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1.
We investigated responses of northern and southern ecotypes of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) under controlled environmental conditions to determine the role of ABA in cold acclimation and dormancy development. Abscisic acid was sprayed on the leaves and changes in freezing tolerance, determined by the electrolyte leakage test, and bud dormancy were monitored. Applied ABA induced cold acclimation but had no effect on growth cessation in seedlings grown in long day conditions (LD, 24-h photoperiod at 18 degrees C). It enhanced freezing tolerance and accelerated growth cessation in seedlings grown in short day conditions (SD, 12-h photoperiod at 18 degrees C), and slightly enhanced freezing tolerance in seedlings grown at low temperature (LT, 24-h photoperiod at 4 degrees C) in both ecotypes. There were distinct ecotypic differences in ABA-induced cold acclimation and dormancy development. The northern ecotype was more responsive to applied ABA than the southern ecotype, resulting in more rapid development of freezing tolerance in all treatments, and earlier dormancy development in SD. When plants were grown in a photoperiod just above the critical photoperiod for the ecotype (defined as the longest photoperiod that induces growth cessation), applied ABA caused growth cessation and dormancy development. Compared with ABA-treated seedlings grown in SD, dormancy development was delayed in ABA-treated seedlings exposed to a near-critical photoperiod, but even in this treatment dormancy developed faster in the northern ecotype than in the southern ecotype.  相似文献   

2.
Cold acclimation is associated with many metabolic changes that lead to an increase of freezing tolerance. In order to investigate the biochemical process of cold acclimation in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, seedlings were acclimated at 2℃ under 16-h photoperiod （150 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetically active radiation） for 14 d. Freezing tolerance in seedlings increased after 14 d of cold-hardening. Contents of protein, proline and solute carbohydrate in cotyledon increased after cold acclimation. Patterns of isozymes of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） were investigated. The activities of SOD, peroxidase and PPO in cold acclimated plants were increased during cold-hardening. We deduced that compatible solutes and antioxidant enzymes play important roles in development of freezing tolerance during cold acclimation in this evergreen woody plant.  相似文献   

3.
低温锻炼提高了毛白杨幼苗叶片和枝条中钙调素 (CaM)和可溶性总蛋白含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗的抗冻性 .CaCl2 处理对上述低温锻炼的作用有加强的效果 ,体现在明显提高了CaM和可溶性总蛋白含量以及幼苗抗冻性 ;钙离子螯合剂EGTA、钙离子通道阻断剂LaCl3 或钙调素拮抗剂CPZ处理则减弱了低温锻炼的效应 ,表现出CaM和可溶性总蛋白含量以及幼苗抗冻性明显降低 .进一步研究发现 ,CaCl2 处理的低温锻炼不仅能减轻低温胁迫引起的CaM和可溶性总蛋白含量的下降程度 ,而且有利于幼苗在恢复过程中CaM和可溶性总蛋白水平的迅速回升 .这表明Ca2 + CaM可能参与了CaM和可溶性总蛋白的合成及抗冻性的诱导  相似文献   

4.
Plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) plays a key role in nutrient transport, stress responses and growth. To evaluate proton motive force differences between apical and basal parts of acrotonic 1-year-old shoots of walnut (Juglans regia L. cv 'Franquette') trees, spatial and seasonal changes in PM H+-ATPase were studied in mature xylem tissues. During both the dormancy and growth resumption periods, and in both the apical and basal parts of the stem, PM H+-ATPase activity showed positive correlations with the amount of immunodetectable protein. In spring, at the time of growth resumption, higher activities and immunoreactivities of PM H+-ATPase were found in the apical part of the stem than in the basal part of the stem. In spring, the decrease in xylem sugar concentration reflected the high sugar uptake rate. Our data suggest that PM H+-ATPase plays a major role in the uptake of carbohydrates from xylem vessels during growth resumption. These results are discussed in the context of the acrotonic tendency of walnut shoots.  相似文献   

