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1.
A total of 231 serum samples were collected from sheep (n=9), goats (n=99) and cattle (n=123) in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trypanosome infection was detected using Trypanosoma brucei brucei crude antigen (TbbCA) and T. congolense crude antigen (TcoCA) ELISA assays. Recombinant antigen (T. evansi GM6 which consisted of 4 repeat domains, TeGM6-4r) ELISA and immunochromatographic test (ICT) were also used. Crude antigen ELISA, TeGM6-4r-ELISA and ICT detected 27.3%, 29% and 19.9% of trypanosome seropositive samples, respectively. Trypanosome infection prevalence in cattle and goats was 35.8–46.3% and 0–9.1%, respectively. Out of 9 sheep serum samples, 2–4 sera (22.2–44.4%) were positive. The detection performance of crude and recombinant antigen ELISAs was relatively similar (K=0.6–0.7); both are recommended for reference diagnosis and large scale epidemiological surveys. There is potential application for ICT in on-site diagnosis, but its sensitivity should be improved.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of simultaneous infections with trypanosomes (Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense) and gastrointestinal nematodes on the productivity of sheep and goats was studied in 20 animals (6 male goats and 14 male sheep) at a farm near Maputo. The animals were divided into 4 groups which received either treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes, or against trypanosomes, or treatment against both, or no treatment at all.In two-weekly and later in weekly intervals body weight, packed cell volume, body temperature, worm egg burdens and occurence of trypanosomes in the peripheral blood were recorded. Body temperature and packed cell volume did not show the expected close relation to an infection with either trypanosomes or gastrointestinal nematodes, but the differences in the increase of body weight among the 4 groups were very considerable.Animals receiving both treatments gained an average of 13.5 kg in body weight in 40 weeks compared with 5.1 kg (surviving animals with treatment against worm parasites), 6.5 kg (surviving animals with treatment against trypanosomes) and 3.4 kg (surviving animals without any treatment). Of the last 3 groups 1 sheep (21 kg), 2 sheep (50 kg) and 1 sheep (21 kg), respectively, died.One goat, treated against gastrointestinal nematodes, but suffering from an infection with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense was killed at the end of the experiment. A striking finding during the post-mortem examination was the complete hyperplasia of the red-marrow of the right and left femur.  相似文献   

3.
The effects of various trypanocides on parasitaemia was investigated in sheep experimentally-infected with Trypanosoma congolense strain 58/98. Intravenous injection of Berenil at the height of the first parasitaemic wave increased jugular parasite concentration by 12 and 16 times at the 9th and 20th minute post-treatment, respectively. With Pentamidine, maximum counts were 5.0–8.6 times zero-time concentration during the same periods. Peak effects of Samorin, Novidium and Ethidium were observed between the 60th and 90th minutes after drug administration and were 9.5, 6.3 and 3.5 times initial values, respectively. Injection of trypanocides resulted in double peaks of parasitaemia in which the second was usually higher than the first, except with Antrypol and Germani which had no significant effect on parasitaemia. The amplitude, but not the onset of the increase in parasitaemia in sheep, was found to be related to the therapeutic efficacy of the trypanocides in the treatment of Trypanosoma congolense infection in rats.Animals treated with the diamidines (Berenil and Pentamidine) exhibited apparent parasitologic cure of infection in sheep two to four days after treatment. However, administration of any of the drugs one week after the first treatment resulted in flushing of cryptic trypanosomes into the jugular vein and counts as high as 7.63 × 103 μl?1 were observed within ten minutes with Berenil. It is suggested that besides their therapeutic use, the diamidines may be of value in the parasitologic diagnosis of sub-patent trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma congolense.  相似文献   

