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1.
不同生物炭浸提液对水稻发芽及幼苗发育的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
使用不同生物炭浸提液对水稻种子进行培养,研究生物炭种类对水稻萌发和幼苗发育的潜在影响。3 种生物炭为竹炭、烟杆炭和稻杆炭,生物炭浸提液梯度为原液（1:5）、10 倍稀释液和50 倍稀释液,处理培养后观察水稻种子发芽率和幼苗生长情况。烟杆炭原液处理培养后第3 天水稻种子发芽率只有8.7%,远低于对照的43.3%,芽根长度、干鲜重等指标也均显著低于对照（p<0.05）。所有低浓度的生物炭浸提液对水稻萌发具有一定促进作用。竹炭10 倍浸提稀释液的发芽率比对照高9.3%,烟杆炭和稻杆炭50 倍浸提稀释液的发芽率比对照高11.3%,但芽根长度、干鲜重等指标大部分与对照无显著差异。本结果初步证明高浓度烟杆炭对水稻生长具有抑制作用,而适当的生物炭用量则有益于水稻生长。  相似文献   

2.
以豫麦49为研究材料,在水分胁迫条件下研究钙赤合剂(Ca-GA)和磷(P)浸种对幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、渗透调节物质脯氨酸(Pro)、膜脂过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明:与清水浸种处理相比,Ca-GA浸种和P浸种处理后的幼苗在重度水分胁迫条件下其光合速率和水分利用效率增加,MDA含量降低,Pro含量增加,过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强,抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化不大,抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高。以上结果表明:Ca-GA浸种和P浸种处理均有效降低了水分胁迫导致的抗氧化系统紊乱,使幼苗保持一定的光合速率和较高的水分利用效率。总体上看,Ca-GA浸种和P浸种可有效提高小麦幼苗抗旱性。  相似文献   

3.
In a two years field study on effect of irrigation at vegetative and flowering stages occurring at 40 and 60 days after sowing, respectively alongwith straw mulch ca. 5 t/ha were found to have beneficial effect on growth, yield attributes and seed yield of horsegram ( Dolichos biflorus Roxb.). Application of mulches significantly increased pods/plants, seeds/pod, test weight and seed yield and maintained better soil moisture during crop growth in semi-arid lateritic region of Indian sub-tropics. Mulches proved useful to conserve more moisture in soil profile and thereby increased the water use efficiency of the crop; straw mulch was found superior to leaf mulch.  相似文献   

4.
Increase in drought conditions during the oilseed rape (OSR) reproductive phase is predicted to occur more often in the temperate zone, leading to significant yield losses. Crop management solutions such as film antitranspirant (AT) applied at key drought‐sensitive growth stages on both wheat and oilseed rape have recently been shown to alleviate drought‐induced yield losses. However, there is a lack of information regarding potential AT effectiveness to reduce drought damage on OSR plants at different soil moisture regimes. Therefore, two similar experiments were performed in a computer‐controlled glasshouse/phenotyping centre to investigate the physiological responses of OSR to well‐watered (WW), moderate water stress (MWS), water stress (WS) and severe water stress (SWS) conditions. Stress treatments were imposed at the initiation of flowering and treated with an AT or water onto the leaf canopy. Stress limited the gas‐exchange and increased leaf temperature, leaf‐to‐air temperature, bud‐to‐air temperature and ABA concentrations which increased with stress intensity in all tissues analysed. Yield components were significantly reduced by WS and SWS treatments when compared to the WW plants. Application of AT counteracted the detrimental effect of WS and SWS by decreasing water use over the first few days of stress application thus improving relative water content and leaf water‐use efficiency, decreasing ABA accumulation in leaf and all the reproductive organs analysed (buds, flowers and pods) and avoiding bud‐to‐air temperature increases. AT application sustained pod formation and seed production under WS but only seed production under SWS conditions. These data suggest that leaf‐canopy application of AT at key phenological stages under particular magnitudes of soil moisture deficit may sustain OSR reproduction and reduce yield losses.  相似文献   

