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1.
In the present study quantitative computed tomography was used to analyze the absorption density in different localisations of the brain parenchyma comparatively in five different dog breeds. The breeds German Shepherd Dog, Dachshund, Boxer, Labrador Retriever and Miniature Poodle were chosen as representatives of different skull shapes and sizes. The mean absorption density for the German Shepherd Dog was 35.8 HU in the cerebellum, 28.5 - 34.8 HU in several locations of the cerebrum, 39.6 HU in the brain stem and 40.8 HU in the hypophyseal region. In the Dachshund, the mean density was 33.8 HU (cerebellum), 34.3 - 44.2 HU (several locations of the cerebrum), 33.3 HU (brain stem) and 38.6 HU (hypophyseal region). The Boxer showed a mean density of 38.7 HU in the cerebellum, 30.2 - 40.8 HU in several locations of the cerebrum, 35.6 HU in the brain stem and 33.1 HU in the hypophyseal region. The mean absorption density in the Labrador Retriever was 37.2 HU in the cerebellum, 29.4 - 32.9 HU (several locations of the cerebrum), 34.7 HU in the brain stem and 47.5 HU in the hypophyseal region. In the Miniature Poodle the mean density was 33.6 HU (cerebellum), 34.9 - 45.5 HU (several locations of the cerebrum), 32.7 HU (brain stem) and 32.4 HU (hypophyseal region). The study showed that the absorption density of the cerebrum, the brain stem and of the hypophyseal region partly were influenced by the different dog breeds. In the cerebellum no difference of density could be seen in the different breeds. The standardised values for the data of absorption densities of the brain parenchyma are the base for further examinations of dogs with clinical CNS diseases.  相似文献   

2.
This report describes a unique distribution of cerebral cortical necrotic lesion, which was diagnosed as hepatic encephalopathy in a 2-year-old Maltese dog. The dog showed splenocaval shunt and small liver with marked hepatocellular fatty degeneration. Histopathologic examination revealed that diffuse laminar cortical necrosis composed of neuronal necrosis, marked infiltration of gitter macrophages, and astrogliosis were found bilaterally in the dorsolateral area of the cerebrum. No necrotic lesions were observed in the cerebral paleopallium and archipallium, the central gray matter, cerebellum, and brain stem. Astrocytes with large and pale nuclei (Alzheimer type II astrocytes) were apparent throughout the brain. Immunohistochemically, a decrease of immunostains for glutamine synthetase and glutamate transporter antibodies was seen in Alzheimer type II astrocytes and neuropil. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of extensive involvement of cerebral neopallidum in canine hepatic encephalopathy.  相似文献   

3.
A 6-year and 9 month-old, male, Shih Tzu dog showed ataxia and trembling. By MRI examination, a mass (1 cm) was found in the right cerebellum. As the dog did not respond to radiation therapy, and showed a rise of intracranial pressure, he was euthanized. The cerebellar mass was soft and hemorrhagic. Histologically, the mass contained vimentin-positive spindle- or polyhedral-shaped cells arranged in a cord-like pattern. Mucinous materials were observed in the intercellular spaces. Ultrastructural examination revealed cell processes, microtubule-like structures and desmosomes. The case was diagnosed as myxoid type meningioma.  相似文献   

4.
This report describes a 4 mo old intact male Akita that presented for evaluation of a life-long history of facial swelling and failure to thrive. Physical examination revealed an enlarged cranium with prominent bony swellings on the maxillary bone, excessive laxity and crepitus involving multiple joints, and proprioceptive deficits. Radiographs demonstrated multiple osseous abnormalities including endosteal thickening of the femurs and ilium. Necropsy revealed gross compression of the cerebellum and brainstem. Physical exam findings, radiographic abnormalities, and histopathology of multiple bony lesions were all consistent with craniomandibular osteopathy. In this unique case of craniomandibular osteopathy, the dog was affected with severe bony proliferations leading to generalized hyperostotic lesions and brainstem compression resulting in neurologic deficits.  相似文献   

