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1.
A dilated, tortuous blood vessel was identified sonographically in the right medial liver lobe in a puppy with severe ascites. This vessel was thought to represent the dilated right medial portal vein branch. Using pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography, retrograde, abnormally pulsatile flow was detected in both the dilated right medial portal vein branch and the main portal vein. The right medial liver lobe was surgically resected then fixed in formalin. Silicon rubber was injected and outlined the connection between the portal vein and hepatic artery.  相似文献   

2.
Portal hypertension resulting in ascites and portosystemic shunts leading to hepatoencephalopathy are major clinical manifestations of hepatic circulatory disease. Diffuse liver disease impairing sinusoidal blood flow can induce portal hypertension, portosystemic shunts, or both. The liver may also be involved secondarily in posthepatic hypertension and become the site of ascitic fluid formation. Portosystemic shunts may or may not be associated with portal hypertension. Selective catheterization of the hepatic and portal veins permits one to record pressures and to outline gross and subgross vascular anomalies by injecting contrast medium. Sequential pressure recordings in the caudal vena cava, in a free and wedged hepatic vein position, in the splenic pulp, and directly in the portal vein are the bases for the differentiation of prehepatic, liver-induced, and posthepatic portal hypertension. In addition to localizing the disease process along the postcaval-portal vein axis, pressure measurements are a reliable basis for the prognosis and selection of the most appropriate therapy. In dogs with portacaval shunts, wedge hepatic vein pressure recordings assist in the detection of hepatic sinusoidal anomalies that limit blood flow and preclude surgical ablation of the shunts. The various technics and their suitability for direct and indirect portal vein pressure recording are described and evaluated. Normal portal vein pressure values in 11 dogs and two cats, using different technics, are provided. The clinical usefulness of the various technics of pressure recording and angiography was illustrated in ten dogs with ascites, hepatoencephalopathy, or both.  相似文献   

3.
肉鸡腹水症心肝肺显微和超微结构研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
运用光镜、电镜技术，观察了肉鸡腹水症自然发病鸡心、肝、肺的显微和超微结构。肺呈弥散性充血和水肿，三级支气管和肺房扩张，平滑肌肥大，软骨样和骨样小结节病灶明显增多，呼吸毛细管上皮细胞内出现大量空泡，肺气－血屏障结构受破坏。心脏肥大，右心扩张，心肌纤维间淤血、水肿，充满大量炎性细胞和结缔组织细胞。心肌变性坏死，肌原纤维断裂，有的横纹消失。肝充血肿大，表面被覆一层灰白色或淡黄色胶冻样物。肝血窦扩张，肝细胞索排列紊乱，肝细胞界限不明显，肝细胞质内的线粒体嵴模糊不清  相似文献   

4.
Summary

This paper presents a review of the literature on hepatic circulation and circulatory disorders of the liver in the dog and cat, and also includes a number of our own not previously published data. Circulatory disorders of the liver are frequently observed in dogs and cats. These disorders can be divided into congenital portosystemic shunts, disorders associated with outflow disturbances, and disorders associated with portal hypertension. Outflow disturbances result in passive congestion of the liver and in both species are mainly due to cardiac failure. Portal hypertension with resultant portosystemic collateral circulation and ascites mainly results from chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. The main vascular disorder resulting in portal hypertension and ascites in the dog is primary hypoplasia of the portal vein.  相似文献   

5.
Two cases of ascites secondary to portal vascular abnormalities associated with portal hypertension are described. In the first case a five-month-old cat was presented with recurrent ascites and investigations showed that the underlying cause was a hepatic arteriovenous fistula. Ultrasonography showed direct communication of the coeliac artery and right branch of the portal vein. There was also hepatofugal flow in the main portal vein consistent with portal hypertension. The ultrasonographic features were similar to those seen in dogs with hepatic arteriovenous fistulae. In the second case, ascites, portal hypertension and an intraluminal mass in the main portal vein was diagnosed in a 16-year-old cat that had been presented with hyperthyroidism and hepatomegaly. Acquired portosystemic collaterals involving the left renal vein were present. Additional diagnostic investigations were not permitted. Ultrasonography was useful in both cases to document portal hypertension and the underlying cause.  相似文献   

6.
Two cats presented with large volume ascites and the cause was suspected to be portal hypertension. On contrast CT they both showed enhancement of the main portal vein during the arterial phase and an anomalous connection between the celiac artery and extrahepatic portal vasculature, prompting a diagnosis of extrahepatic arterioportal fistula. An extrahepatic arterioportal fistula is a connection between any artery and the portal vein outside the liver and, to our knowledge, this is the first report in cats.  相似文献   