5.
NaCl胁迫下构树幼苗液泡膜生理生化响应(英文)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以构树幼苗根组织和叶组织为试材,测定不同浓度NaCl胁迫下液泡膜H+ -ATPase的活性、液泡膜脂肪酸组成和膜的流动性.结果表明:在低浓度NaCl胁迫下,根组织中液泡膜H+ -ATPase的活性有所增加,当胁迫浓度为150 mmol·L-1时,活性又有所下降,但接近对照水平.而叶组织液泡膜H+ -ATPase的活性在100 mmol·L-1时降低,高浓度NaCl(150 mmol·L-1)处理后又有所升高.液泡膜脂肪酸基本组成为C16:0,C16:1,C18:0,C18:1,C18:2和C20:0.盐胁迫后构树幼苗液泡膜脂肪酸组分相对含量发生变化.根组织液泡膜脂肪酸不饱和度下降,150 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理后有所升高;而在叶组织中,液泡膜脂肪酸不饱和度在50 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理后下降,随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,不饱和度又高于对照.NaCl胁迫下,构树液泡膜流动性和脂肪酸不饱和度的变化趋势相一致.脂肪酸不饱和度下降时,膜流动性下降,反之则膜流动性上升.研究结果为深入了解木本植物液泡膜H+ -ATPase活性、脂肪酸组成和膜的流动性在盐胁迫下的适应及其3者的相互关系提供了参考.  相似文献   

6.
以零下低温锻炼和结合效应剂（CaCl2、钙离子螯合剂EGTA、钙离子通道阻断剂LaCl3或钙调素拮抗剂CPE）处理的低温锻炼下的中东扬扦插苗为试材，对其体内丙二醛（MDA）及钙调素CaM含量，SOD、POD及线粒体Ca^2-＋ATPase活性分别进行测定。结果表明，低温锻炼不仅在一定程度下提高了幼苗CaM含量，提高了SOD、POD和Ca^2＋-ATPase活性，降低了MDA含量；而且减少了低温胁迫所引起的SOD、POD，Ca^2＋＋ATPase和CaM含量的下降程度以及MDA的增加幅度。在低温锻炼的同时。用CaCl2处理能加强低温锻炼的效果，但这种效应可被EGTA、LaCl3或CPZ处理抑制。经低温锻炼后，幼苗中的CaM含量的增加有助于SOD、POD和线粒体Ca^2＋-ATPase活性的提高，进而对幼苗抗冻性的提高有明显的促进作用。  相似文献   

7.
低温锻炼不仅提高了毛白杨幼苗存活率和抗冻性以及RNA和可溶性总蛋白的含量 ,降低了RNase活性 ,而且能减轻低温胁迫引起的RNA和可溶性总蛋白含量的下降程度和RNase活性的提高 ,有利于幼苗在恢复过程中RNA和可溶性总蛋白水平的迅速回升以及RNase活性的降低 .进一步研究发现 ,DNA含量无论在低温锻炼中还是在低温胁迫下或是在随后的恢复生长期均保持相对稳定 ;低温锻炼所引起的RNA含量的增加 ,与RNase活性的降低呈明显的负相关 ,与可溶性总蛋白含量的增加以及幼苗抗冻性的提高成正相关 .这表明低温锻炼可能抑制RNase活性 ,有效地促进RNA含量的增加 ,而RNA可能参与了可溶性总蛋白的合成及抗冻性的诱导  相似文献   