4.
Summary A twelve-month survey in three Local Government Areas (LGA) in Nsukka zone, Anambra State, Nigeria revealed that out of 150 local and exotic breeds of pig examined, 46 (30·7%) were infected with trypanosomes. Both single and mixed infections ofTrypanosoma brucei andT. congolense were observed. However,T. brucei was the predominant trypanosome encountered. The husbandry system in practice was the most significant factor influencing the prevalence of trypanosomes in the pigs. In addition significantly higher prevalences were recorded during the rainy seasons. Clinical trypanosomosis was encountered in only eight of the 46 positive cases seen, with anaemia, loss of weight and anoestrus being the most important effects associated with these infections. The pathogenic and economic significance of these findings are discussed.
Resumen Un estudio epidemiológico de 12 meses, sobre tripanosomiasis en cerdos, se llevó a cabo, en tres áreas gubernamentales en Nigeria. El estudio reveló, que de las 150 razas exóticas y locales de cerdos examinados, 46 (30·7 por ciento) se encontraron infectadas con tripanosomas. Se observaron al respecto infecciones únicas y mixtas deTrypanosoma brucei yT. congolense. Sin embargo,T. brucei fue el tripanosoma más observado. Las prácticas de manejo fueron los factores más significativos, sobre la prevalencia de tripanosomiasis en los cerdos estudiados. La prevalencia fue mayor en invierno, encontradose tripanosomiasis clínica en ocho de 46 casos positivos vistos, siendo la anemia, pérdida de peso y anestro, los efectos más importantes asociados con la infección. Se discute la patogénesis e importancia económica de estos hallazgos.
Résumé Une enquête de 12 mois, dans 3 zones de la région de Nsukka (état d'Anambra au Nigeria) a montré que parmi 150 races ou variétés exotiques ou indigènes de porcs examinées, 46 soit 30, 7 p. 100, étaient infectées de trypanosomes. Des infections uniques ou doubles àTrypanosoma brucei et T. congolense ont été observées, avec prédominance deT. brucei. Le système d'élevage pratiqué s'est révélé le facteur le plus significatif quant à la prévalence des trypanosomes chez cette espèce. De plus, des prévalences significativement plus élevées ont été enregistrées pendant la saison des pluies. Les trypanosomoses cliniques n'ont été constatées que sur 8 des 46 cas positifs. La présence d'anémie, la perte de poids et l'anoestrus ont été les signes les plus importants associés à ces mêmes infections. Les conséquences pathologiques et économiques de ces résultats sont discutées.
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5.
Infection by Trypanosoma vivax and other African trypanosomes plays an important role in reproductive disorders in male and female livestock. Outbreaks of T. vivax in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil are characterized by wasting disease in cattle, sheep and goats with hematological, cardiac and nervous compromises in addition to reproductive failures. Similar to reports from Africa, we previously observed a reduction in fertility rates and severe testicular degeneration and epididymitis in male sheep infected with T. vivax from this region. Although anestrus is frequently reported in goats and sheep infected with T. vivax, the effects of this infection on the female reproductive organs need clarification. In this study, we addressed this issue through a histopathological evaluation of ovarian follicular morphology and classification in goats experimentally infected with a T. vivax isolate from the Brazilian semi-arid region. The infected animals presented typical clinical signs of trypanosomosis by T. vivax, including anemia, hyperthermia, pallor of the mucous membranes, enlarged lymph nodes, and progressive loss of weight. All the infected goats remained anestrus throughout the experimental period and exhibited important disturbances in the ovaries, evidenced by reduced size and a smooth surface without follicles or corpora lutea, and abnormal follicular development. In addition, through PCR, we detected T. vivax DNA in the ovarian tissues of the infected goats. Our findings contributed to understand the female reproductive failure associated with trypanosomosis caused by T. vivax.  相似文献   

6.
The agglutinin response of four groups of goats inoculated with Brucella melitensis vaccine 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks following experimental infection with Trypanosoma congolense was compared with that in non-infected controls. Four weeks after vaccination the goats were treated with a trypanocidal drug and the recovery of the immune response observed. The results indicated that the majority of animals had a significantly but not completely suppressed antibody response. This was most marked in the group vaccinated 2 weeks post-infection, which corresponded with the onset of parasitaemia. Although the mortality rate in the infected goats was high the titre in those remaining animals that were treated with the trypanocidal drug increased immediately after treatment. The possible implications of trypanosome induced immunosuppression for vaccination programmes in goats are discussed briefly.  相似文献   