7.
Alessia  Diana  DVM  PHD  Marco  Pietra  DVM  Carlo  Guglielmini  DVM  Andrea  Boari  DVM  Giuliano  Bettini  DVM  Mario  Cipone  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2003,44(5):566-569
The ultrasonographic findings for four cats with intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy are described. In two cats, intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy was associated with chronic enteritis. In the remaining two cats, intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy affected the intestinal tract proximal to stenosis due to alimentary lymphoma and an intestinal foreign body, respectively. Moderate increased thickness of the affected intestinal wall, measuring 7-8 mm, was evident on abdominal ultrasonographic examination of all subjects. In addition, the ultrasonographic five-layered feature of the intestinal wall was maintained, and only the muscular layer appeared thickened. Abdominal ultrasound allowed a presumptive diagnosis of intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy that was confirmed histologically in all cats.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio during experimentally induced portal hypertension in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: Standard midline laparotomy and median sternotomy were performed in anesthetized dogs. Baseline measurements of arterial blood pressure, aortic blood flow, portal vein blood flow, and portal vein pressure were acquired, and arterial, venous, and portal vein blood samples were obtained to determine systemic and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratios. The portal vein was gradually occluded until a pressure of 18 cm of H2O was reached; this pressure was maintained for 30 minutes, and measurements and collection of blood samples were repeated. RESULTS: Portal vein blood flow decreased significantly from 457 +/- 136 ml/min before to 266 +/- 83 ml/min after induction of portal hypertension. Oxygen content in the portal vein significantly decreased from 12.3 +/- 1.85 to 8.2 +/- 2.31%, and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio significantly increased from 15.8 +/- 6.2 to 37.4 +/- 10.9% during portal hypertension. There was a significant inverse correlation between portal vein blood flow and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio at baseline and during portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An increase in splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio is evident with partial attenuation of the portal vein and the concurrent decrease in portal vein blood flow. Correlation of oxygen extraction ratio with portal vein blood flow may be a more important indicator for determination of an endpoint to prevent congestion and ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas during ligation of portosystemic shunts.  相似文献   

9.
Three cows with regwort (Senecio alpinus) poisoning were examined clinically, haematologically and ultrasonographically, and biopsy specimens of the liver were examined histologically. At the end of the study, the cows were euthanased and examined postmortem. The major clinical signs included severely disturbed general demeanour and behaviour, and severe diarrhoea. One cow was photosensitive. The activities of liver enzymes and the concentration of bilirubin were high in all of the cows. In two of the cows, ultrasonographic examination revealed a heavy accumulation of abdominal fluid, which was diagnosed as non-inflammatory ascites. In all the cows, the liver parenchyma was heterogeneous, and cows 1 and 2 had multiple echogenic foci 5 to 10 mm in diameter. In cow 3, the facies diaphragmatica of the liver appeared irregular in outline owing to the presence of nodules which were approximately 5 cm in diameter. The liver was also greatly enlarged and extended almost to the linea alba ventrally and beyond the reticulum cranially. All the cows had portal hypertension and the portal vein was dilated, resulting in oedema of the walls of the gall bladder, the small intestines and the omentum. The diameter of the caudal vena cava was reduced as a result of the impaired hepatic circulation. Histological examination of liver biopsy specimens revealed severe hepatic fibrosis in all the cows.  相似文献   

10.
A 1 1/2-year-old male domestic short-haired cat with ascites was found to have an intrahepatic fistula between the hepatic artery and portal vein. The diagnosis was made by means of angiography. The ascites was attributed to portal hypertension caused by the fistula.  相似文献   

11.
Two dogs had right divisional intrahepatic portacaval shunts within the right lateral lobe of the liver. In both dogs, an extrahepatic portacaval vascular anastomosis was created, using an autologous right external jugular vein graft. The intrahepatic shunts were completely attenuated using a prehepatic intravascular caval approach. The creation of the vascular graft allowed postattenuation rises in portal pressure to be controlled, preventing the development of life threatening portal hypertension. Both dogs recovered from the procedure. One dog is clinically normal and does not require medication (8 months postoperatively); the other dog was euthanatized 5 months after surgery because of renal failure. Scintigraphy studies, performed before surgery, showed significant shunting of portal blood away from the liver (shunt indices 65% and 59%), whereas, similar studies done 4 weeks afterwards showed almost normal portal blood flow (shunt indices 16% and 18%, respectively).  相似文献   

