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1.
In order to prevent the entry of Liriomyza trifolii into Finland the importation of rooted chrysanthemum, gerbera, cucumber, tomato and lettuce plants is prohibited, as well as the importation of chrysanthemum cut flowers and leaves of gerbera. Unrooted chrysanthemums and gerberas must be cultivated in quarantine for two weeks before they are approved. During 1982 the total costs of this quarantine survey were 70,000 Fmk. Eradication of the pest has been more expensive; in 1980 its eradication from eight glasshouses caused total costs of 380,000 Fmk to the government, and in 1982 the corresponding figure with four glasshouses was 280,000 Fmk. The range of costs of chemical control in glasshouses growing vegetables and chrysanthemums while « living with >> L. trifolii are estimated to be 0.8–8.8 million Fmk depending on whether 10 or 100 % of the growing area is to be treated. When all the costs caused by exclusion measures are summed (eradication + quarantine) and compared with the costs of « living with >> the pest, the ratio will be 1: 3 to 1: 13 depending on the use of insecticides. The secondary effects of additional use of insecticides on biological control or marketing difficulties because of residues are not included in this comparison. In this case the most economical way of avoiding problems caused by L. trifolii is to invest in pre-entry quarantine measures and prevent its spread into the country.  相似文献   

2.
For over a hundred years the policy of the British Government has been to maintain total freedom from Colorado beetle by preventing its introduction and eradicating any breeding colonies which may be found. Interceptions on imports during the years 1958 to 1977 are analysed by country of origin and also by the means of introduction. The numbers vary according to the time of year and also for each five-year period of the twenty years. During the 20-year period 563 live beetles of known origin were intercepted, 235 of them in 1973-1977. The means used to intercept Colorado beetles are discussed. The statutory powers available in Great Britain for use in controlling Colorado beetle are summarised. The eradication of a breeding colony at Thanet, Kent in 1976-1977 is described to illustrate the organisation and methods available. Estimates are presented which compare the cost of living with Colorado beetle as a pest (£0.7-4.7 million) per year with the cost of statutory prevention (as low as £24,000 per year). The actual cost of the prevention and eradication campaigns during September 1976 to December 1977 are estimated to have been £105,000. The scope of research and development recently undertaken at Harpenden Laboratory is discussed briefly.  相似文献   

3.
Landscape maps of pest risk in the northeastern USA were produced for a hypothetical case study of an exotic plant disease (soybean rust) during the 1990 season. Published relations between the disease and a recently available high-resolution weather database were used to generate the maps. The landscape maps depicted patterns of risk using color classes overlaid with county boundaries at a spatial resolution of 1 km. The potential geographical impact of the exotic disease was estimated by interpreting a series of maps during a growing season.  相似文献   

4.
EPIPRE is an integrated pest and disease management system for wheat based on on-line calculations of costs and benefits of pesticide treatments. It is field-specific and utilizes disease and pest incidences which are collected by the participating farmers. Incidences are transformed to severities through pest-specific relations with which a prediction of the epidemic is made according to an exponential development model. Integration of the epidemic over time, with multiplication by a pest-specific damage factor, delivers the expected damage till the end of the season, expressed as a fraction of the expected yield. Chemical control is only recommended when benefit of control exceeds total costs, including those for pesticide(s), labour, machinery and wheel-track damage. The current model needs improvement especially for the forecast of septoria blotch diseases, the field-specific quantification of the relative growth rates used and the damage relations of Puccinia striiformis and Mycosphaerella graminicola/Leptosphaeria nodorum. Also the cost-benefit analysis of the model can be improved, and it therefore, in the near future, needs contributions from research topics such as phytopathology, crop physiology, farm economics and information management. Using the model during the last 10 years has led to a reduced input of pesticides, which in its turn results in a lowering of production costs and a marked decrease in environmental pollution. Therefore future efforts to improve the model seem to be worthwhile.  相似文献   