7.
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) flurbiprofen caused a rise in parasitaemia in goats infected with Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei. All trypanosome-infected goats treated with flurbiprofen showed many dividing trypanosomes. This also included the short-stumpy forms of T. brucei. In T. vivax-infected goats flurbiprofen treatment resulted in 100% mortality in the acute and chronic stages of the infection. The increase in parasitaemia of T. brucei infected goats, treated with flurbiprofen, was not associated with an increase in mortality. The increase in parasitaemia of T. congolense-infected goats, treated with flurbiprofen, tended to be associated with a somewhat higher mortality but this was statistically not significant. The significant rise in parasitaemia could be reproduced in T. brucei-infected sheep without, however, killing the animals. Two other NSAIDs were also studied. Suprofen caused a rise in parasitaemia and 100% mortality when given to goats in the acute stage of T. vivax infection. Results with flunixin meglumine, when tested in T. brucei infected goats, were not conclusive.  相似文献   

8.
The replacement value of dried Erythrina brucei leaf for cotton seed meal (CSM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics was evaluated. Twenty-five yearling buck goats (15.8 ± 1.4 kg) were assigned into five treatments in a randomized complete block design: natural grass hay alone (T1) or supplemented with 100% CSM (T2), 67% CSM + 33% E. brucei (T3), 33% CSM + 67% E. brucei (T4), and 100% E. brucei (T5) on dry matter (DM) basis. Supplemented goats consumed more (P < 0.05) total DM and organic matter (OM) than the non-supplemented group, but the intakes were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the proportion of the supplements. The highest (P < 0.05) crude protein (CP) intake was observed in goats supplemented with CSM alone, whereas the lowest intake was observed in the non-supplemented group. Total CP intake decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of E. brucei in the supplement mixture. The supplemented goats gained more (P < 0.05) weight than the control group. Apparent DM and OM digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in supplemented goats than in the non-supplemented ones, but similar (P > 0.05) among the supplemented group. The digestibility of CP was higher (P < 0.05) for supplemented goats, except in those goats fed E. brucei alone, than the non-supplemented group. Slaughter weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, rib eye muscle area, and total edible offals were higher (P < 0.05) for supplemented goats than for the non-supplemented ones. It could be concluded that E. brucei could be used as a substitute to CSM under smallholder production systems.  相似文献   

9.
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a parasitic zoonosis of crucial medical and veterinary importance. It is mainly diagnosed by serological methods which are limited by insufficient sensitivity. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on direct detection of the parasite. The present study was aimed for direct detection of the parasite DNA in the blood samples of sheep and goats using PCR targeting the B1 gene. The study was carried out in 20 small ruminant farms between 2016 and 2018 in Tebessa region, part of north-eastern Algeria, and concerned 227 and 91 aborted female sheep and goats respectively. DNA of T. gondii was detected in 35.24 % and 18.68 % blood samples of sheep and goats respectively (p < 0.001). Molecular prevalence was higher in 13−24 month old female sheep (93.33 %) than 1−12 month old female sheep (14.37 %) (p < 0.0001). While, in goats no significant difference was observed in relation to age. Female sheep that aborted between 1−60 days of gestation were found to be more infected (46.41 %) compared to females that aborted between 61−120 days of gestation (12.16 %) (p < 0.001). Whereas, female goats that aborted between 61−120 days of gestation were found to be more infested (30.77 %) compared to females that aborted between 1−60 days of gestation (16.67 %) (p < 0.001). This study revealed that small ruminants are highly infected with T. gondii, which represents a major risk for the consumer in Tebessa. Further studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the different genotypes of T. gondii infecting small ruminant population.  相似文献   