5.
Lack of water during vegetative and/or reproductive growth stages is one of the most limiting factors for bean growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress applied during two phenological stages (flowering and pod filling) on growth, yield and yield components. Two genotypes of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used in this study, cv. Carioca, an indeterminate Brazilian landrace, and cv. Prince, a determinate cultivar grown in Europe. Carioca appears to be generally stress-tolerant while Prince is intolerant. Plants were grown in large plastic pots covered with a black plastic sheet to protect the soil from rain and evaporation. The water stress treatments were: control (well-watered plants), WSFS (water stress during flowering stage) and WSPFS (water stress during pod-filling stage). Water stress reduced yield and yield components at both flowering and pod-filling stages. The parameters affected were seed weight, number of seeds per plant and number of pods per plant. Number of seeds per pod and seed weight were not affected. No effects of water stress were detected on harvest index. Time to maturity was slightly prolonged, especially for WSFS. Water stress at both stages resulted in lower accumulated water loss compared to the control plants. Water stress during both phenological stages reduced other growth parameters, the number of trifoliate leaves, stem height, number of main branches and number of nodes on the main stem.  相似文献   

6.
Three field experiments were conducted on chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) and four on lentil ( Lens culinaris Med.) at different winter-sown rainfed locations in Jordan from 1988/89 to 1990/91 to study the effect of the duration of weed-free and weed-infested conditions on yields and yield components of the crops. Chickpea seed yields were reduced on average by 81 % and straw yields by 63 % when fields remained weed infested until harvest compared with weed-free conditions throughout the growing season. The corresponding lentil seed and straw yield decreases were 63 % and 55 %. As the duration of weed-free period increased and the duration of weed-infested period decreased, yields increased. However, the critical period of weed interference was between 35 and 49 days after emergence in chickpea and between 49 and 56 days after emergence in lentil, when these crops were at an advanced stage of vegetative growth. There were significant negative correlations between the weed dry weight and the seed or straw yields. The reduction in seed yields in both crops because of weed interference occurred mainly through the reduced number of pods /plant, which in turn was partly the result of reduced number of secondary branches. In chickpea, some reduction also occurred through reduced 100-seed weight.  相似文献   

7.
Biochar amendment to soil has the potential to improve soil quality and increase crop yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF ) provide beneficial plant services of stress alleviation with respect to phosphorus (P) deficiency and drought. The aim of this study was to explore interactive effects of biochar with AMF , P fertilization levels and irrigation strategies on growth of potato plants. Potato plants were amended with wood biochar of 0.74 % w/w (B+) or not (B?), fertilized with phosphorus of 0.11 mg P g?1 soil (P1) or not (P0), irrigated with full irrigation (FI ) or partial root‐zone drying irrigation (PRD ) and inoculated with AMF of Rhizophagus irregularis (M+) or not (M?) in split‐root pots in a sandy loam soil. Plants were analysed for growth performance, P and nitrogen (N) uptake and water use efficiency (WUE ). Biochar adsorption of mineral P and N in aqueous solution was tested in subexperiment. B+ significantly decreased plant biomass production except under P0 FI M?, where B+ increased plant biomass. This growth stimulation was counteracted by treatments of P1, PRD and M+. B+ significantly decreased plant leaf area, P and N uptake and WUE , but had no significant effect on root biomass and soil pH. The positive plant growth response to AMF was substantially reduced by biochar amendment. The wood biochar had no adsorption for mineral N, and it had 0.96 % adsorption for mineral P in aqueous solution. The results suggested that the negative effect of wood biochar application on plant growth may due to the reduced plant uptake of P and N and the possibility of phytotoxic effects of wood biochar on potato growth. It was concluded that the wood biochar used in current study had negative impact on plant growth and P/N uptake and it is not recommendable to apply this wood biochar to mycorrhizal agro‐system, to soil fertilized with high rate of P or to soil suffering water deficiency.  相似文献   

8.
Water use by semi-leafless peas (Pisum sativum L.) is usually less than that of conventional peas because of their reduced surface leaf area, suggesting that semi-leafless peas would be less sensitive to drought because drought develops later. This work aimed to study the reproductive response of peas cv. Solara (semi-leafless) and cv. Frilene (conventional) subjected to similar controlled soil drought during the critical period occurring between flowering and initial seed filling. Plants were subjected to drought by watering with a fraction of water used in the evapotranspiration of control plants. Soil, pod and seed water contents, leaf water status parameters, dry matter (DM) partitioning, seed yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured. Although soil water content decreased in a similar way in both cultivars, leaf Ψw and RWC only decreased significantly in Solara. Well-watered Frilene plants produced higher shoot and pod DM, but lower seed DM. Well-watered Solara plants produced lower pod DM and higher seed DM than Frilene. Under drought, Frilene increased partitioning of total plant DM to vegetative organs, particularly roots, and decreased DM allocation to pods and seeds increasing flower abortion. By contrast, droughted Solara interrupted vegetative growth and increased leaf senescence but maintained similar partitioning of total plant DM to pods and seeds as in well-watered conditions. For both cultivars there was a close relationship between the percentage of total DM partitioned into seeds and WUEy (water use efficiency on seed yield basis). Results demonstrate that when plants suffered the same level of drought in the soil, the reproductive response of the two cultivars was linked to differences in their WUE.  相似文献   