8.
The soybean (Glycine max) Heihe No. 23 is sensitive to imbibitional chilling injury. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment can improve chilling tolerance of soybean seeds to a certain extent. The changes of hydrolytic ATPase in plasma membranes and H+-pumping responses in soybean seeds were investigated during PEG treatments. Effects of exogenous calcium and exogenous ABA on the hydrolytic ATPase were also examined in order to understand the mechanism of chilling resistance. Highly purified plasma membranes were isolated by 6.0% aqueous two-phase partitioning from soybean seeds, as judged by the sensitivity of hydrolytic ATPase to sodium vanadate. PEG treatment resulted in a slight increase of the hydrolytic ATPase activity in 12 h. Then the activity decreased gradually, but still higher than the control. The H+-pumping activity increased steadily during PEG treatment. Exogenous calcium had both activating and inhibiting effects on the hydrolytic ATPase, but the activity was inhibited in soybean seeds treated with exogenous ABA. Results suggested that PEG treatment, not the exogenous calcium and ABA, up-regulated H+-ATPase activities in soybean seeds.  相似文献   

9.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) was purified from the leaves of 8-week-old Populus suaveolens cuttings. The enzyme activity in the absence and presence of reduced dithiothreitol (DTTred) was determined. The results show that the G6PDH activity is not inactivated by pre-incubation with DTTred, indicating that the purified enzyme probably presented in cytosol of P suaveolens. The catalytic characteristics and kinetic parameters of cytosolic G6PDH purified from P.suaveolens cuttings were also studied. The results show that G6PDH is characterized by Km value of 360/amol.L^-1 for G6P and 16μmol.L^-1 for NADP, a pH range of 7.3-8.9, and the maximum activity around pH 8.2. The enzyme activity is inhibited by various metabolites such as NADPH, NADH, GTP, UTP, ATP, AMP, ADP, CoA, acetyl CoA, fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) (all at 1 mmol‘L i except for NADPH and NADH)to different extents. NADPH is the most effective inhibitor of enzyme activity, with an inhibition of 72.0%. The addition of metal ions such as MgC12, CaC12 and KC1 (all 1.0 mmol.L^-1) to the standard reaction mixture has no remarkable influence on the cytosolic G6PDH activity. However, CdCl2 (1.0 mmol.L-1) causes high inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. To explore the role of G6PDH on the enhancement of freezing resistance induced by freezing acclimation, the changes in the cytosolic G6PDH activity and freezing resistance (expressed as LTs0) of P. suaveolens cuttings during freezing acclimation at -20℃ were investigated. The results reveal that freezing acclimation decreases LTs0 of cuttings, and increases the activity of cytosolic G6PDH compared with control ones,while 2 d of de-acclimation at 25 ~C result in a decrease in cytosolic G6PDH activity, and caused an increase in LT50. Furthermore,the change in cytosolic G6PDH activity is found to be closely correlated to the degree of freezing resistance of cuttings during freezing acclimation. It is suggested that cytosolic G6PDH may be involved in the induction of freezing resistance of cuttings.  相似文献   

10.
Seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance of needles of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees were measured by an electrolyte leakage method and by visual observation. During most of the year, freezing stress resistance determined by the two methods gave similar results. The electrolyte leakage method provided a good estimate of seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance except for red pine needles in their most winter-hardy state. To obtain a reliable estimate of freezing stress resistance in winter-hardy red pine needles it was necessary to combine the electrolyte leakage method with visual observations. When red pine needles survived exposure to -80 degrees C or lower, electrolyte leakage was never more than 30% even when the needles were exposed to a slow freeze-thaw stress of -196 degrees C. However, rapid freezing of red pine needles to -196 degrees C resulted in electrolyte leakage of over 80%. Red pine needles attained a much higher freezing stress resistance during the winter than Austrian pine. Red pine needles also acclimated and deacclimated faster than Austrian pine needles. An index of injury was developed based on the electrolyte leakage method ((R(2) + R(1))/2, where R(1) is the minimum % electrolyte leakage from noninjured tissue and R(2) is the maximum % electrolyte leakage at the highest injury) that reliably predicted freezing stress resistance of pine needles for most of the year. Important aspects for developing a successful index of injury for pine needles are: use of cut needles, vacuum infiltration and shaking during incubation in water.We conclude that: (1) during cold acclimation the cell wall properties of the pine needles changed and these changes, which appeared to differ in the two species, might explain the very low leakage of electrolytes from winter-hardy needles of red pine; (2) pine needles survive winter by developing the ability to tolerate extracellular ice formation, because after rapid freezing the needles were severely injured; and (3) red pine is adapted to a shorter growing season and colder winters than Austrian pine.  相似文献   