10.
Summary MicroELISA tests for the detection of trypanosomal antibodies in cattle infected withTrypanosoma brucei, T. vivax andT. congolense were carried out using antigens prepared from culture forms and bloodstream forms ofT. brucei. Antigens prepared from culture forms gave similar microELISA values to those obtained with bloodstream form antigens and statistical analysis of the results obtained with both antigen preparations and sera from the infected animals showed significant high positive correlation. It would thus be possible to use culture form antigens as an alternative to bloodstream form antigens in diagnostic tests for trypanosomiasis, with the advantage that culture form antigens are more easily prepared free from extraneous protein.
Uso De Antigenos De Cultivos DeTripanosoma Brucei En Pruebas Para Detectar Tripanosomiasis Bovina
Resumen Se llevaron a cabo estudios de laboratorio con la prueba microELISA para detectar anticuerpos contra tripanosomiasis en ganado infectado conTrypanosoma brucei, T. vivax y T. congolensis. Los antígenos se prepararon con formas cíclicas deT. brucei obtenidas de cultivos y de formas sanguíneas. Los antígenos preparados con formas cíclicas obtenidas de cultivos, dieron valores microELISA similares a los obtenidos con antígenos preparados con formas sanguíneas del tripanosoma. Los análisis estadísticos de los resultados obtenidos con preparaciones de ambos antígenos y sueros de animales infectados tuvieron una alta correlacíon positiva. Se concluye que, sería posible preparar antígenos con formas del triposoma obtenidas de cultivos para el diagnóstico de la tripanosomiasis, como alternativa de antígenos preparados con formas sanguíneas. También se sugiere que los antígenos preparados de cultivos tienen la ventaja de estar libres de proteinas extrañas.
Utilisation D'Antigenes De Culture DeTrypanosoma Brucei Dans La Diagnose De La Trypanosomose Bovine
Résumé Les tests MicroELISA pour la détection des anticorps trypanosomiens chez le bétail infecté parTrypanosoma brucei, T. vivax etT. congolense ont été effectués en utilisant des antigènes préparés à partir de formes de culture et de formes sanguines deT. brucei. Les antigèns de culture ont donné des titres semblables à ceux obtenus avec les antigènes des formes sanguines et l'analyse statistique a montré une corrélation positive élevée entre les résultats fournis par les deux types d'antigène vis-à-vis des mêmes sérums d'animaux infectés. Il serait donc possible d'utiliser les antigènes de culture comme alternative des antigènes de formes sanguines pour le sérodiagnostic des trypanosomoses, avec l'avantage qu'ils sont plus faciles à préparer à l'état pruifié.
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11.
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and incidence of trypanosomosis and to investigate some factors influencing them in an agro-pastoral area of southwestern Burkina Faso. A total of 363 crossbred cattle (Baoule-zebu peul), which were bred under natural trypanosomosis challenge, were monitored monthly for parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV) and serological analyses over 2 years. The parasitological prevalence estimated at the beginning of the survey using the buffy coat technique (BCT) was 7.54%. As much as 66.7% of all trypanosome infections were due to Trypanosoma vivax, 23.8% due to Trypanosoma congolense and 9.5% due to T. vivax/T. congolense mixed infections. The monthly serological incidence varied from 0.29% to 19.29%.The season was the most important factor influencing the serological prevalence and incidence and the animal PCV. The dry hot season is associated with increasing seroprevalences and incidences and consequently a decreasing average of PCV. In addition, an important spatial heterogeneity was observed.  相似文献   

12.
Assays dealing with the therapeutic and prophylactic activity of isometamidium on experimental infections by Trypanosoma vivax and T. evansi were carried out. The drug was found to be highly effective against T. vivax infection in sheep and cattle in which periods of protection ranging from 118 to 195 days were achieved. No complete effects against infection by T. evansi were observed. The drug was well tolerated in sheep and cattle while side-effects were noted in treated mares. It was concluded that isometamidium could be used to prevent damage and economical losses caused by T. vivax in Venezuela.  相似文献   

13.
The results of combined epidemiological, clinical, serological, bacteriological and histopathological studies following an outbreak of disease caused by L. pomona on a farm stocked with cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses maintained for experimental purposes, are reported.

The incidence of infection was high in horses, cattle and pigs. A few low titres were seen in sheep. The goats were not infected. Apart from a single bovine abortion all the clinical symptoms observed occurred in pregnant sows. Seven of these aborted or gave birth to stillborn pigs within a six week period.

Fifteen species of wildlife were trapped or shot on the farm during the year following the outbreak. L. pomona was isolated from four skunks and a porcupine. Epidemiological studies indicated that wildlife reservoir hosts were the primary source of infection for the domestic livestock.