9.
In rape (Brassica napus L., cv. Global) seed growth mainly depends on husk CO2 assimilation. In irrigated plants, the net photosynthetic rate (Amax) was 10–13 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in non-maturing pods and correlated with nitrogen content. The stomatal conductance of water vapour (gH2O) was 0.3 mol m−2 s−1 in non-maturing pods. The photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was 8.3 μmol CO2g−1 N s−1, about one-third of that in leaves. The photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE; AmaxgH2O−1) was similar in pods and leaves. In severely droughted plants, the photosynthetic rate was reduced to 38%. The seed growth rate, however, was not influenced by intermittent periods of water stress, indicating translocation of assimilates to the seeds. The drought resistant character of the pods was due to low specific area, succulence, low stomatal conductance causing a small decrease of ΔΨ day−1 during soil drying and maintenance of high relative water content during severe drought. A mathematical formulation of the pod water release curve was undertaken. © (1997) Elsevier Science B.V.  相似文献   

10.
The impacts of water deficit imposed at either the germination stage or the reproductive stage on biological traits of 37 semiwinter rapeseed varieties were analysed. The osmotic stress induced by 14% polyethylene glycol had a substantial impact on seed germination and caused significant reductions in plant growth and seed vigour. Relative water content was identified as a good indicator for early screening of drought resistance. At the reproductive stage, seed yield, 1000‐seed weight, height of the first branch, plant height and number of pods per plant were all markedly reduced under the exceptionally long and severe drought condition. Two of the top three resistant genotypes at the germination stage were also shown to be resistant based on the drought susceptibility index for seed yield. Phenotypic correlation and path analyses were employed to rank the relative importance of other agronomic traits with regard to seed yield. The important contributors to seed yield under drought conditions, in descending order, were as follows: 1000‐seed weight, days to maturity, number of pods per plant and plant height.  相似文献   

11.
为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。  相似文献   

12.
Effect of Water Stress on Yield Components in Guar   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
This study was undertaken to measure the effect of water stress on yield and yield components in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub.) grown under water-stressed and water-optimal field conditions. Fifteen guar germplasms were grown in irrigated and dryland tests at Lubbock, TX on an Amarillo loam (fine-loamy, mixed thermic Aridic Paleustoll). Plants in each germplasm were hand harvested at maturity and data recorded for number of racemes/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, weight/100 seeds and g/seed/plant. We found differences among germplasms for yield components under both dryland and irrigated conditions. Germ-plasms responded statistically the same in both moisture levels. Among three pre-selected cultivars, water use efficiency did not differ statistically. Our analyses indicated that the component of yield most affected by water stress was number of pods/plant. Seed weight, seeds/pod, and racemes/plant each had progressively smaller effects on seed yield.  相似文献   

13.
为弄清生物炭在灰潮土上的施用效果,促进生物炭的科学应用。采用田间试验,研究了空白对照(CK)、单施生物炭(B)、单施化肥(F)和生物炭与化肥配施(BF)4个处理对灰潮土土壤理化性质、微生物数量和冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明：单施生物炭与空白对照相比,以及生物炭化肥配施与单施化肥处理相比,施用生物炭均能显著提高土壤有机碳和速效钾含量,但对土壤容重、pH、碱解氮、速效磷的影响不显著;施用生物炭后土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量增加且在越冬期达到显著差异水平,但真菌数量表现出一定的降低趋势。与空白对照相比,单施生物炭秸秆和籽粒干重分别增加6.8%和4.2%;与单施化肥相比,生物炭与化肥配施秸秆和籽粒干重分别提高4.4%和16.5%。因此,生物炭能有效改善灰潮土土壤理化性质,提高细菌和放线菌数量,且在一定程度上促进冬小麦产量的提高。  相似文献   