5.
A 7-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was presented with a complaint of acute pain. The dog had suffered from isolated seizures for two years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a smooth brain surface due to lack of gyri and sulci formation of the cerebrum and thick cortical grey matter. Additionally, ventriculomegaly and an arachnoid cyst were noted. Multiple spinal cord compressions induced by intervertebral disc protrusion were observed on a cervical MRI. Based on these findings, the dog was diagnosed as having lissencephaly concurrent with intervertebral cervical disease. After therapy for seizure and cervical pain, the clinical signs were completely resolved. To the author's knowledge, this is the case report to diagnose lissencephaly in a mixed-breed dog.  相似文献   

6.
Two wirehaired dachshund puppies were presented with generalized tremor and gait abnormalities characterized by mild ataxia, tetraparesis and slightly abnormal proprioception. Neurological examination led to the suspicion of a diffuse generalized white matter lesion. Computerized tomography and pathological examination revealed a remarkable unilateral dilatation of the lateral ventricles in each dog. Histopathological examination showed a severe reduction of stainable myelin, widespread mild perineuronal oedema with vacuolations and multifocal reactive astrocytosis affecting the subcortical and deep periventricular white, and to a lesser degree, grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres, most prominently at the level of the optic chiasm. Axons showed a moderately reduced packing density; some axons were irregularly shaped and slightly thickened. There was no evidence of myelin breakdown products and neurones appeared to be well preserved. Brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord were normal, as was the peripheral nervous system. This leukoencephalopathy in two dachshund puppies most closely resembles human periventricular leukomalacia caused by pre- or perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia.  相似文献   

7.
Beta-mannosidosis in twelve Salers calves   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
A diagnosis of beta-mannosidosis, a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of beta-mannosidase, was made in 12 purebred Salers calves. Affected neonatal calves were unable to rise and had intention tremors, hidebound skin, slightly domed calvaria, slight prognathism, and narrow palpebral fissures. Postmortem findings included variable dilatation of the lateral cerebral ventricles, marked pallor and paucity of white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and mild to marked bilateral renomegaly. Microscopic lesions consisted of clear, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, which were especially prominent in neurons, thyroid follicular cells, proximal renal tubular epithelium, and reticuloendothelial cells. By ultrastructural examination, the intracytoplasmic vacuoles were identified as membrane-bound lysosomes distended by lucent material. The serum of affected calves was profoundly deficient in beta-mannosidase. Oligosaccharides, principally a trisaccharide with a terminal hexose in the beta-anomeric configuration, accumulated in tissues of affected calves. The percentage (37.2) of affected calves from groups of siblings, the approximately equal sex ratio, and the phenotypic normalcy of the parents of affected calves are compatible with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance typical of other glycoproteinoses.  相似文献   

8.
A 5-year-old female Cocker Spaniel dog had a sudden onset of vestibular disease that localized to the caudal fossa. Upon computed tomography of the brain, a large, hypoattenuating mass with a slight peripheral ring enhancement pattern was detected ventral to the cerebellum. A hypoattenuating region was also identified in the center of the C2 spinal cord segment, consistent with syringohydromyelia. Postmortem examination of the brain revealed a fluid filled, cystic mass located dorsal to medulla oblongata that caused severe compression of the overlying cerebellum. The histopathologic diagnosis was an epidermoid cyst. Extensive syringohydromyelia and obstructive hydrocephalus were identified, both thought to be secondary to overcrowding of the caudal fossa.  相似文献   