12.
Morphological changes to and collagen loss from the rat uterus during postpartum involution were investigated. The expression patterns of collagen type III and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also determined. Morphological changes were studied on days 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 22 and 25 postpartum. As a control, diestrus rats’ uterine were used. Specimens from the uterine horn were embedded in paraffin, cut into 8 µm coronal sections, and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin. The thickness of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers and of the endometrium were measured. The collagen content was determined using hydroxyproline analysis. Immunostaining was used to examine the expression of collagen type III on days 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 postpartum; and MPO on days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 22 postpartum. The thickness of the smooth muscle layers was found to decrease rapidly postpartum: the circular smooth muscle layer returned to that of a non‐pregnant, control uterus by day 5 postpartum and the longitudinal smooth muscle layer by day 15 postpartum. Eosinophilic cells were observed in the endometrial stroma adjacent to the myometrium on days 10, 15 and 20 postpartum, and were confirmed as collagenous cells. Immunostaining identified collagen type III positive cells in the vessel‐rich layer adjacent to the placental site on days 1, 3, 5 and 10 postpartum, and these cells were confirmed to be phagocytic. Postpartum reduction in the weight of the uterus was accompanied by decreases in both the collagen content and the thickness of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers. Furthermore, the phagocytic cells were shown to express MPO during postpartum involution of the uterus.  相似文献   

13.
An ultrasound-guided portocentesis was performed in 21 clinically healthy cows, and blood was collected for haematological, biochemical and blood-gas analyses. At the same time blood samples were collected from the left jugular vein of each cow for the same analyses. Immediately after the centesis, portal blood pressure was measured. The cows were examined daily thereafter for eight days and then slaughtered for postmortem examination of the internal organs. The mean (sd) portal blood pressure was 37.1 (5.47) mmHg, and ranged from 24 to 49 mmHg. There were small but significant differences between many of the haematological and biochemical parameters in jugular and portal blood, and the concentration of bile acids was on average 2.7 times higher, and the concentration of ammonia was 19.3 times higher in portal blood. The demeanour and behaviour of the cows, and their appetite and rectal temperature remained normal during the eight-day observation period. The haematocrit, total and differential leucocyte counts, and the concentrations of total solids and fibrinogen were not affected by portocentesis. On postmortem examination, no lesions were apparent in the peritoneum, liver and portal vein.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of nitric oxide and an apamin-sensitive nonadrenergic noncholingeric inhibitory transmitter on contractility of the ventral colon of horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: Strips of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and taenia of the ventral colon from 14 horses. PROCEDURE: Muscle strips were suspended in tissue baths and attached to force transducers. Contractile activity of circular, longitudinal, and taenia muscle strips in response to electrical field stimulation was measured after addition of apamin and a nitric oxide inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). RESULTS: Electrical field stimulation reduced contractile activity in the circular muscle layer and taenia but not the longitudinal muscle layer. Addition of L-NAME significantly reduced inhibitory contractile activity at all frequencies for the circular muscle layer, whereas a significant effect was evident for the taenia only at the highest frequency. The combination of L-NAME and apamin resulted in a significant reduction in inhibition of the taenia at all frequencies but for circular muscle only at lower frequencies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nitric oxide and an apamin-sensitive neurotransmitter appear to mediate a component of inhibitory transmission in the circular muscle and taenia, but not the longitudinal muscle layer, of the equine ventral colon. Nitric oxide has a role in regulating contractile activity of the equine ventral colon, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may be useful in horses with ileus of the large colon.  相似文献   

15.
Anatomical features of the ductus venosus in 84 neonatal dogs are described. The ductus venosus was a straight conduit 1–3 mm wide and 4–12 mm long in pups with a crown-rump length of 80–200 mm. It arose from the left main portal vein branch opposite the umbilical vein, passed between the left lateral liver lobe and the papillary process of the caudate lobe, and terminated in the dorsal aspect of the proximal part of the left hepatic vein. The left hepatic vein was dilated at this point. There was no variation in the location of the ductus venosus in the animals studied.  相似文献   

16.
Philip D.  Koblik  DVM  MS  Chi-Kwan  Yen  MD  Jan  Komtebedde  DVM  William J.  Hornof  DVM  MS  Peter F.  Moore  BvSc  PhD  Paul E.  Fisher  MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1990,31(4):170-174
Shunt fraction was determined using transcolonic 123I-iodoamphetamine (IMP) and portal vein injection of 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) in a group of eight dogs with chronic cirrhosis and acquired portosystemic shunts subsequent to total common bile duct ligation. Hepatic parenchymal damage was confirmed by alterations in liver function tests and liver histology. Seven of the eight dogs developed portal hypertension and had angiographic evidence of hepatofugal portal blood flow with multiple peripheral portosystemic anastomoses. Shunt fractions determined in the seven dogs with shunts varied from 39 to 100 using IMP and 45 to 93 using MAA. The remaining dog had normal portal pressure, a normal portal angiogram, and normal IMP and MAA scintigraphic studies. There was an excellent correlation between the two methods of shunt fraction calculation (R2= 0.98) and the line of regression was not significantly different from unity (IMP = 1.09 × MAA - 0.03).  相似文献   

