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1.
The objectives of this experiment were to determine the extent of variation in proteolysis, sarcomere length, and collagen content among pork muscles and the association of those factors with tenderness variation among muscles at 1 d postmortem. Twenty-three white composite barrows were slaughtered and carcasses (66 kg) were chilled at 0 degrees C for 24 h. At 1 d postmortem, the longissimus lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and triceps brachii, long head were dissected from one side of each carcass and frozen. Trained sensory panelists evaluated tenderness, amount of connective tissue, juiciness, and pork flavor intensity of grilled (70 degrees C) chops on 8-point scales. Raw chops were used for total collagen content, sarcomere length, and the extent of desmin proteolysis. Tenderness ratings were highest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (7.2) and triceps brachii (7.1), followed by longissimus lumborum (6.4) and semimembranosus (5.7) and were lowest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (4.0). The simple correlations between longissimus lumborum tenderness and the tenderness of other muscles were .54 (semimembranosus), .34 (semitendinosus), .36 (triceps branchii), and .17 (biceps femorus). Total collagen was highest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (7.1 mg/g muscle), followed by triceps branchii (6.0 mg/g) and semitendinosus (5.3 mg/g), and lowest for semimembranosus (4.5 mg/g) and longissimus lumborum (4.1 mg/g). Sarcomere length was longest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (2.5 microm) and triceps branchii (2.4 microm), followed by semimembranosus (1.8 microm), longissimus lumborum (1.8 microm), and biceps femorus (1.7 microm). Proteolysis of desmin was greatest (P < .05) in longissimus lumborum (39.3%), followed by semimembranosus (21.0%) and biceps femoris (18.5%), then semitendinosus (.2%) and triceps brachii (.2%). Multiple linear regression using total collagen, sarcomere length, and proteolysis accounted for 57% of the variation in tenderness rating among all samples. Piecewise linear regression was used to account for the interaction of sarcomere length with proteolysis and collagen. This analysis accounted for 72% of the variation in tenderness rating. Variation in collagen, proteolysis, and sarcomere length and the degree of their interaction with one another determine the tenderness of individual muscles.  相似文献   

2.
Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of muscle and adipose tissue from mature cows (N = 101) representing 15 breeds and crosses were determined. An initial group of cows was slaughtered after being fed slightly above the maintenance level for 2 wk; the remaining cows were fed either at the maintenance level or ad libitum for 84 d, then slaughtered. Samples of triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were obtained from each carcass. In addition, phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acids from total lipid extracts of triceps brachii muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed for 24 cows that were fed ad libitum or at the maintenance level for 84 d. Breed type effects on fatty acid composition were more pronounced in adipose tissue than in muscle tissue. Total lipid extracts of both triceps brachii and longissimus muscle from animals fed a maintenance diet for 84 d contained higher (P less than .01) percentages (3 to 8%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower percentages (2 to 3%) of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than those from animals fed ad libitum for 84 d. This reflected significant variation in the fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:4 for both longissimus and triceps brachii muscle. Fatty acid composition within phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions was similar regardless of maintenance or ad libitum feeding. Much of the variation in total lipid fatty acid composition appeared to be the result of differences in triacylglycerol:phospholipid ratios. Adipose tissue contained about twice as much cholesterol (mg/100 g wet weight) as muscle tissue. Both breed type and feeding group effects on cholesterol content of muscle tissue were nonsignificant. Values for cholesterol content of adipose tissue from cows fed restricted diets were higher than those from cows fed ad libitum (approximately 55 mg/100 g higher for subcutaneous and 25 mg/100 g for perinephric). The results show that changes in fatty acid composition of bovine tissues can be made genetically and by varying the energy level in the diet. Alteration of the cholesterol content of muscle tissue by these methods does not appear to be feasible.  相似文献   