11.
在低温锻炼和结合蔗糖处理的低温锻炼下 ,对毛白杨 (Populustomentosa)幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,以及幼苗存活率和抗冻性分别进行了测定 .结果表明 ,低温锻炼明显提高了幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗的存活率和抗冻性 .2 0 %蔗糖处理对上述低温锻炼的作用有加强的效果 .进一步分析发现 ,无论是单纯的低温锻炼还是结合蔗糖预处理的低温锻炼 ,幼苗枝条中可溶性糖含量的提高程度均较叶片明显 ,而且它们的含量增加与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关 .这表明低温锻炼所引起的可溶性糖积累可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导  相似文献   

12.
We used photosynthetic light response curves to measure and model the responses of two provenances of 3-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings to severe artificial frost treatments applied at 2-week intervals during cold acclimation. Black spruce seedlings responded to cold acclimation with long-term suppression of photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and apparent quantum-use efficiency (alpha'). Short-term reductions in both photosynthetic parameters following frost treatments were dependent on the extent of cold acclimation of the seedlings and the severity of the frost treatments. Large reductions in Amax in response to the frost treatments were observed in seedlings that had undergone little cold acclimation and these reductions were associated with an irreversible reduction in alpha'. Such seedlings recovered only partially during the subsequent 23 days, whereas seedlings in most other treatments showed complete recovery of Amax after 13 days. The impact of frost treatments on Amax and alpha' did not vary with seedling provenance. We propose an algorithm that predicts the combined effects of cold acclimation and severe freezing temperatures on the extent of the suppression of A(max) during autumn. The algorithm is based on (1) the maximum Amax observed during the growing season, (2) the accumulation of cold degree-days, based on a minimum nocturnal temperature < 5 degrees C, and (3) the severity of freezing temperatures during autumn. The parameters developed in the algorithm showed that cold acclimation of black spruce seedlings had a greater impact on the reduction of Amax in autumn than did the severe frost treatments. Mean Amax of seedlings subjected to artificial frosts showed a strong correlation with values predicted by the algorithm (r2 = 0.91).  相似文献   

13.
Freezing tolerance and shoot water relations parameters of western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) seedlings were measured every 2 weeks from October 1989 to April 1990. Freezing tolerance, measured by freeze-induced electrolyte leakage, showed seasonal shifts in the temperature causing 50% foliage electrolyte leakage (LT(50)). The LT(50) value was -4 degrees C in October, it decreased to -20 degrees C in February and then increased to -6 degrees C in April. The foliage index of injury at -10 degrees C (II(-10)) also showed seasonal shifts from a high of 98% in October to a low of 18% in February followed by an increase to 82% in April. Osmotic potentials at saturation (Psi(s(sat))) and turgor loss point (Psi(s(tlp))) were, respectively, -1.07 and -1.26 MPa in October, -1.57 and -2.43 MPa in January, and -1.04 and -1.86 MPa in April. Dry weight fraction (DWF) increased and symplastic volume at full turgor (V(o)) decreased during the fall-winter acclimation phase, whereas DWF decreased and V(o) increased during the late winter-spring deacclimation phase. Relationships between seasonal patterns of freezing tolerance and shoot water relations parameters showed that LT(50) and II(-10) decreased linearly as Psi(s(tlp)) and V(o) decreased and DWF increased. There was no discernible difference in the relationship during fall acclimation or spring deacclimation. The freezing dehydration index at -10 degrees C (FDI(-10)) declined from 0.69 in November to 0.41 in February and increased to 0.56 in April. The value of II(-10) decreased linearly as FDI(-10) decreased, although a measurement made on actively growing spring foliage did not fit this relationship. The results indicate that seasonal changes in freezing tolerance of western red cedar are partially due to changes in tissue water content, symplastic volume, passive osmotic adjustment and FDI(-10).  相似文献   