Leptospiruria and the serological response were studied in a group of eight infected sows. Microscopic agglutination titres of 102 or less could not be associated with leptospiruria and the duration of leptospiruria was found to range from a few weeks to over two years in individual sows. Direct dark-field examination of urine proved superior to guinea-pig inoculation as a method of detecting leptospiruria and it is suggested that the former technique could be adopted with advantage as a routine aid to diagnosis.

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14.
Summary Trypanosoma brucei was isolated from four out of75 hippopotami by means of intraperitoneal mouse inoculations. This appears to be the first isolation of trypanosomes fromHippopotamus amphibius and a new host record forT. brucei. The four strains of polymorphic trypanosomes isolated were identified asT. brucei by the blood incubation infectivity test. In500 wet and390 dry blood films (total890) of370 hippopotami examined no trypanosome was found. The value of blood film examination for the diagnosis of trypanosome infections in hippopotami is shown to be limited.
Sumario ElTrypanosoma brucei fue aislado en cuatro de 75 hipopotamos por medio de la inoculación intraperitoneal en ratones. Este parece ser el primer aislamiento de trypanosomas deHippopotamus amphibius y un nuevo hospedero para el record delT. brucei. Las cuatro cepas de trypanosomas polimórficos aisladas fuereon identificadas comoT. brucei por la prueba de infectividad de incubación de sangre (PIIS). En 500 frotices mojados de sangre y en 390 frotices secos (890 en total) de 370 hipopotamos examinados no se encontraron trypanosomas. El valor del examen del frotiz de sangre para el diagnóstico de las infecciones por trypanosomas en hipopotamos es demostrado ser limitado.
Résumé Trypanosoma brucei a été isolé de quatre hippopotames sur 75, par inoculation à la souris par voie intrapéritonéale. Il semble que ce soit la première fois que des trypanosomes ont été isolés d’Hippopotamus amphibius et qu’ils s’agisse d’un nouvel h?te pourT. brucei. Les quatre souches de trypanosomes polymorphes isolés ont été identifiées commeT. brucei par le test d’infectiosité du sang incubé (BIIT). Aucun trypanosome n’a été trouvé dans 890 préparations de sang (500 de sang frais et 390 frottis) de 370 hippopotames. Il a été démontré que la valeur de l’examen de frottis de sang pour le diagnostic d’infections à trypanosomes chez l’hippopotame est limitée.
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15.
An assessment of the role of dogs, goats and sheep as reservoir hosts of African trypanosomes infective for humans (sleeping sickness) was carried out in Nigeria during a 2-year study period. Twelve stocks of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei, 10 stocks of Trypanosoma congolense and 11 stocks of Trypanosoma vivax were isolated from a total of 699 animals, comprising 286 sheep, 221 goats and 192 dogs. The potential infectivity of the isolates for man was tested in vitro using the blood incubation infectivity test. None of the T. brucei group was resistant to the trypanocidal action of human serum; three of the T. congolense group were resistant to human serum. A parallel study of the trypanocidal action of test serum on authenticated T. brucei brucei and T. brucei gambiense showed that the human serum behaved as expected. The possibility is discussed that T. congolense might produce infections in man and should, therefore, be handled carefully both in the laboratory and by veterinarians in the field.  相似文献   

16.
Background

Toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan parasite among all mammals, in particular small ruminants, worldwide. Traditional husbandry can be a major risk factor for infection of sheep and goats with this parasite.

Objectives

The present study aimed to determine the current status of the prevalence for T. gondii in livestock of Qazvin Province.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, the sera of 455 sheep and 375 goats were examined to detect anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies by using in-house indirect ELISA.

Results

Overall, 33.62% (153/455) of sheep and 36.41% (130/375) of goats were positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies with no statistically significant difference. The prevalence rate of T. gondii among the sheep of Qazvin County was significantly higher than in Abyek and Abhar counties (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The results of the present study indicate that the prevalence of T. gondii in sheep and goats of the study area is high. Therefore, the meat of the animals reared in this area can be a potential source of human infections by this parasite.