3.
The objective of this research was to determine the influence of dietary palm oil supplementation on carcass characteristics and lipid composition of tissues from growing lambs. Twenty-eight Suffolk x Hampshire lambs were weaned at 60 d of age (average 36 kg BW) and assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of diet (control [NPO] or 10.6% added dietary palm oil [PO]) and sex (ram vs ewe). The NPO diet (77% forage and 23% concentrate) contained 11.2% CP and 2.66 Mcal of ME/kg. Palm oil replaced molasses in the PO diet. Lambs were individually given ad libitum access to feed for 60 d to a final BW average of 50.1 kg. Lipid composition of the longissimus muscle and corresponding subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissue was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Lambs fed PO were fatter (P less than .01) than lambs fed NPO (.77 vs .56 cm, s.c. fat). Diet had no effect on cholesterol content of lean tissue; however, feeding PO increased the saturated fatty acids of lean tissue. The s.c. fat from lambs fed PO had less (P less than .01) cholesterol (64.79 vs 89.67 mg/100 g) and more saturated fatty acids than that from lambs fed NPO. Ewes were fatter (P less than .01) than rams, yet they had less cholesterol content in the s.c. adipose tissue (68.71 vs 85.74 mg/100 g). High amounts of dietary palm oil fed to growing lambs caused changes in fatty acid deposition and cholesterol metabolism and may be a useful investigative tool to study lipid metabolism in growing ruminants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

4.
Fatty acid composition of total lipid extracts of muscle and adipose samples from crossbred bulls (N = 34) and steers (N = 35) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Samples of semitendinosus, triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and of subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were excised from the right side of each carcass. In addition, thin-layer chromatography was utilized to obtain phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions from total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue from 10 bull and steer cohorts (N = 20). The most prominent sex condition effect was in percentage of total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Bull tissues contained higher (P less than .01) percentages of PUFA than those of steers at all sampling sites. This reflected higher percentages of linoleate (C18:2), linolenate (C18:3) and arachidonate (C20:4) in bull tissues. Most of the PUFA were present as phospholipids in muscle samples. The fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids was similar regardless of sex condition or muscle sampled. Total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and triceps brachii muscles of both bulls and steers contained from 6 to 10% more unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) compared with M. longissimus. Muscle triacylglycerols contained relatively high percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Semitendinosus and longissimus samples from steers contained higher (P less than .05 and P less than .01, respectively) percentages of total SFA than those from bulls. Steer samples contained slightly higher percentages of palmitic acid (C16:0) compared with bulls at all sampling sites, and this difference was significant for M. longissimus. The fat:lean ratio of muscle tissue is the major factor that determines fatty acid composition.  相似文献   

5.
Trials were conducted to evaluate effects of non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal (SBM) on efficiency of protein utilization and N digestibility. In trial 1, 48 Suffolk-Finnsheep lambs (22 kg) were fed 80 d to evaluate efficiency of protein utilization for growth when supplemental protein was fed as urea (U), commercial SBM (CS), or commercial SBM (pH 8.5, 83% dry matter) containing xylose (3 mol/mol SBM-lysine) and heated 30 min (XTS-30) or 55 min (XTS-55). Diets containing graded levels of N from CS, XTS-30 and XTS-55 were fed. Response criterion was efficiency of protein utilization, plotted as gains of lambs fed test proteins minus gain of lambs fed U vs supplemental test protein fed. Efficiencies of protein utilization were .62, 1.27 and .91 for CS, XTS-30 and XTS-55, respectively. Protein from XTS-30 was used more efficiently (P less than .05) than that from CS. In trial 2, apparent digestibility of N from CS (97%) was higher (P less than .01) than XTS-30 (77%) and XTS-55 (82%) by Suffolk-Finnsheep lambs (27 kg). In trial 3, 60 mixed-breed steers (218 kg) were fed individually for 105 d to evaluate glucose as a reducing sugar. Glucose-treated SBM (GTS) was prepared by mixing glucose (3 mol/mol SBM lysine) with SBM, adjusting pH and dry matter content to 8.5 and 80%, respectively, and heating at 150 C for 60 min. Supplemental N sources were U, CS, GTS and a 50:50 mixture (protein basis) of corn gluten meal and blood meal (CGM/BM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