14.
CaCl2在毛白杨幼苗抗冻性低温诱导中的作用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
不同浓度的CaCl2 处理对毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的提高效应是不同的 ,其中 10mmol·L-1CaCl2 处理更有利于幼苗抗冻性的提高 ,而且处理最适宜时间为 5天 .低温锻炼不仅提高了毛白杨幼苗叶片和枝条中钙调素含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗抗冻性 .CaCl2 处理对低温锻炼的作用有加强效果 ,而钙离子螯合剂EGTA、钙离子通道阻断剂LaCl3 或钙调素拮抗剂CPZ处理则减弱低温锻炼效应 ,表现出CaM含量和幼苗抗冻性明显降低 .这表明Ca2 + CaM可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导  相似文献   

15.
  相似文献   

16.
We investigated interrelations of dormancy and freezing tolerance and the role of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in the development of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) ecotypes in controlled environments. Short-day treatment induced growth cessation, bud set and dormancy development, as well as initiation of cold acclimation and an increase in freezing tolerance. Subsequent low temperature and short days (12-h photoperiod) resulted in a significant increase in freezing tolerance, whereas bud dormancy was gradually released. The concentration of ABA increased in response to short days and then remained high, but ABA concentrations fluctuated irregularly when the dormant plants were subsequently exposed to low temperature during short days. Although there was a parallel development of freezing tolerance and bud dormancy in response to short days, subsequent exposure to low temperature had opposite effects on these processes, enhancing freezing tolerance and releasing dormancy. Compared with the southern ecotype, the northern ecotype was more responsive to short days and low temperature, exhibiting earlier initiation of cold acclimation, growth cessation and an increase in ABA concentrations in short days, and higher freezing tolerance, faster dormancy release and greater alteration in ABA concentrations when subsequently exposed to low temperature during short days. The rates and extent of the increases in ABA concentration may be related to increases in freezing tolerance and dormancy development during short days, whereas the extent of the fluctuations in ABA concentration may play an important role in enhancing freezing tolerance and releasing dormancy during a subsequent exposure to low temperature during short days.  相似文献   

17.
We studied seasonal variation in xylem sap pH of Juglans regia L. Our main objectives were to (1) test the effect of temperature on seasonal changes in xylem sap pH and (2) study the involvement of plasma membrane H+-ATPase of vessel-associated cells in the control of sap pH. For this purpose, orchard-grown trees were compared with trees grown in a heated (> or = 15 degrees C) greenhouse. During autumn, sap pH was not directly influenced by temperature. A seasonal change in H+-ATPase activity resulting from seasonal variation in the amount of protein was measured in orchard-grown trees, whereas no significant seasonal changes were recorded in greenhouse-grown trees. Our data suggest that H+-ATPase does not regulate xylem sap pH directly by donating protons to the xylem, but by facilitating secondary active H+/sugar transport, among other mechanisms.  相似文献   