5.
Coffee in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) is an important cash and export crop for small-scale farmers. The crop suffers heavy yield losses due to damage caused by a wide range of indigenous pests (insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds). Current recommended pest control measures include a combination of cultural, resistant/tolerant cultivars and the use of broad spectrum chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticides are far more popular at the farm level than any of the other recommended pest control measures. Coffee pest control strategies are often aimed at individual pests with little consideration of the implications for the total coffee pest complex and its agro-ecosystem. This unilateral approach has resulted in increased pest pressure on coffee and some of its companion crops, outbreak of new pests of coffee, development of pest strains resistant to the cheap and commonly available chemical pesticides, increased environmental problems, increased health risks to man and livestock and an overall increase in the costs of coffee production, thus forcing many farmers to neglect their coffee plantations. Measures to alleviate the above problems, particularly the high production costs, are needed to improve coffee production and increase the cash return to the small-scale farmer. Integrated pest management (IPM) offers the best prospects for solving the above problems. However, lack of national IPM policies, poor extension systems, inefficient research-extension-farmer linkage and the lack of a holistic approach will delay the development and implementation of appropriate, acceptable and sustainable IPM practices.  相似文献   

6.
柑橘溃疡病检疫与防治   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
黄幼玲 《植物保护》2007,33(6):132-135
细菌性溃疡病是严重危害世界柑橘产业的重大检疫性病害之一,柑橘溃疡病引起落叶、枯枝和落果,溃疡病斑导致果品质量降低,影响外贸出口。世界各国长期以来对病害采取严格苗木检疫、疫区病树铲除、零星病害药剂防控的综合治理措施;新近美国农业部推出"柑橘健康种植行动计划";2007年7月中国农业部正式启动"柑橘非疫区建设和维护"项目,总体目标在于防控柑橘溃疡病的发生和传播,确保柑橘产业的安全。  相似文献   

7.
F. BIGLER 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):95-102
The use of macroorganisms (insects, mites and entomopathogenic nematodes) for biological pest control is increasing worldwide. Out of 281 products based on bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, nematodes and insects available for crop protection in 1992, 151 products (53.8%) consisted of macroorganisms. In Switzerland, 65.5% of the 58 products registered for biological pest control in 1995 are macroorganisms. According to published literature and personal information, it is estimated that at least 150 species of entomophagous insects and mites are mass-produced and released worldwide for biological control. While microorganisms are registered similarly to plant protection products, macroorganisms need registration only in a few countries. An increasing tendency towards regulation of macroorganisms for biological control is obvious. Based on the plant protection act of 1986, Switzerland was the first country where registration of macroorganisms became compulsory. The evaluation criteria for registration include a set of information on the bioecology of the organism, experimental data on efficacy, a simple risk assessment for environmental and human hazards and information on evaluation/registration in neighbouring countries. Positive effects of the registration are: (1) inefficacious products are kept away from the market, (2) quality control rules are respected, and (3) environmental risks and possible human hazards are assessed. Disadvantages are higher costs and sometimes delayed implementation of products. Indirect and direct costs for registration can be a serious problem for small producers and for products with minor markets. Therefore, authorities should consider the development of pragmatic and simplified registration procedures for macroorganisms that support efficacious and high-quality products on the market, minimize environmental risks and yet do not hamper the implementation of new biological products.  相似文献   

8.
本文介绍并评述了2011-2017年全国农作物重大病虫害防控技术方案要点。这些技术方案主要从贯彻病虫害综合治理原则, 实施重大病虫分区治理、实施联防联控策略, 遵循“节本增效”技术路线, 促进绿色防控技术措施与专业化统防统治融合等方面, 来促进农作物病虫害防控方式的转变和绿色防控技术的推广应用。特别是从增强农田生物多样性入手, 组装配套生态调控措施, 在采用非药剂预防的基础上大力推广保护利用天敌, 减少农药的使用, 实现绿色生态工程控制。  相似文献   

9.
从经济学角度,借鉴经济学的环境分析方法,介绍了采用生产率下降法、人类健康损害法和农药的环境影响指数对农作物病虫害防治技术环境和社会成本的分析和推算方法。  相似文献   

