinary F2‐isoprostanes (P = 0.73) did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased in anemic dogs indicating oxidative stress. Additional studies are warranted to determine if antioxidant supplementation would improve survival and overall outcome as part of a therapeutic regimen for anemic dogs.  相似文献   

14.
Reasons for performing study: Airway inflammation in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is triggered by housing affected horses in stables. It has been suggested that RAO is an allergic condition, but innate immune mechanisms are also involved. Fungal products activate innate immune mechanisms through toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2). In human airway epithelium, TLR2 activation leads to interleukin (IL)‐8 production. This pathway is negatively regulated by the zinc finger protein A20. This study was performed to enhance understanding of innate immune mechanisms in RAO. Hypothesis: TLR2 and IL‐8 mRNA are elevated in RAO during stabling compared with controls. A20 mRNA is negatively associated with the numbers of airway inflammatory cells. Objectives: To determine TLR 2 , IL‐8 and A20 mRNA expression in lungs of stabled and pastured RAO‐affected and control horses. Methods: Airway obstruction and inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage were measured, and TLR 2 , IL‐8 and A20 mRNA expression quantified by qRT‐PCR in 6 RAO‐affected and 6 control horses, during and after exposure to hay and straw. Results: Airway obstruction and neutrophils were increased in RAO‐affected horses during stabling. While stabling increased IL‐ 8 , TLR2 and A20 mRNA were unaffected. TLR2 and A20 were significantly correlated (r = 0.83) and A20 mRNA was negatively associated with inflammatory cells. Potential relevance: Stabling does not lead to an increase in TLR2 expression. Other molecules or processes in the TLR2 cascade might be important in fungal‐induced airway inflammation. Equine epithelial‐derived A20 may be involved in modulation of airway inflammation.  相似文献   

15.

Background

KIT inhibitors, such as toceranib (TOC), and vinblastine (VBL) have not been prospectively compared in the treatment of macroscopic mast cell tumors (MCTs). Also, it is unknown whether VBL or TOC is superior for treating MCT without c‐kit mutations.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine the value of KIT genotyping and localization in treatment decisions for dogs with macroscopic MCT. We hypothesized that c‐kit mutated MCT would have a better response to TOC than VBL.

Animals

Eighty‐eight client‐owned dogs with macroscopic MCT.

Methods

Prospective, randomized trial. Dogs were randomized to TOC (2.75 mg/kg EOD) or VBL (2.5 mg/m2 weekly × 4 then EOW) by KIT localization and c‐kit mutation status using an adaptive randomization scheme.

Results

Sixty dogs were allocated to TOC and 28 to VBL. Of the dogs receiving TOC, 20% had c‐kit mutations, compared to 30% receiving VBL (P = 0.74). Overall response rates were 46% (TOC) and 30% (VBL) (odds ratio = 1.56 [0.62–3.92]; P = 0.28). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) for dogs receiving VBL was 78 days (7–1,521) and for TOC 95.5 (14–990); hazard ratio (HR) = 1.34 [0.72–2.50]; P = 0.36. Median overall survival (OS) was 241.5 days (10–1,521) for the VBL group and 159 (20–990) for the TOC group; HR = 0.80 ([0.45–1.41]; P = 0.44).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Neither PFS nor OS was significantly different between treatment groups. As the proportion of dogs with c‐kit mutations was not different between treatment groups in this population of dogs, c‐kit mutation status did not predict treatment response.  相似文献   

16.

Background

Antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation have been correlated with disease severity and associated with poor outcomes.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Supplementing dogs with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) during the first 48 hours of hospitalization will increase cysteine, normalize glutathione concentrations, and decrease the degree of lipid peroxidation associated with illness.

Animals

Sixty systemically ill hospitalized client‐owned dogs and 14 healthy control dogs.

Methods

Randomized investigator‐blinded, placebo‐controlled prospective study. Dogs were randomized to treatment with NAC (n = 30) versus placebo (n = 30). Antioxidants, urine 8‐isoprostane/creatinine (IP/Cr), and clinical score were determined before and after treatment with NAC. Glutathione, cysteine, and vitamin E concentrations were quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify selenium and isoprostane concentrations, respectively.

Results

Ill dogs had significantly lower vitamin E concentrations (27 versus 55 μg/mL; P = .0005) as well as elevated IP/Cr ratios (872 versus 399 pg/mg; P = .0007) versus healthy dogs. NAC supplementation significantly increased plasma cysteine (8.67 versus 15.1 μM; P < .0001) while maintaining glutathione concentrations. Dogs in the placebo group experienced a statistically significant decrease in glutathione concentrations (1.49 versus 1.44 mM; P = .0463). Illness severity and survival were unchanged after short duration NAC supplementation.

Conclusions

Ill dogs experience systemic oxidative stress. Supplementation with NAC during the first 48 hours of hospitalization stabilized erythrocyte glutathione concentrations. The clinical impact of this supplementation and glutathione concentration stabilization was undetermined.  相似文献   

17.

Background

Acute polyradiculoneuritis (APN) is an immune‐mediated peripheral nerve disorder in dogs that shares many similarities with Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) in humans, in which the bacterial pathogen Campylobacter spp. now is considered to be a major triggering agent. Little information is available concerning the relationship between APN and Campylobacter spp. in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To estimate the association between Campylobacter spp. infection and APN. Associations with additional potential risk factors also were investigated, particularly consumption of raw chicken.