17.
We report here the interesting case of a 5-year-old male cynomolgus monkey with goblet cell hyperplasia and thickening of the muscular layer throughout the small intestine without exhibiting any clinical symptoms. Necropsy examination showed diffuse thickening of the intestinal wall from the jejunum to the ileum, with an appearance likened to a rubber tube. Histopathologically, marked thickening was observed in both the mucosal and muscular layers in the jejunum and ileum, and slight thickening was observed in the duodenum. Goblet cell hyperplasia with extension of the circular folds and villi was prominently observed. The mucosal surface was covered with a thick mucus layer containing desquamated mucosal epithelial cells, and both the inner and outer muscular layers were markedly thickened due to smooth muscle hypertrophy. Neither macroscopic nor histopathological examination identified any causative factors, such as infection, enteritis and intestinal stenosis, or obstruction that may have caused development of this lesion. Given these observations, this case may simply be considered of spontaneous goblet cell hyperplasia and muscular layer thickening in the small intestine of a cynomolgus monkey.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the major neurotransmitters that regulate contractile activity in the jejunum of horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: Jejunal specimens from 65 horses without gastrointestinal tract lesions. PROCEDURE: Jejunal smooth muscle strips, oriented in the plane of the circular or longitudinal muscular layer, were suspended isometrically in muscle baths. Neurotransmitter release was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) delivered at 30 and 70 V intensities and at various frequencies on muscle strips maintained at low or high muscle tone. To detect residual nonadrenergic-noncholinergic neurotransmission, the response of muscle to EFS in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade was compared with the response in the presence of tetrodotoxin. RESULTS: Atropine (ATR) decreased the contractile response of muscle strips to EFS under most conditions. However, ATR increased the contractile response of high-tone circular muscle. Adrenergic blockade generally increased the muscle responses to 30 V EFS and in high-tone longitudinal muscle but decreased contractile responses in high-tone circular muscle. Tetrodotoxin significantly altered the responses to EFS, compared with adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine appear to be important neurotransmitters regulating smooth muscle contractility in the equine jejunum. They induce contraction and relaxation, respectively, in most muscle preparations, although they may cause opposite effects under certain conditions. In addition, nonadrenergic-noncholinergic excitatory and inhibitory influences were detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Acetylcholine or norepinephrine release within the myenteric plexus of horses may alter gastrointestinal motility.  相似文献   

19.
Two adult male labrador dogs had short clinical histories of congestive cardiac failure lasting only six weeks. Cardiac function deteriorated rapidly in both dogs, in spite of symptomatic treatment with cardiac glycoside, diuretic and p-adrenergic blocker. Necropsies revealed ascites and pulmonary congestion, but no macroscopic evidence of valvular or myocardial disease adequate to account for the cardiac dysfunction. Both dogs had extensive stenosis of extramural coronary arteries. This unusual vascular lesion comprised fibroelastic intimal thickening, discontinuity of internal elastic lamella and focal atrophy of medial smooth muscle. It seems likely that cardiac failure in these dogs was associated with myocardial underperfusion caused by extensive non-thrombotic, non-atherogenic stenosis of extramural coronary arteries.  相似文献   

20.
Dilated cardiomyopathy and ascites in broiler chickens are frequently associated with rapid growth and pulmonary hypertension, but can be associated with some avian leukosis virus (ALV) infections. The novel subgroup J of ALV has a high cardiac tropism, but dilated cardiomyopathy has not been reported previously. We report a dilated cardiomyopathy incidence of 11.1% in broiler chickens congenitally infected with ALV subgroup J (ALV-J). Gross lesions included severe body weight suppression, cardiomegaly with biventricular dilation, right ventricular hypertrophy, visceral congestion, and ascites. Cardiac myocytes and Purkinje fibers contained 2- to 10-microm intracytoplasmic magenta inclusions that contained ALV-J-specific nucleic acid. Ultrastructurally, inclusions contained ribosomes and immature virions and were associated with myofibril disruption and disarray. Peracute centrilobular hepatic necrosis was present in most cases. ALV-J-associated cardiomyopathy may involve a direct viral effect on cardiac myocytes and Purkinje fibers.  相似文献   

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