10.
Climate change influences on pests and pathogens are mainly plant-mediated. Rising carbon dioxide and temperature and altered precipitation modifies plant growth and development with concomitant changes in canopy architecture, size, density, microclimate and the quantity of susceptible tissue. The modified host physiology and canopy microclimate at elevated carbon dioxide influences production, dispersal and survival of pathogen inoculum and feeding behaviour of insect pests. Elevated temperature accelerates plant growth and developmental rates to modify canopy architecture and pest and pathogen development. Altered precipitation affects canopy architecture through either drought or flooding stress with corresponding effects on pests and pathogens. But canopy-level interactions are largely ignored in epidemiology models used to project climate change impacts. Nevertheless, models based on rules of plant morphogenesis have been used to explore pest and pathogen dynamics and their trophic interactions under elevated carbon dioxide. The prospect of modifying canopy architecture for pest and disease management has also been raised. We offer a conceptual framework incorporating canopy characteristics in the traditional disease triangle concept to advance understanding of host-pathogen-environment interactions and explore how climate change may influence these interactions. From a review of recent literature we summarize interrelationships between canopy architecture of cultivated crops, pest and pathogen biology and climate change under four areas of research: (a) relationships between canopy architecture, microclimate and host-pathogen interaction; (b) effect of climate change related variables on canopy architecture; (c) development of pests and pathogens in modified canopy under climate change; and (d) pests and pathogen management under climate change.  相似文献   

11.
The activities of economists associated with the IBP project entitled « The Principles, Strategies, and Tactics of Pest Population Regulation and Control in Major Crop Ecosystems » and their interaction with entomologists in the design and implementation of integrated control strategies are described. Profit maximization criteria and a method of considering farmers behaviour with respect to risk are developed. The term «economic threshold » is further clarified; and a simpler concept, « the damage threshold », is introduced. Regional institutions such as pest management co-operatives and districts and the factors which affect their introduction and successful operation are considered.  相似文献   

12.
The Beyond Compliance project, which began in July 2011 with funding from the Standards and Trade Development Facility for 2 years, aims to enhance competency and confidence in the South East Asian sub‐region by applying a Systems Approach for pest risk management. The Systems Approach involves the use of integrated measures, at least two of which are independent, that cumulatively reduce the risk of introducing exotic pests through trade. Although useful in circumstances where single measures are inappropriate or unavailable, the Systems Approach is inherently more complicated than single‐measure approaches, which may inhibit its uptake. The project methodology is to take prototype decision‐support tools, such as Control Point‐Bayesian Networks (CP‐BN), developed in recent plant health initiatives in other regions, including the European PRATIQUE project, and to refine them within this sub‐regional context. Case studies of high‐priority potential agricultural trade will be conducted by National Plant Protection Organizations of participating South East Asian countries in trials of the tools, before further modifications. Longer term outcomes may include: more robust pest risk management in the region (for exports and imports); greater inclusion of stakeholders in development of pest risk management plans; increased confidence in trade negotiations; and new opportunities for trade.  相似文献   

13.

Current control of scab and mildew of apple in the UK requires the routine application of fungicides at 7 - 14-day intervals to achieve the blemish-free fruit required by the market. Such practices are generally effective, but with increased public concern about pesticides and rising costs to the grower, they are now less acceptable. The use of disease-warning systems offers scope for optimizing fungicide use by better timing of sprays. Adem? is a PC-based system that warns of the risk of scab, mildew, Nectria fruit rot and canker and fireblight. In a 'key stage' strategy, warnings by Adem? for scab and mildew integrated with practical pest and disease control resulted in similar or better control than a routine programme, with the additional benefit of reduced fungicide inputs and costs even in seasons exceptionally favourable for these diseases. Maximum savings in fungicide use were made by applying sprays curatively in response to scab warnings. However, this approach resulted in increased disease incidence to the crop and scab infection of fruit even in seasons unfavourable for scab attack.  相似文献   

14.
A preliminary tobacco pest management pesticide monitoring project was initiated in two counties of North Carolina in 1971 to develop an ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable system for protecting tobacco from damaging insect and disease pests. Results from the first year's study including sampling procedures, sample preparation, and analysis and residue data are presented in this paper.  相似文献   

15.
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In integrated pest management (IPM), pests are controlled when the costs of control correspond with the damage caused by a pest on a monetary scale,...  相似文献   