14.
旨在探明水稻秸秆生物炭施用量和施用时期对江汉平原稻茬麦养分吸收、土壤养分含量以及产量的影响。选择江汉平原典型潮土稻麦轮作区,以基施化肥但不施生物炭处理为对照,设置小麦播种前基施、返青拔节期追施以及两个时期同施不同剂量的生物炭等处理,采用比色法和火焰光度计法测定了不同处理小麦籽粒、植株茎叶和土壤的氮、磷、钾含量,并比较了籽粒产量的变化。结果表明,施用生物炭促进了小麦籽粒和植株茎叶对氮、磷、钾元素的吸收,增加了地上部分氮、磷、钾养分吸收总积累量,且以基施及追施13500 kg/hm2生物炭处理最高,较对照处理籽粒总氮、磷、钾分别提高了20.3%、17.8%和12.4%,茎叶总氮、磷、钾分别提高了11.9%、34.5%和13.9%,氮、磷、钾总积累量显著增加18.2%、24.0%、13.7%(P<0.05);施用生物炭后土壤pH升高、有机质和速效磷含量增加,小麦株高增高,结实率和千粒重增大。施用水稻秸秆生物炭对于改善土壤和提高小麦产量具有一定促进作用。  相似文献   

15.
覆盖对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究不同土壤水分状况下秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长发育指标、产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验在防雨棚下的测坑中进行,设计了秸秆覆盖和土壤水分控制下限（占田间持水率的75%,65%和55%）两个因素,分析夏玉米生长指标、产量及水分利用效率的变化规律。结果表明,秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长发育有促进作用,在不同的水分状况下,覆盖处理的夏玉米叶面积指数、产量和水分利用效率均优于不覆盖处理。中水分条件覆盖处理下的夏玉米产量较对照条件下的高水分夏玉米产量无显著降低,而且其水分利用效率最高。建议在夏玉米覆盖生产方式中采用中水分灌溉方式,可以达到节水高产的目的。  相似文献   

16.
Coarse sandy soils have poor water retention capacity, which may constrain crop growth during drought. We investigated the effect of biochar amendment to subsoil on crop physiological processes and maize yield, comparing irrigated and drought conditions. A two‐year greenhouse experiment was conducted with one‐time application of straw biochar at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% (B0, B1, B2 and B3). Maize was planted twice in the same large pots one week and again 12 months after biochar application. Plants were fully irrigated until flowering; thereafter, half of them were subjected to drought. Our results indicate B2 and B3 increased soil water content at field capacity. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration were maintained in B2 and B3 during the drying cycle in year one and in all biochar levels in year two. In the first year, B3 induced negative root geotropism and significantly reduced vegetative biomass under both irrigation schemes. Cob biomass was significantly reduced by B1 under full irrigation. In year two, B3 significantly increased cob biomass under drought. Nitrogen uptake was significantly reduced by B2 in year one, but increased significantly in B3 in year two. In both years, P uptake was significantly increased by B2 and B3. Furthermore, K uptake was significantly increased in B2 in year one and in all biochar treatments in year two. Overall, biochar improved water content of coarse sandy soil due to decreased bulk density and increased porosity after biochar amendment, consequently, improving crop physiological processes including transpiration and photosynthesis. Significant effects on yields tended to be more negative in the first year, and neutral to positive in the second year suggesting the enhancement of biochar effects with ageing. The positive effect in the second year shows biochar's potential for improving agriculture productivity in drought‐prone regions.  相似文献   

17.
旨在明确不同农作物秸秆炭化和焚烧后氮、磷、钾养分含量变化及秸秆直接还田和炭化还田下对旱作区玉米和水旱轮作区水稻产量和土壤理化性状的影响，本研究选取水稻、油菜、小麦、玉米秸秆，测定炭化和焚烧后氮、磷、钾含量和损失率变化及秸秆直接还田和炭化还田的旱作区玉米和水旱轮作区水稻产量及土壤理化性状变化。结果表明，作物秸秆炭化和焚烧后氮、磷、钾含量均不同程度提高，水稻和油菜秸秆炭化处理较焚烧处理氮含量显著提高5.79%和30.06%，4种作物秸秆焚烧处理较炭化处理均显著提高磷、钾含量。炭化处理较焚烧处理有效降低氮和磷养分的损失率。不同轮作制下秸秆炭化还田较秸秆还田均能提高作物产量和土壤理化性状。秸秆炭化还田较秸秆还田能提高旱作区玉米产量和水旱轮作区水稻产量，通过改善土壤理化性状来培肥土壤，且水旱轮作区施用效果优于旱作区。  相似文献   