6.
Our objective was to determine effects of dietary high-oleate (Oleate; 76% 18:1) or high-linoleate (Linoleate; 78% 18:2) safflower seeds on fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissue of feedlot lambs. White-faced ewe lambs (n = 36) were fed a beet pulp, oat hay, and soybean meal basal diet (Control), blocked by BW, and allotted randomly to dietary treatments. Cracked safflower seeds were used in isocaloric and isonitrogenous replacement of beet pulp, oat hay, and soybean meal so that Oleate and Linoleate diets contained 5.0% additional fat. Fatty acids were determined in semitendinosus, longissimus dorsi (longissimus), and adipose tissue from the tail head (tailhead adipose tissue), adjacent to the 12th rib (s.c. adipose tissue), and kidney and pelvic fat (KPH adipose tissue) depots. Fatty acid data were analyzed within muscle and adipose tissue as a split-block design. Single degree of freedom orthogonal contrasts were used to compare treatment effects. Average daily gain, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics did not differ (P = 0.15 to 0.96) across dietary treatments. Adipose tissue saturated fatty acids were greater (P = 0.04) for Controls but were not different (P = 0.36) in muscle. Trans-vaccenic acid (18:1(trans-11)) increased (P < 0.0001) with safflower supplementation and was greater (P < 0.0001) in Linoleate than in Oleate for both tissue types. Linoleate lamb had greater (P < 0.0001) PUFA than Oleate lamb in muscle and adipose tissue. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA; cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) were greater (P < 0.0001) in muscle and adipose tissue of lambs fed safflower seeds. Lambs fed Linoleate had greater (P < 0.0001) CLA in adipose tissue and muscle than lambs fed Oleate. Saturated fatty acids were greater (P < 0.0001) in s.c. adipose tissue than in tailhead adipose tissue. Mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were greater (P < 0.0001) in tailhead adipose tissue than in s.c. adipose tissue. Weight percentages of 18:1(trans-11) ranked tailhead adipose tissue = KPH adipose tissue > s.c. adipose tissue and semitendinosus > longissimus, whereas CLA ranked tailhead adipose tissue > s.c. adipose tissue > KPH adipose tissue and semitendinosus > longissimus. Feeding mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased tissue 18:1(trans-11) and CLA, which is a favorable change in regard to current human dietary guidelines.  相似文献   

7.
试验旨在克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,研究其表达与肌内脂肪（IMF）沉积的相关性。采集山羊皮下脂肪组织,应用RT-PCR克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列;以GAPDH（GenBank登录号：AJ431207.1）为内参基因,实时荧光定量PCR检测其在山羊不同组织中的表达量及在肌肉组织中的时序表达谱（以肝脏表达量为基准）;测定肌肉组织中的IMF含量,分析其与CMKLR1 mRNA表达量的相关性。结果显示,克隆获得了山羊CMKLR1基因,1 089 bp的CDS区,GenBank登录号：KT165374。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,CMKLR1基因在24月龄山羊心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脂肪、背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中均存在不同程度的表达,其中在肺脏中表达量显著高于其他组织（P< 0.05）;CMKLR1基因在1~3和24月龄的山羊背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌中表达趋势相同,均是在股二头肌中表达量最高,而8~10月龄则是在臂三头肌中表达量最高。山羊IMF含量以24月龄背最长肌含量最高。山羊背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中CMKLR1 mRNA表达与IMF含量相关性不显著（P> 0.05）。CMKLR1基因不参与山羊IMF沉积作用,试验结果为进一步研究CMKLR1基因奠定理论基础。  相似文献   

8.
In order to enrich basic date in goat (Capra hirus) CMKLR1 gene and investigate the correlation between CMKLR1 gene expression and intramuscular fat (IMF) content in muscles, the CMKLR1 gene was cloned from the goat of subcutaneous adipose tissue by RT-PCR, characterized by bioinformatics methods. The expression profiles of CMKLR1 gene of goat in various tissues were constructed liver was benchmark, the GAPDH (GenBank accession No.: AJ431207.1) as a reference gene.Then, the correlation between CMKLR1 mRNA expression and IMF content in muscles was analyzed. The results showed that the CMKLR1 gene CDS of goat (GenBank accession No.: KT165374) was 1 089 bp. Real-time PCR indicated that CMKLR1 was widely expressed in various tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, adipose, longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and triceps brachii, and was the highest in lung (P< 0.05). Similar expression variation trend of CMKLR1 was observed between the muscles from 1 to 3 and 24 months old goat, and was the highest in biceps femoris. Reversely, in 8 to 10 months old CMKLR1 was the highest in triceps brachii. The IMF of longissimus dorsi from 24 months old was the highest. Correlation analysis demonstrated that different correlations were observed between expression of CMKLR1 mRNA and IMF content in longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris, and triceps brachii in goat. The CMKLR1 gene did not participate in the deposition of IMF in goats. The research built the theoretical basis for further studies about the CMKLR1 gene.  相似文献   