18.
We studied the effects of root zone temperature (RZT) and nutrient availability on free sterols and phospholipids in the plasma membrane (PM) and on PM-ATPase activity in roots of 1-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings during growth initiation in the spring. Seedlings were grown for 6 weeks in hydroponic cultures with low (0.5 mM N; LN) or high (3 mM N; HN) nutrient availability. The root zone was subjected to slow warming (SW) and fast warming (FW) treatments while maintaining similar air temperatures in both treatments. Decreases in the amount of phospholipids and in the phospholipid/free sterol ratio, an increase in the degree of saturation of phospholipid fatty acids and changes in free sterol composition were observed during root growth initiation. Changes in lipid composition of the PM associated with the cold deacclimation process were detected at RZTs above 9 degrees C. Nutrient availability affected the lipid composition of the PM only when RZT was increased slowly. When RZT increased from 4 to 6 degrees C in the SW treatment, the degree of saturation of phospholipid fatty acids decreased, especially in HN seedlings. The sitosterol/stigmasterol ratio remained higher in HN seedlings than in LN seedlings. After an RZT of 9 degrees C had been reached in the SW treatment, HN caused increases in the saturation of phospholipid fatty acids and root PM-ATPase activity, and a decrease in the phospholipid/free sterol ratio. Possible effects of changes in PM lipid composition on root growth and PM-ATPase activity are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Populus euphratica Olive is the only tree species that can grow in the saline land and also survive cold winters in northwest China, and it plays a very important role in stabilizing the vulnerable ecosystem there. A cell suspension culture was initiated from callus derived from plantlets of Populus euphratica. Cold acclimation was induced (LT50 of-17.5 ℃) in cell suspension at 4-5 ℃ in the dark for 30 days and the freezing tolerance increased from LT50 of-12.5 ℃ in nonacclimated cells to LT50 of-17.5 ℃ in cold-acclimated cells. Microvacuolation, cytoplasmic augmentation and accumulation of starch granules were observed in cells that were cold-acclimated by exposure to low temperatures. Several qualitative and quantitative changes in proteins were noted during cold acclimation. Antibodies to carrot extracellular (apoplastic) 36 kD antifreeze protein did not cross react on immunoelectroblots with extracellular proteins in cell suspension culture medium of Populus euphratica, indicating no common epitopes in the carrot 36 kD antifreeze protein and P euphratica extracellular proteins. The relationship of these changes to cold acclimation in Populus euphratica cell cultures was discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) was purified from the leaves of 8-week-old Populus suaveolens cuttings. The enzyme activity in the absence and presence of reduced dithiothreitol (DTTred) was determined. The results show that the G6PDH activity is not inactivated by pre-incubation with DTTred, indicating that the purified enzyme probably presented in cytosol of P. suaveolens. The catalytic characteristics and kinetic parameters of cytosolic G6PDH purified from P. suaveolens cuttings were also studied. The results show that G6PDH is characterized by K m value of 360 μmol·L−1 for G6P and 16 μmol·L−1 for NADP, a pH range of 7.3-8.9, and the maximum activity around pH 8.2. The enzyme activity is inhibited by various metabolites such as NADPH, NADH, GTP, UTP, ATP, AMP, ADP, CoA, acetyl CoA, fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) (all at 1 mmol·L−1 except for NADPH and NADH) to different extents. NADPH is the most effective inhibitor of enzyme activity, with an inhibition of 72.0%. The addition of metal ions such as MgCl2, CaCl2 and KCl (all 1.0 mmol·L−1) to the standard reaction mixture has no remarkable influence on the cytosolic G6PDH activity. However, CdCl2 (1.0 mmol·L−1) causes high inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. To explore the role of G6PDH on the enhancement of freezing resistance induced by freezing acclimation, the changes in the cytosolic G6PDH activity and freezing resistance (expressed as LT50) of P. suaveolens cuttings during freezing acclimation at −20 °C were investigated. The results reveal that freezing acclimation decreases LT50 of cuttings, and increases the activity of cytosolic G6PDH compared with control ones, while 2 d of de-acclimation at 25 °C result in a decrease in cytosolic G6PDH activity, and caused an increase in LT50. Furthermore, the change in cytosolic G6PDH activity is found to be closely correlated to the degree of freezing resistance of cuttings during freezing acclimation. It is suggested that cytosolic G6PDH may be involved in the induction of freezing resistance of cuttings. [Supported by the Foundation of State-designated Base for Biology Researching and Teaching in Beijing Forestry University]  相似文献   

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