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1.
米氏凯伦藻对海洋生物致毒作用的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来,米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)已成为我国海域主要的有毒赤潮藻。仅2012年在我国浙江和福建海域就连续爆发了12起米氏凯伦藻赤潮,造成大量养殖鲍死亡,经济损失超过20亿元人民币。本研究通过收集国内、外最新报道,探讨了米氏凯伦藻赤潮对各类海洋生物,主要包括海洋浮游动物、贝类、鱼类以及哺乳类毒性作用的研究进展。研究发现,溶血毒素是米氏凯伦藻赤潮引发海洋生物大量死亡的主要原因;直接接触活的米氏凯伦藻细胞是导致浮游动物死亡的主要途径;米氏凯伦藻产生的溶血毒素和鱼毒素,可溶解鱼类的鳃组织,从而造成鱼类死亡。然而,关于米氏凯伦藻产生的溶血毒素是否会在贝类体内累积、在贝类体内的迁移和转化规律、米氏凯伦藻赤潮对鲍鱼死亡的致死途径与致死机制、溶血毒素在生物链传递过程中是否会发生改变、这些毒素对人类健康的影响机制与综合作用等问题还不了解,这些问题亟待深入的研究。米氏凯伦藻溶血毒素的研究报道还处于起步阶段,毒素以何种方式导致红细胞破裂、不同红细胞膜上组分的差异和毒素的溶血活性是否存在对应关系等问题也都需要开展进一步的研究。 相似文献
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本文在不同氮磷比(N∶P=4∶1、8∶1、16∶1、32∶1、80∶1)培养条件下,对福建沿海赤潮海域分离的米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)进行培养,研究其生长特性。实验结果表明:不同的氮磷比对米氏凯伦藻的生长有明显的影响。过高或过低的氮磷比均不适合米氏凯伦藻的生长,该藻在N∶P=32∶1条件下比生长率最快,为0.33 d-1。米氏凯伦藻对氮的需求高于磷,在适当的磷限制环境中能够维持更长的生长周期。引发赤潮的主要原因并不是由于米氏凯伦藻赤潮暴发海域的低氮磷比,而是赤潮暴发过程中,米氏凯伦藻对营养盐的大量消耗,尤其是对氮的消耗。 相似文献
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条斑紫菜提取物对4种赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
研究条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液对前沟藻、中肋骨条藻、米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻等4种赤潮微藻生长的影响,在此基础上,利用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚等有机溶剂浸泡条斑紫菜干粉,经抑藻圈方法检测条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液的抑藻活性。通过测定藻细胞密度和细胞体积,观察藻细胞形态,分析藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖等生理生化指标的变化,对抑藻活性最大的提取物对前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用进行分析,并依次以石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇为提取溶剂,采用液液分离法对此提取物做了进一步分离。结果表明,当条斑紫菜水溶性抽提液浓度超过16g/L时能显著抑制4种赤潮微藻的生长,尤其是对前沟藻和米氏凯伦藻具有很强的抑制作用。在5种有机溶剂提取物中,甲醇提取物的抑制作用最为明显。进一步研究发现此提取物对4种赤潮微藻的生长抑制显著且具有浓度效应,在16g/L时,此提取物对前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的生长抑制率分别为70.5%、79.9%、67.1%和65.1%。同时,致使米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻等3种赤潮微藻体积变小,运动能力下降,藻细胞出现空洞、细胞破碎和色素减褪等现象;... 相似文献
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两种常见外来入侵赤潮藻的PCR鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
米氏凯伦藻与环状异帽藻为日本海域流入我国的两种外来入侵赤潮藻。利用核糖体ITS区分别设计出针对该两种藻的特异性PCR引物。通过prmier5.0软件设计多对引物,经PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测、以筛选目标藻的特异性引物,并以链状亚历山大藻、立玛原甲藻、牟氏角毛藻、赤潮异弯藻作为阴性对照,做进一步PCR验证。筛选到米氏凯伦藻最佳引物Ki1F3/Ki1B3和环状异帽藻最佳引物YiF3a/YiB3a。两对特异性引物成功鉴定了两种外来入侵藻,而对其它藻种则是阴性反应,可为赤潮的预测预报提供分子鉴定基础。 相似文献
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采用溶剂浸提、液液萃取、硅胶柱层析和硅胶薄层层析等分离方法以及红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振谱等光谱技术,初次从龙须菜中纯化得到4种苯丙烷类化合物:邻苯二丙酸、gossonorol、7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol和对羟基苯乙醇,并进一步分析了此4种苯丙烷类化合物对强壮前沟藻、赤潮异弯藻、米氏凯伦藻、球形棕囊藻、东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻生长的影响。结果表明,它们对以上6种赤潮微藻的生长表现出明显的选择性抑制作用。其中,邻苯二丙酸、gossonorol和对羟基苯乙醇表现出更为广泛的抑藻活性。比较此4种苯丙烷类化合物和重铬酸钾对赤潮微藻生长的半抑制效应浓度EC50-96 h,发现邻苯二丙酸对强壮前沟藻、赤潮异弯藻和球形棕囊藻,gossonorol和羟基苯乙醇对赤潮异弯藻和球形棕囊藻,7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol对赤潮异弯藻和米氏凯伦藻在生长抑制方面比重铬酸钾更具有优势。 相似文献