9.
Soybean meal (SBM) was treated with aqueous solutions of ethanol or propanol at room temperature or at 80 C to study treatment effects on SBM-N solubility and utilization by sheep. Soybean meal was soaked in an excess of 70% (v/v) ethanol at 80 C (ET-80), 70% ethanol at 23 C (ET-23) or 70% propanol at 80 C (PR-80). Nontreated SBM and nontreated SBM heated at 80 C without alcohol treatment (NT-80) served as controls. Nitrogen solubility in McDougall's buffer was lowest (P less than .05) for PR-80 and ET-80 (2.2 and 4.7% of total N, respectively), intermediate (P less than .05) for ET-23 (9.0%), greater (P less than .05) for nontreated SBM (36.2%) and highest for NT-80 (40.2%). In an situ study using three ruminally cannulated cows and two bags per treatment per animal per removal time, more (P less than .05) N remained in in situ bags after 3, 6, 9 and 12 h incubation for ET-23, ET-80 and PR-80 than for nontreated SBM and NT-80. A lamb metabolism trial, using 15 lambs in each of two periods, compared nontreated SBM, ET-23, ET-80, PR-80 and urea as N supplements. Nitrogen retention was higher (P less than .02) for lambs fed SBM treatments compared with urea. When the same N supplements were fed to wethers in a 5 X 5 Latin square experiment and duodenal N flow was measured, non-ammonia non-bacterial N flow was higher (P less than .07) for wethers fed SBM treatments than for wethers fed urea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

10.
This experiment determined meat composition and palatability changes resulting from feeding Holstein (HOL) and crossbred beef (XB) steers diets containing corn silage (CS) or alfalfa haylage (AH) (forage type) and soybean meal (SM) or fish meal (FM) (protein source). Fifty-nine steers (30 HOL and 29 XB) were randomly assigned to diet combinations for a 2 x 2 x 2 (breed x forage x protein) factorial arrangement. Steers were fed to a fat-constant end point (fat depth over the longissimus muscle measured by ultrasound: 1.0 cm XB, .6 cm HOL). Proximate and fatty acid analysis and sensory evaluation were conducted on a rib eye roast and steaks, respectively, removed from the left side of each carcass at ribs 9 to 12. Proximate analysis of the longissimus muscle showed no significant difference (P greater than .05) in moisture, protein, or fat content due to breed, forage, or protein treatment. Forage type had no significant effect (P greater than .05) on amount of individual fatty acids found in longissimus muscle. However, total polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher (P greater than .05) for AH than for CS-fed animals. Longissimus muscle from steers fed FM had higher palmitoleic and lower stearic acid contents (both P less than .05) than longissimus muscle from animals fed SM. Muscle from HOL had higher palmitoleic and lower stearic acid contents than that from XB steers (both P less than .05). There was no significant interaction (P greater than .05) of breed with either diet treatment for individual fatty acid contents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
试验研究德州驴不同部位肌肉组织中常规营养成分、氨基酸(AA)和矿物质元素含量的变化。选取年龄、体重相近的健康德州驴32头采用单因素完全随机试验设计。结果显示,粗蛋白的含量以臂三头肌最高,臀肌最低。粗脂肪含量呈相反变化规律,臀肌脂肪沉积较好,嫩度更佳。臂三头肌中的多数单一AA以及必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)、总氨基酸(TAA)、支链氨基酸和功能性氨基酸含量均较高,背最长肌次之,股二头肌较少。背最长肌与臀肌AA的平衡性AA较好,具有较高的EAA/NEAA、EAA/TAA,蛋白质营养价值较高。从鲜味方面来看,臂三头肌的甘氨酸(GLy)、精氨酸(Arg)、丙氨酸(Ala)、谷氨酸(Glu)及呈味氨基酸的含量最高、口感更好、鲜味更佳。矿物质含量测定中,不同部位肌肉中大多数矿物元素没有差异,Cu元素和Zn元素的含量由高到低依次为:臂三头肌>股二头肌>背最长肌和臀肌,且差异显著(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