Animals

Twenty‐seven client‐owned dogs suffering from suspected APN and 47 healthy dogs, client‐owned or owned by staff members.

Methods

Case‐control study with incidence density‐based sampling. Fecal samples were collected from each enrolled animal to perform direct culture, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Campylobacter spp. In some cases, species identification was performed by sequence analysis of the amplicon. Data were obtained from the medical records and owner questionnaires in both groups.

Results

In cases in which the fecal sample was collected within 7 days from onset of clinical signs, APN cases were 9.4 times more likely to be positive for Campylobacter spp compared to control dogs (P < 0.001). In addition, a significant association was detected between dogs affected by APN and the consumption of raw chicken (96% of APN cases; 26% of control dogs). The most common Campylobacter spp. identified was Campylobacter upsaliensis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Raw chicken consumption is a risk factor in dogs for the development of APN, which potentially is mediated by infection with Campylobacter spp.  相似文献   

18.

Background

Tetrastarch can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans with sepsis, but less likely to result in tissue edema than lactated Ringer's solution (LRS).

Objectives

Compare effects of volume replacement (VR) with LRS and 6% tetrastarch solution (TS) on extravascular lung water (EVLW) and markers of AKI in hemorrhaged dogs.

Animals

Six healthy English Pointer dogs (19.7–35.3 kg).

Methods

Prospective crossover study. Animals underwent anesthesia without hemorrhage (Control). Two weeks later, dogs hemorrhaged under anesthesia on 2 occasions (8‐week washout intervals) and randomly received VR with LRS or TS at 3 : 1 or 1 : 1 of shed blood, respectively. Anesthesia was maintained until 4 hour after VR for EVLW measurements derived from transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output. Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) and creatinine concentrations in plasma and urine were measured until 72 hour after VR.

Results

The EVLW index (mL/kg) was lower at 1 hour after TS (10.0 ± 1.9) in comparison with controls (11.9 ± 3.4, P = 0.04), and at 4 hour after TS (9.7 ± 1.9) in comparison with LRS (11.8 ± 2.7, P = 0.03). Arterial oxygen partial pressure‐to‐inspired oxygen fraction ratio did not differ among treatments from 0.5 to 4 hour after VR. Urine NGAL/creatinine ratio did not differ among treatments and remained below threshold for AKI (120,000 pg/mg).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Although TS causes less EVLW accumulation than LRS, neither fluid produced evidence of lung edema (impaired oxygenation). Both fluids appear not to cause AKI when used for VR after hemorrhage in healthy nonseptic dogs.  相似文献   

19.

Objective

To develop a reference range for ultrasonographically measured optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD‐US) in dogs. We hypothesized that ONSD‐US can be measured reliably and is associated with weight but not age, sex, or body condition score (BCS), and that the relationship between weight and ONSD‐US in dogs is allometric due to canine size variations.

Design

Prospective, observational study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Seventy‐eight healthy adult dogs.

Interventions

The ONSD was measured by a standardized transpalpebral approach.

Measurements and Main Results

Regression analysis showed the relationship between weight and ONSD was better fit with a linear model (R2 = 0.8510) than an allometric model (R2 = 0.7917). Multiple regression analysis showed ONSD is associated with weight (P < 0.0001), age (P = 0.0021), and BCS (P = 0.0007), but not with sex. Dominance analysis showed 94.6% of the variance explained by the model was due to weight. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis showed excellent interobserver (ICC = 0.9338–0.9608) and intraobserver (ICC = 0.9893) reliability.

Conclusions

These results suggest that ONSD‐US may be reliably measured in dogs using our described transpalpebral approach, and we have calculated prediction intervals based on body weight. Future studies are needed to determine if ONSD‐US measurements are associated with intracranial hypertension as shown in human medicine.  相似文献   

20.
Background: Escherichia coli have recently been identified within the colonic mucosa of Boxer dogs with granulomatous colitis (GC). Eradication of invasive E. coli is associated with clinical and histological remission. Objectives: To determine antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. coli strains from GC and healthy dogs, and the association of antimicrobial resistance with clinical outcome. Animals: Fourteen Boxer dogs with GC and 17 healthy pet dogs. Methods: Prospective study: E. coli was cultured from GC biopsies and rectal mucosal swabs of healthy dogs. Individual strains were selected by phylogroup and overall genotype, determined by triplex‐ and random amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration. Results: Culture yielded 23 E. coli strains from GC (1–3/dog, median 2) and 34 strains from healthy (1–3/dog, median 2). E. coli phylogroups were similar (P= .18) in GC (5A, 7B1, 5B2, 6D) and healthy (2A, 10B1, 15B2, 7D). Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin‐clavulanate, cefoxitin, tetracycline, trimethoprim‐sulfa (TMS), ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol was greater (P < .05) in GC (21–64%) than healthy (0–24%). Enrofloxacin resistant E. coli were isolated from 6/14 GC versus 0/17 healthy (P= .004). Of the enrofloxacin resistant cases, 4/6 were also resistant to macrophage‐penetrating antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and TMS. Enrofloxacin treatment before definitive diagnosis was associated with antimicrobial resistance (P < .01) and poor clinical outcome (P < .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Antimicrobial resistance is common among GC‐associated E. coli and impacts clinical response. Antimicrobial therapy should be guided by mucosal culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing rather than empirical wisdom.  相似文献   

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