18.
Two experiments were conducted under field conditions to evaluate reproductive abscission, seed yield and yield components of three cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes. In the first experiment, level of abscission and yield of two cultivars, California Blackeye Pea No. 5 (CA-5) and Speckle Purple Hull (SPH), and one experimental line (AZ-54) were studied. In the second experiment, effect of drought stress on abscission at three nodal positions, seed yield, and yield components of CA-5 were studied. Abscission in both experiments was determined by counting scars left by dropprd reproductive structures including floral buds, open flowers, and immature pods. Abscission of CA-5 and AZ-54 in the first experiment ranged between 68 and 76 % while that of SPH ranged between 86 and 89 %. CA-5 and AZ-54 retained two to three pods per peduncle, and SPH retained only one mature pod per peduncle. Average seed yields of SPH and AZ-54, respectively, were 45 and 50 % of CA-5. Drought stress in the second experiment did not affect production of floral buds Peduncle?1 (average of 10) but significantly increased percent reproductive abscission and decreased pod retention of CA-5. Abscission in the bottom two-third nodes increased from 82 % in well-irrigated plants to 93 % in non-irrigated plants. This increase in abscission corresponded to nearly 60 % reduction in pod retention. The number of pods per peduncle in the bottom two-third nodes decreased from 1.9 in well-irrigated plants to only. 77 in non-irrigated plants. The increase in abscission and decrease in pod retention with increasing intensity of drought was greatest in the bottom one-third nodes. Drought stress did not affect abscission and pod retention in the top one-third nodes. Stress also decreased peduncles plant?1, seeds pod?1, and dry matter and seed yield plant?1 but did not affect seed weight and harvest index. The decrease in seed yield was largely due to reductions in pods plant?1 and seeds pod?1. The reduction in the number of pods and, therefore, seed yield due to stress was because of reductions in the number of peduncles plant?1 and increases in reproductive abscission. It is concluded external conditions that increase abscission beyond that of normal occurrence affect seed yield adversely.  相似文献   

19.
不同种类生物炭对植烟土壤微生物及根茎病害发生的影响   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
采用田间试验研究了稻壳炭、木屑炭对烤烟根区土壤微生物、根茎病害发生以及烟叶产量的影响。结果表明,生物炭施用明显影响着烤烟根区土壤微生物数量及其对碳源的利用,进而影响着青枯病、黑胫病的发生情况和烟叶的产量、产值,但其效果因生物炭种类而异。木屑炭处理烤烟旺长期细菌和采烤前放线菌的数量明显比对照增加了11.7%和12.8%,而稻壳炭处理旺长和初烤时的真菌数量显著增加。植烟土壤中青枯菌和黑胫病菌的数量及其占微生物总量的百分比也以施用生物炭处理显著低于对照,而烤烟旺长期根区微生物对碳源的利用能力则相反;到烟叶采烤前,根区微生物对酚酸类和胺类的利用以生物炭处理相对最低;上述情况以木屑炭处理较稻壳炭处理更为明显。与对照相比,木屑炭处理青枯病的发病率和病情指数降低了24.3%和33.3%,黑胫病的发病率和病情指数降低了23.9%和14.9%,产量和产值增加了4.7%和21.1%;稻壳炭处理青枯病发病率和病情指数降低了18.1%和23.9%,黑胫病的发病率和病情指数降低了15.9%和6.0%,产量和产值增加了2.2%和12.0%。综合而言,施用生物炭能较好地改善土壤微生物状况及其对碳源的利用,减少青枯病和黑胫病的发生,增加烟叶的产量和产值;其中以木屑炭处理效果更佳。  相似文献   

20.
Influence of Soil Moisture on Growth, Water Use and Yield of Mustard   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. cv. Rai 5 ). Two soil moisture regimes were rainfed and irrigated at 10 days interval throughout the growing season. The total amount of water received as irrigation was 110 mm and as rainfall was 15 mm. Total dry matter per unit ground area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were increased and leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased by irrigation. Chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were increased by irrigation, but proline content was greater in the rainfed crop at both the flowering and pod-filling stages. Time taken to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of seeds/pod and harvest index were unaffected by irrigation. Plant height at harvest, number of pods/plant, seed yield and oil content of seeds were increased and 1000-seed weight was decreased by irrigation. The consumptive use of water increased with an increase in water supply, but the water use efficiency (WUE) was decreased.  相似文献   

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