12.
Three grazing experiments were conducted to determine the effect of level of endophyte infection, rate of N fertilization of tall fescue grass, grazing period, and paddock exchange on selected chemical properties of four bovine carcass tissues. Samples of semitendinosus and longissimus muscle and of subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were excised from the left side of each carcass. In Exp. 1, percentage of stearic acid was higher (P less than .05) and percentages of palmitoleic and oleic acid were lower (P less than .05) in all tissues from steers grazed on LELN Au-Triumph fescue than in tissues from steers grazed on LELN KY-31 fescue. Grazing periods of 175 or 245 d or paddock exchange (Exp. 2) had no significant effect on proximate composition of semitendinosus and longissimus muscles; however, moisture content was higher (P less than .05) in the semitendinosus muscle from steers grazed on 100% (100E) endophyte-infected KY-31 fescue. Forage treatment, grazing period, and paddock exchange (Exp. 2 and 3) had no significant effect on percentage of saturated fatty acids in the subcutaneous, semitendinosus, and longissimus tissue samples. In Exp. 2 and 3, percentages of saturated fatty acids were higher (P less than .05) in subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue samples from steers grazed on 100E than in samples from steers grazed on zero endophyte (OE) fescue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
An in situ protein degradation trial and two growth trials were conducted to evaluate the use of fish meal (FM) as a protein supplement in feeder lamb diets. Finn cross and Hampshire lambs were given ad libitum access to corn diets, minerals, and water. In Growth Trial 1, four isonitrogenous (12.6% CP on a DM basis) and isocaloric (77% TDN) diets were supplemented with the following: a) 100% soybean meal (SBM); b) 70% SBM + 30% FM; c) 40% SBM + 60% FM; and d) 100% FM on a DM basis. Diets were fed to 144 lambs for 56 d in a randomized complete block (initial BW) design. In Growth Trial 2, four diets were fed to 80 lambs for 42 d in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Main effects in Growth Trial 2 were dietary CP level (13.3 or 14.9%) and source (SBM or SBM + FM). Alfalfa hay was used as the roughage part of each diet. In situ CP degradation (determined in cattle) of SBM, FM, and corn fed in both growth trials were 77.8, 52.3, and 56.8%, respectively. In neither growth trial was ADG affected (P greater than .05) by dietary CP source. Lambs gained faster (P less than .05) when the CP level was increased from 13.3 to 14.9% in Growth Trial 2. In both trials, protein efficiency ratio (grams of gain/grams of protein intake) and energy efficiency ratio (grams of gain/kilograms of TDN intake) were not different (P greater than .05) among diets. Because of the low ruminal degradation of corn protein, the relative value of SBM and FM in full-fed, high-corn diets was comparable.  相似文献   

14.
Sixteen mature, lactating (453 kg) and 16 nonlactating (487 kg) Hereford and Angus x Hereford cows were used to determine effects of different dietary supplements and lactational status on forage intake, digestibility, and particulate passage rate. Supplement treatments and amounts fed (kg/d) were as follows: control, 0; and equal daily amounts of CP from soybean meal (SBM), 1.36; wheat middlings (WM), 3.41; or a blend of corn and soybean meal (corn-SBM; 22% corn and 76% SBM), 3.41. Cows were fed supplements at 0800 and had ad libitum access to prairie hay (4.9% CP) in stalls from 0800 to 1100 and from 1300 to 1600 for three 17-d periods. Lactational status and supplement type did not interact (P greater than .50) for hay DMI, DM digestibility, or particulate passage rate. Cows fed SBM ate more hay DM (P less than .01) and had greater hay DM digestibility (P less than .01) than did cows in other treatment groups. Average hay DMI (kg/100 kg of BW) was 1.95, 2.16, 1.94, and 1.89, and hay DM digestibility was 52, 61, 55, and 53% for control, SBM, WM, and corn-SBM supplements, respectively. Total diet DM digestibility was increased by supplementation (P less than .01), but no differences (P greater than .18) were observed among supplements. Lactating cows ate more (P = .13) hay DM (2.11 vs 1.87 kg/100 kg of BW) and had greater (P less than .05) fecal output (4.6 vs 4.3 kg/d) than did nonlactating cows. Dry matter digestibility and particulate passage rate were not affected (P greater than .35) by lactational status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