16.
This paper describes a protocol developed within the PRATIQUE project for applying cost/benefit analysis to select appropriate phytosanitary measures for use against quarantine pests. The protocol consists of nine steps, each underpinned by clear guidelines for collating and structuring the relevant data, to assist risk managers with the challenging task of assessing the benefits and costs of phytosanitary measures in a consistent, transparent and reproducible manner. Together with the decision‐support scheme that generates contingency plants and prioritizes action during pest outbreaks, it provides a framework for decision making on phytosanitary measures and helps to provide economic justification for selecting appropriate measures. The practical application of the protocol is demonstrated using two examples: cost/benefit analysis of eradication measures against Anoplophora glabripennis in Northern Italy; and eradication and containment measures against Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Germany.  相似文献   

17.
C.R.B. BAKER 《EPPO Bulletin》1981,11(3):145-150
Detailed assessment of the potential of an alien species to become a pest when introduced into a new area requires a comprehensive knowledge of the biology of that species. In the absence of such knowledge, species can be classified for temperate areas into one of four categories of risk on the basis of capacity for survival in similar climates and presence of host plants outdoors or under glass. The categories are: 1) potential outdoor pests, 2) potential glasshouse pests, 3) species that have outdoor hosts but are unlikely to become pests on them unless they adapt genetically (no hosts under glass), and 4) species that have no host plants outdoors or under glass, or are incapable of prolonged survival outdoors. Some aspects of the more detailed assessment of better known species are suitable for computer simulation modelling. The features of a phenological model currently being developed in England are briefly described. Estimates of the benefits derived from excluding a particular alien pest can be obtained from the cost of the additional annual control measures likely to be required if the pest were to be introduced. Estimates of factors such as crop losses, environmental problems and increased research and advisory work must be added to obtain a range of costs for years when pest populations are likely to be ← high →, ← normal → and ← low →. Costs of excluding the pest must include cost to government (staff costs, eradication measures, publicity etc.) and costs to industry. The resulting comparison of benefit with cost can aid decisions on the design and enforcement of phytosanitary regulations.  相似文献   

18.
Integrated pest control on chrysanthemum is once again becoming a possibility.Verti-cillium lecanii is one of the key components as, under the right conditions, it will provide good control of several pest species. High humidity for a number of nights per week is critical for reliable pest control with this fungal pathogen. These conditions can be obtained easily and safely by fogging water over the crop at night. Four consecutive nights of high humidity per week or a cycling two nights of high humidity and two nights ambient have given excellent pest control with no adverse effect to the crop.  相似文献   

19.
The pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the key pest in cotton (Gossypium spp.) production areas in the southwestern United States and in many other cotton-producing areas of the world. The high costs of chemical control, continuing economic losses, secondary pest problems and environmental considerations suggest the need for ecologically oriented PBW management strategies. Extensive research has resulted in a broad array of monitoring, biological control, cultural, behavioural, genetic and host plant resistance methods that can serve as a base for the formulation of integrated PBW management systems. The life history characteristics of the PBW, in particular the high mobility of adults, indicate the need for combinations of selected integrated pest management (IPM) components implemented over large geographical areas. The areas involved present a wide range of PBW population densities, differences in cotton production methods and social and environmental considerations. The best option is tailor-made systems for targeted management areas with the selection of IPM components based on the PBW population density, crop production methods and economic feasibility. The unlikelihood of eradication indicates the need for long-term monitoring and programme maintenance following successful area-wide management. The success of area-wide PBW management is highly dependent on participation in the planning, site selection, implementation and assessment phases of the programme by all segments of the agricultural community. A highly effective extension--education communication programme is an essential component. Local uncoordinated efforts have not reduced the economic status of this pest in any area where it is an established pest. The potential long-term benefits of PBW population suppression on an area-wide basis appear to justify area-wide efforts in terms of reduced costs, more effective control, less environmental contamination and other peripheral problems associated with conventional control approaches.  相似文献   

20.
A Euphresco project funded by the UK and the Netherlands had the objective of developing practical tools to assess the risk of pest transfer to domestic production from an imported commodity and to help provide an improved rationale for reduced frequency of plant health inspection. A model is described which calculates the probability, following arrival, of the transfer of insect or mite pests up to and including first egg laying, from produce (cut flowers/branches, fruits and vegetables). In case studies, probabilities were estimated for alternative states of seven variables from which a joint probability of transfer was calculated. The probability estimates were subjective but informed estimates and the large differences between the cases examined may represent a more realistic picture of comparative transfer risk than more qualitative approaches.  相似文献   

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