9.
Objective— To investigate causes of the lack of clinical improvement after thoracolumbar disc surgery. Study Design— Case–control magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Animals— Chondrodystrophic dogs with acute thoracolumbar disc disease treated by hemilaminectomy: 10 that had no short‐term clinical improvement and 12 with “normal” clinical improvement. Methods— Dogs that had surgery for treatment of intervertebral disc extrusion (2003–2008) where thoracolumbar disc disease was confirmed by MRI were evaluated to identify dogs that had lack of clinical improvement after surgery. Ten dogs with delayed recovery or clinical deterioration were reexamined with MRI and compared with 12 dogs with normal recovery and MRI reexamination after 6 weeks (control group). Results— Of 173 dogs, 10 (5.8%) had clinical deterioration within 1–10 days after surgery. In 8 dogs, residual spinal cord compression was identified on MRI. Bleeding was present in 1 dog. In 3 dogs, the cause was an incorrect approach and insufficient disc material removal. In 3 dogs, recurrence occurred at the surgical site. In 1 dog, the centrally located extruded material was shifted to the contralateral side during surgery. These 8 dogs had repeat surgery and recovery was uneventful. In 2 dogs, deterioration could not be associated with a compressive disc lesion. Hemorrhagic myelomalacia was confirmed by pathologic examination in 1 dog. The other dog recovered after 6 months of conservative management. Conclusion— Delayed postsurgical recovery or deterioration is commonly associated with newly developed and/or remaining compressive disc lesion. Clinical Relevance— We recommend early MRI reexamination to assess the postsurgical spinal canal and cord, and to plan further therapeutic measures in chondrodystrophic dogs with delayed recovery after decompressive hemilaminectomy for thoracolumbar disc disease.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
A 12-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever was presented with forebrain signs. Brain MRI revealed a huge cystic lesion with the thickened falx in the frontal region. The brain parenchyma surrounding the lesion showed significant signs of a mass effect and also increased intracranial pressure. However, the dog suddenly became lucid after about two weeks, and an MRI scan one month after the initial study revealed a dramatically shrunken cystic lesion. The dog survived for over a year until it was euthanized for other reasons, and the brain lesion was diagnosed as a cystic meningioma histologically. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report that described the reduction of the cystic lesion of a cystic meningioma in dogs.  相似文献   

12.
Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a rare group of inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases characterized histopathologically by the abnormal accumulation of ceroid- or lipofuscin-like lipopigments in neurons and other cells throughout the body. The present article describes the clinical, pathologic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the NCL in three longhaired Chihuahuas between 16 mo and 24 mo of age. Clinical signs, including visual defects and behavioral abnormalities, started between 16 mo and 18 mo of age. Cranial MRI findings in all the dogs were characterized by diffuse severe dilation of the cerebral sulci, dilated fissures of diencephalons, midbrain, and cerebellum, and lateral ventricular enlargement, suggesting atrophy of the forebrain. As the most unusual feature, diffuse meningeal thickening was observed over the entire cerebrum, which was strongly enhanced on contrast T1-weighted images. The dogs' conditions progressed until they each died subsequent to continued neurologic deterioration between 23 mo and 24 mo of age. Histopathologically, there was severe to moderate neuronal cell loss with diffuse astrogliosis throughout the brain. The remaining neuronal cells showed intracytoplasmic accumulation of pale to slightly yellow lipopigments mimicking ceroid or lipofuscin. The thickened meninges consisted of the proliferation of connective tissues with abundant collagen fibers and mild infiltration of inflammatory cells suggesting neuroimmune hyperactivity. Although the etiology of this neuroimmune hyperactivity is not currently known, MRI findings such as meningeal thickening may be a useful diagnostic marker of this variant form of canine NCL.  相似文献   

13.
Eleven Finnish Spitz dogs with focal seizures and 3 healthy controls were evaluated. General clinical and neurological examinations, blood examination, urinalysis, cerebrospinal fluid examination, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were performed on all dogs. On EEG examination, focal epileptic activity was found in 7 of 11 dogs (64%), and generalized epileptic activity was observed in 4 of 11 dogs (36%). MRI (performed with 1.5 T equipment) detected changes in 1 epileptic dog. Mild contrast enhancement after gadolinium injection was identified in this dog's right parietal cortex. However, no such changes were observed in repeated magnetic resonance images. Special emphasis was given to seizure history to determine any correlations between seizure intervals and MRI findings. Our results indicate that Finnish Spitz dogs with focal seizures suffer from focal idiopathic epilepsy and have nondetectable findings on MRI or pathology. MRI showed poor sensitivity in detecting epileptogenic areas in our patients with focal seizures. Reversible MRI changes in 1 dog could have been caused by seizures.  相似文献   