15.
The objective was to study whether thermally treated lupins (TTL) can replace solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) in dairy cow rations. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They differed in the inclusion of the main protein feeds (TTL alone, TTL + RSM and RSM + SBM) but were equal in organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy content. In vitro organic matter fermentation was not significantly different between the TMR. Efficiency of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis was significantly higher for TMR RSM + SBM than for TTL. In vitro gas production potential was similar for the three TMR. The maximal rate of gas production was achieved later in TMR TTL than in RSM + SBM. Feed intake of dairy cows was significantly lower when TMR TTL was fed than when TMR TTL + RSM or RSM + SBM were fed. Milk yield was significantly lower with the high inclusion rate of TTL in comparison with the other TMR. The contents of milk protein and milk fat were significantly lower when the two TTL containing TMR were fed in comparison with the RSM + SBM ration. Effects of TTL inclusion on MCP synthesis may affect the amino acid supply to the duodenum of cows to a greater extent than differences in the degradability of feed proteins.  相似文献   

16.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soybean meal in postweaning diets on villus height (VH), villus shape and lamina propria depth (LPD) in the small intestine. Intestinal samples were taken at 25, 50 and 75% of the small intestine's length. The first experiment determined the normal effects of age on these structures in nursing pigs from 9 to 36 d of age. Villus height decreased (P less than .01 at the 50 and 75% locations) and LPD increased (P less than .01 at the 25% location) in a quadratic fashion with increasing age. In the second experiment, pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed one of three 20% protein diets: 1) protein from hydrolyzed casein (CAS), 2) soybean meal (SBM) or 3) a conventional corn-soybean meal diet (CSBM). Intestinal samples were taken 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 d post-weaning. Villus height decreased dramatically the first 3 d postweaning, with a continuing decline until 12 d post-weaning. Averaged over the d 3 to 15 interval, VH were generally greater for pigs fed CAS than for pigs fed CSBM or SBM. Pigs fed SBM or CSBM had deformed villi, and pigs fed SBM had greater (P less than .05) LPD at all intestinal locations, suggesting less mature enterocytes on the villi. These data suggest that feeding high concentrations of soybean meal to the pig post-weaning has a detrimental effect on the small intestine, but this effect was minimized when soybean meal was fed as part of a corn-based diet.  相似文献   

17.
Left sides from 18 beef carcasses (9 steers and 9 heifers), selected to represent a wide range of marbling scores, were evaluated to determine the relationship between longissimus composition and the composition of other major muscles. The adductor (A), biceps femoris (BF), deep pectoral (DP) gluteal group (GL), infraspinatus (I), longissimus (L), psoas major (PM), rectus abdominis (RA), rectus femoris (RF), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), serratus ventralis (SV), spinalis (SP), supraspinatus (SU) and triceps brachii (TB) were removed, trimmed of external fat, weighed and ground for proximate analysis. Fat content of all muscles was related linearly (P less than .001) to L fat content (R2 values ranged from .67 to .84). The ST had the lowest mean fat content (4.4%) and SP had the highest mean percentage of fat (16.1%). The L ranged from 3.59% to 15.42% fat with a mean of 8.61%. Longissimus fat percentage can be used to predict the fat content of the other major muscles of the beef carcass.  相似文献   

18.
Forty-five crossbred primiparous sows were used to determine the relationship of lactation energy intake and the occurrence of postweaning estrus to (1) body fat (percentage), (2) lean body mass (LBM) and (3) qualitative and quantitative characteristics of adipose tissue. Sows received 8 (Lo) or 16 (Hi) Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/d during lactation and 5.4 Mcal of ME/d postweaning. Serum samples were obtained 1 d before weaning (d 0) and analyzed for creatinine and urea-N (indices of muscle and amino acid catabolism, respectively). Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained and analyzed for total lipid and myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. Last rib backfat thickness determined at weaning was used to estimate body fat (percentage). Lean body mass was estimated from 48-h creatinine excretion rates determined on d 15 and 16 postweaning. Sows fed the Lo diet that returned (Lo-R) and did not return (Lo-NR) to estrus by d 14 postweaning lost more (P less than .01) weight during lactation, gained more (P less than .01) weight postweaning, had higher (P less than .07) body fat (percentage) and a slight trend toward lower creatinine excretion rate than sows fed the Hi diet that returned to estrus (Hi-R). Adipose tissue from sows in the Lo-R and Lo-NR groups had less (P less than .05) lipid than that from sows in the Hi-R group. Concentrations of oleic and stearic acids were lower and higher (P less than .01), respectively, in adipose tissue from sows in the Lo-R and Lo-NR vs Hi-R groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