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为了阐明营养盐水平下对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)的生长特性,研究了不同营养盐总体浓度和磷限制对两种藻类生长的影响。结果表明,不同营养盐水平对东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的生长影响显著,培养中期添加营养盐(二次添加)可以显著提高两种藻类的细胞浓度,同步测定氮磷营养盐水平发现,一次性添加营养盐培养时东海原甲藻对硝酸盐和磷酸盐吸收利用率分别为31.6%和76.9%,米氏凯伦藻对硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸收利用率分别为92.5%和99.9%,二次添加营养盐培养时则稍低,同时两种藻类在实验后期较低磷酸盐水平的情况下仍然能维持较高细胞浓度,说明藻细胞内存在明显的营养盐库。在磷限制情况下,东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的生长均受到明显的抑制,东海原甲藻细胞体积在磷限制培养下变化不大,而且米氏凯伦藻细胞体积在磷限制培养一段时间后明显增大,当磷酸盐恢复正常水平,细胞体积又快速恢复。该结果对于阐释不同营养盐水平下东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的生长竞争机制具有一定的启示作用。 相似文献
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浒苔抑藻物质的分离及其对赤潮微藻的抑制作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用液液萃取法和硅胶柱层析法对抑藻物质EPME(methanol extracts of Enteromorpha prolifera)进行分离,通过监测米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的细胞数量,观察藻细胞形态,分析分离组分的抑藻活性。结果表明,EPME经液液萃取法分离,获得4个组分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ,得率分别为29.0%、19.0%、12.7%和5.45%。其中,仅组分Ⅱ具有明显的抑藻活性。当浓度为1.0 g/L时,组分Ⅱ对米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的生长抑制率分别为43.4%、44.9%和54.3%。组分Ⅱ经硅胶柱层析法分离,获得5种组分,组分Ⅱ-A、Ⅱ-B、Ⅱ-C、Ⅱ-D和Ⅱ-E。其中,组分Ⅱ-B和组分Ⅱ-C具有明显抑藻活性,并致使3种赤潮微藻的藻细胞出现空洞、细胞破碎和色素减褪等。进一步采用波长扫描和化合物检测方法,分析出此2种组分中含有内酯、香豆素类化合物,并确定了此2种组分硅胶GF254薄层层析分离的适宜展开剂,为后续纯化奠定了良好的实验基础。 相似文献
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菹草石油醚组分能显著抑制赤潮微藻米氏凯伦藻的生长,为了获悉该组分抑制米氏凯伦藻的物质基础,采用硅胶柱层析和制备薄层层析等方法,对菹草石油醚组分中的抑藻活性物质进行分离纯化。进一步应用质谱、核磁共振碳谱和氢谱等技术,鉴定抑藻活性物质。实验从菹草石油醚组分中分离纯化到4种抑藻活性物质。当浓度为16μg/m L时,它们对米氏凯伦藻表现出一定的抑藻活性。结构鉴定表明,此4种抑藻活性物质分别为二十五烷醇、邻苯二甲酸二(2-甲基己基)酯、棕榈酸和邻苯二甲酸二(5,5-甲基己基)酯。此4种化合物为首次从菹草中分离得到。抑藻活性分析表明,当浓度为50μg/m L时,4个样品均能显著抑制赤潮异弯藻的生长。其中,二十五烷醇和邻苯二甲酸二(5,5-甲基己基)酯还能较明显地抑制东海原甲藻和球形棕囊藻的生长。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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William King V David L. Berlinsky Craig V. Sullivan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):489-500
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass. 相似文献
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Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response. 相似文献
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An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO2 and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na+ and Cl‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H+ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters. 相似文献