14.
Background: GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0 (human Sandhoff disease) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiencies of acid β‐hexosaminidase (Hex) A and Hex B because of an abnormality of the β‐subunit, a common component in these enzyme molecules, which is coded by the HEXB gene. Objective: To describe the clinical, pathological, biochemical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of Sandhoff‐like disease identified in a family of Toy Poodles. Animals: Three red‐haired Toy Poodles demonstrated clinical signs including motor disorders and tremor starting between 9 and 12 months of age. The animals finally died of neurological deterioration between 18 and 23 months of age. There were some lymphocytes with abnormal cytoplasmic vacuoles detected. Methods: Observational case study. Results: The common MRI finding was diffuse T2‐hyperintensity of the subcortical white matter in the cerebrum. Bilateral T2‐hyperintensity and T1‐hypointensity in the nucleus caudatus, and atrophic findings of the cerebrum and cerebellum, were observed in a dog in the late stage. Histopathologically, swollen neurons with pale to eosinophilic granular materials in the cytoplasm were observed throughout the central nervous system. Biochemically, GM2 ganglioside had accumulated in the brain, and Hex A and Hex B were deficient in the brain and liver. Pedigree analysis demonstrated that the 3 affected dogs were from the same family line. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The Sandhoff‐like disease observed in this family of Toy Poodles is the 2nd occurrence of the canine form of this disease and the 1st report of its identification in a family of dogs.  相似文献   

15.
A case of distemper in a 6-month-old dog is described. The dog was presented with a history of tetraparesis suggestive of trauma. Neurological examination and clinical pathology findings of lymphopenia and pleocytosis suggested a viral cause. Microscopic findings of a nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis with numerous intranuclear inclusions in the cerebellum, brain stem, and all parts of the spinal cord suggested a diagnosis of distemper.  相似文献   

16.
Two dogs presented with severe, peracute-onset, neurological signs. Neuroanatomical localization was cerebellovestibular. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and revealed focal, wedge-shaped lesions in the cerebellum. Diagnosis of cerebellar infarctions was made based on peracute-onset, clinical signs, MRI, and outcome as well as ancillary diagnostic information. Both dogs recovered completely. Cerebellar infarction should be included in the differential of any dog with peracute-onset, central cerebellovestibular signs regardless of severity of clinical signs. Outcome was excellent in these dogs.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
A 6-year-old, obese, spayed female Doberman pinscher dog was presented for clinical examination with a 1-day history of repeated seizures and a long-term history of periodic bouts of ataxia, circling, and head tilt. The seizures were controlled with phenobarbital, but the dog died 2 days after presentation. Necropsy revealed severe, diffuse, follicular atrophy of the thyroid gland (primary hypothyroidism), severe generalized atherosclerosis, severe pseudolaminar cortical necrosis and acute vasculitis in the cerebrum, and congestive heart failure. The neurologic signs were explained by the pseudolaminar necrosis and associated cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. The cerebrocortical necrosis was believed to be caused by tissue hypoxia secondary to progressive vascular occlusion. Cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, secondary to primary hypothyroidism, was considered the most important cause of the hypoxia.  相似文献   

19.
A 9-year-old male Appenzeller mountain dog had progressive severe ataxia and central vestibular syndrome that was localized clinically to the brain stem. The cerebrospinal fluid characteristics were suggestive of hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space. On computed tomography (CT), hyperattenuating masses were found in the left lateral ventricle extending into the cerebrum, and another involving the cerebellum and brainstem. The hyperattenuation of the masses in noncontrast images and the absence of contrast enhancement were consistent with hemorrhage. The dog underwent euthanasia. A metastatic hemangiosarcoma in the brain, causing acute bleeding in the left lateral ventricle and the brainstem, was found. A solitary mass in the left myocardium was thought to be the primary site. CT characteristics of intracranial hemorrhage are reviewed.  相似文献   

20.
Sarcocystis neurona encephalitis in a dog   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A 1.5-year-old male Feist dog was presented to a veterinarian for reluctance to stand on the hind legs. Treatment included dexamethasone and resulted in a favorable initial response, but posterior paresis returned and progressed to recumbency, hyperesthesia, and attempts to bite the owner. The dog was euthanized. The brain was negative for rabies by fluorescent antibody analysis. Multiple foci of encephalitis were found in the cerebrum and particularly in the cerebellum. Protozoa morphologically consistent with Sarcocystis sp. were identified at sites of intense inflammation and malacia. Additionally, multiple schizonts were identified in areas without inflammation. Immunohistochemistry using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for Sarcocystis neurona was strongly positive. No reaction to polyclonal antisera for Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum was found. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the protozoa were S. neurona. Additional aberrant hosts for S. neurona other than horses have been identified, but S. neurona encephalitis has not been documented previously in the dog.  相似文献   

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