19.
Histological properties from the longissimus (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles of 51 wether and ewe lambs from Hampshire rams and two ewe genetic types (SR, 1/2 Suffolk and 1/2 Rambouillet, and FS, 1/2 Finnish Landrace and 1/2 Southdown) and three slaughter live weights (32, 41 and 50 kg) were compared. Fibers in both muscles were classified as beta R (red), alpha R (intermediate) or alpha W (white). All LD muscle fiber types from FS ewe lambs increased in diameter from 32 to 41 kg, but decreased in diameter from 41 to 50 kg. Also, this quadratic effect with slaughter weight was found in alpha R and alpha W fibers from the SM muscle of FS wether and ewe lambs. However, diameters of alpha R and alpha W fibers from SR wether and ewe lambs and beta R fibers from SR ewe lambs increased linearly in the SM muscle with increasing slaughter weight. As slaughter weight increased, the proportion of alpha R fibers decreased in both the LD and SM muscles for SR wether and FS wether and ewe lambs. Concurrent with the increase in slaughter weight and decrease in alpha R fiber percentage, the proportion of alpha W fibers increased in the LD muscle of SR wether lambs, the SM muscle of SR ewe lambs and both muscles of FS wether and ewe lambs. Genetic type and sex groups, except SR ewe lambs, support the theory of transformation of alpha R to alpha W fibers with increasing slaughter weights. Fat-cell diameters increased in both muscles of SR wether and FS ewe lambs with increasing slaughter weights. Increases in fat traits of lamb carcasses were related to increases in red-fiber size. Alpha red fiber numbers were inversely related (P less than .05) to alpha W fiber numbers in both the LD and SM muscles (r = -.83 and -.79). The proportion of alpha R to alpha W fibers might be used as an indicator of physiological maturity for lambs.  相似文献   

20.
Data were collected on 130 intact male lambs fed diets based on roughages supplemented with fish meal, soybean meal, or corn gluten-blood meal and slaughtered at 43 kg live weight. A nonsupplemented group served as a control. The lambs represented Romanov (R), Finnsheep (F), a new breed developed in Canada (DLS), Coopworth (C), and Suffolk (S), three first crosses of DLS with R, F, and Booroola Merino (B), and their backcrosses to DLS. Supplemented lambs consumed 16 to 22% less (P less than .05) silage than control lambs. Average daily gains of lambs fed fish meal (226 g) and corn gluten-blood meal (217 g) were higher and feed conversion ratio (4.99 and 5.11) lower than that of lambs fed soybean meal (189 g and 5.48) or control (186 g and 5.76) diets (P less than .05). The cost of feed per kilogram of gain or per kilogram of lean produced was similar in the four treatments but was between C $.23 and .65 cheaper in the protein-supplemented groups when the number of days to reach slaughter weight was considered. The effect of diet on carcass traits and meat quality were minimal. Meat of lambs fed the three protein supplements was less juicy than that of control lambs. With a few exceptions, most of the significant differences among genetic groups in growth, carcass, and sensory traits were mainly between prolific (R and F) and meat-type breeds (C, S, and DLS). Gain in weight was highest in S lambs (199 g/d), but F and R first crosses were the youngest at slaughter (196 and 198 d). The F lambs had higher dressing and kidney fat percentages than meat-type breeds. The DLS lambs had the largest longissimus muscle area (14.0 cm2), whereas C had the smallest (10.7 cm2). The B crosses had larger longissimus muscle area than R and F crosses. The R lambs had more lean and less fat in the 12th rib, whereas C lambs had the lowest lean and a high bone percentage. The toughest and the most tender roasts were those of R and B crossbred lambs, respectively. Roasts from F lambs had the most intense lamb flavor.  相似文献   

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