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17.
Two FAO/IAEA indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), which use microplates precoated with denatured crude Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma vivax antigen for detecting anti-trypanosomal antibodies in bovine sera, were evaluated for their sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, using 320 Ugandan field samples (known negative sera, n = 80; known positive sera, n = 80; cattle herds where control of tsetse and trypanosomosis was practised, n = 80; and cattle herds where there was no such control, n = 80). Cut-off points of 30% and 25% positivity were determined for the T. congolense and T. vivax assays, respectively, using a modified ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis. The T. congolense assay had estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 63.7% and 57.5%, respectively, while the T. vivax assay had estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 81.3% and 81.3%, respectively. The two assays conducted in parallel had estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 82.5% and 88.7%, respectively. Using the sera from the cattle in the area with control (detected prevalence of trypanosomosis 0%), both the T. congolense and T. vivax assays had negative and positive predictive values of 100% and 0%, respectively. Using the sera from the cattle in the area without control (detected prevalence of trypanosomosis 15%), the T. congolense assay had negative and positive predictive values of 91% and 33%, respectively, and the T. vivax assay had negative and positive predictive values of 93% and 27%, respectively. The T. congolense assay was in fair agreement with the buffy coat technique (BCT) ( = 0.25), while the T. vivax assay was in substantial agreement with the BCT ( = 0.625), and both assays conducted in parallel were in substantial agreement with the BCT ( = 0.708). Both assays were found to be proficient and suitable for the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis, especially when used in parallel.  相似文献   

18.
Ocular lesions associated with Trypanosoma spp. infection have been described in man and many animal species. However, loss of vision has not been demonstrated in humans presenting Chagas disease or in animals affected by different trypanosome species. In order to assess the possible ocular disorders caused by Trypanosoma evansi infection, six goats were inoculated with 1 x 10(5) T. evansi and maintained for 12 months and four goats were used as control. The inoculated animals became positive at serological and parasitological tests at 1-month post-inoculation and showed a subclinical course of the disease. Unilateral superficial corneal ulceration and retinochoroiditis were observed in two inoculated animals. Data from ocular neurologic examination and electroretinography showed no significant differences between inoculated and non-inoculated goats. It could be concluded that Trypanosoma evansi can produce ocular lesion but without apparent loss of vision in goats.  相似文献   

19.
The oxygen uptake of Trypanosoma brucei and three strains of T. vivax was studied in the presence of electron-accepting substrates, α-glycerophosphate or succinate using polarographic electrodes. T. brucei incorporated oxygen only in the presence of α-glycerophosphate. Both a naturally infective (wild strain) and a standard ruminant-passaged strain of T. vivax incorporated oxygen in the presence of α-glycerophosphate and in the presence of succinate. A mouse-adapted strain of T. vivax, however, appeared to be similar to T. brucei in that it incorporated oxygen in the presence of α-glycerophosphate, but did not do so in the presence of succinate.  相似文献   

20.
Clostridium perfringens type D produces enterotoxaemia in goats, sheep and other animals. The disease is caused by C. perfringens epsilon toxin and, while enterotoxaemia in goats is usually characterized by enterocolitis, the disease in sheep is characterized by systemic lesions (such as lung and brain oedema) with minor and inconsistent changes observed in the intestine. A possible explanation for these differences is that epsilon toxin is more promptly absorbed by the ovine than by the caprine intestine. In an attempt to clarify this, we examined the early effects of epsilon toxin on caprine and ovine intestine. Intestinal loop assays were performed to analyse the physiological and morphological changes induced by epsilon toxin in the intestine of these species. Fluid accumulation was observed in caprine and ovine ileum and colon treated with epsilon toxin. Ileal loops from goats treated with epsilon toxin retained sodium and water earlier than ovine ileal loops treated with the same toxin. Histological analysis showed morphological alterations in the colon of both species as early as 2 h after the commencement of epsilon toxin treatment; these changes were more marked in goats than in sheep. No morphological changes were observed in the ileum of either species after 4 h incubation with epsilon toxin. These results suggest that epsilon toxin modifies ion and water transport in the small and the large intestine of goats and sheep through different mechanisms.  相似文献   

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