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1.
Dietary intervention may be a valuable strategy to optimize the intra-articular environment in young horses to prolong their performance career. To test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product would reduce markers of joint inflammation and increase markers of cartilage metabolism following a single inflammatory insult, Quarter Horse yearlings (mean ± SD; 9 ± 1.0 mo) were balanced by age, sex, body weight (BW), and farm of origin and randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: 1.25% BW/d (dry matter basis) custom-formulated concentrate only (CON; n = 9) or concentrate top-dressed with 21 g/d S. cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; n = 10) for 98 d. Horses had ad libitum access to Coastal bermudagrass hay. On day 84, one randomly selected radial carpal joint from each horse was injected with 0.5 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution. The remaining carpal joint was injected with sterile lactated Ringer’s solution as a contralateral control. Synovial fluid obtained before supplementation (day 0) and on day 84 at preinjection hour 0 and 6, 12, 24, 168, and 336 h postinjection was analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), carboxypropeptide of type II collagen (CPII), and collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C) by commercial assays. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, carpal surface temperature, and carpal circumference were recorded prior to each sample collection and for 24 h postinjection. Data were analyzed using linear models with repeated measures. From day 0 to 84, synovial C2C declined (P ≤ 0.01) and the CPII:C2C ratio increased (P ≤ 0.01) in all horses with no effect of diet. In response to intra-articular LPS, synovial PGE2 increased by hour 6 (P ≤ 0.01) and returned to baseline by hour 336; CPII increased by hour 12, remained elevated through hour 168 (P ≤ 0.01), and returned to baseline by hour 336; and C2C increased by hour 6 (P ≤ 0.01) but did not return to baseline through hour 336 (P ≤ 0.01). Post-intra-articular injection, PGE2 levels were lower in SCFP than CON horses (P = 0.01) regardless of injection type. Synovial CPII and the CPII:C2C ratio demonstrated stability during the LPS challenge in SCFP compared with CON horses (P ≤ 0.01). Clinical parameters were not influenced by diet but increased in response to repeated arthrocentesis (P ≤ 0.01). Dietary SCFP may favorably modulate intra-articular inflammation following an acute stressor and influence cartilage turnover in young horses.  相似文献   

2.
Omega-3 (n-3; ω-3) fatty acids (FA) are often included in the diet for their potential health benefits. However, because oxidative potential is increased with the degree of unsaturation in vitro, polyunsaturated FA such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) may be at increased risk of lipid peroxidation. We aimed to determine the effects of dietary n-3 FA supplementation on antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in yearling horses. Quarter Horses (mean ± SEM; 14.6 ± 0.2 mo) were randomly assigned to receive no n-3 FA supplementation (CON; n = 6) or 60 mg n-3/kg body weight from milled flaxseed (FLAX; n = 6) or encapsulated fish oil (FISH; n = 6). All horses received a basal diet of mixed grain concentrate fed individually at 1.5% body weight (dry matter basis) and ad libitum bahiagrass pasture forage. Blood samples were obtained before and after 70 d of supplementation to evaluate vitamin E, selenium, lipids, antioxidant status, and oxidative stress. Data were analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures. Supplementation with n-3 FA did not reduce serum vitamin E or Se and, in fact, elevated (P ≤ 0.0003) vitamin E status in FISH horses. At day 70, serum triglycerides were lower in FISH and FLAX horses than CON horses (P ≤ 0.02) and F2-isoprostanes were lower in FISH than CON horses (P = 0.0002). Dietary n-3 FA had no effect on cholesterol, reduced and oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. In growing horses fed to meet their vitamin E requirements, supplementation with 60 mg n-3/kg body weight did not negatively affect vitamin E status or promote lipid peroxidation. Elevated vitamin E status in horses fed FISH, coupled with lower serum F2-isoprostanes, further suggest that the longer-chain, highly unsaturated n-3 FA, EPA and DHA, may actually attenuate lipid peroxidation.  相似文献   

3.
To assess the efficacy of bis-glycinate bound Zn, 36 crossbred wethers (34 ± 2 kg) were sorted by body weight into three groups and stagger started on a Zn-deficient diet (18 mg Zn/kg dry matter [DM]; 22.5% neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) for 45 d prior to a 15-d metabolism period (10 d adaptation and 5 d collection). On day 46, lambs were randomly assigned to dietary treatments (four lambs treatment−1group−1): no supplemental Zn (CON) or 15 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (ZINC) as Zn sulfate (ZS) or bis-glycinate (GLY; Plexomin Zn, Phytobiotics). Blood was collected from all lambs on days 1, 44, 56, and 61. Liver, jejunum, and longissimus dorsi samples were collected after euthanasia on day 61. Gene expression was determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = lamb; fixed effects = treatment, group, and breed) and contrast statements assessed the effects of supplemental Zn concentration (ZINC vs. CON) and source (GLY vs. ZS). After 15 d of Zn supplementation, plasma Zn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON and GLY vs. ZS (P ≤ 0.01); tissue Zn concentrations were unaffected (P ≥ 0.27). Liver Cu concentrations were lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.03). Longissimus dorsi Mn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.05) and tended to be lesser for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.09). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and NDF was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.05); acid detergent fiber digestibility tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.06). Nitrogen retention (g/d) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.10), and N apparent absorption was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Zinc intake, fecal output, retention, and apparent absorption were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.01). Apparent absorption of Zn was −5.1%, 12.8%, and 15.0% for CON, ZS, and GLY, respectively. Nitrogen and Zn retention and apparent absorption were not correlated for CON (P ≥ 0.14) but were positively correlated for ZINC (retention: P = 0.02, r = 0.52; apparent absorption: P < 0.01, r = 0.73). Intestinal expression of Zn transporter ZIP4 was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Liver expression of metallothionein-1 (MT1) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.07). Although Zn apparent absorption did not differ between sources (P = 0.71), differences in post-absorptive metabolism may be responsible for greater plasma Zn concentrations and liver MT1 expression for GLY-supplemented lambs, suggesting improved bioavailability of GLY relative to ZS.  相似文献   

4.
This experiment evaluated the impacts of administering a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) to beef calves at weaning on their performance, physiological responses, and behavior during a 42-d preconditioning program. Eighty calves (40 heifers and 40 steers; 90% British × 10% Nellore) were weaned at 233 ± 2 d of age (day 0); ranked by sex, weaning age, and body weight (BW); and assigned to receive BAS (IRSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 40) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 40). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal following dam separation. Within treatment, calves were allocated to one of eight drylot pens (four pens per treatment; pen being the experimental unit) and received a free-choice total mixed ration (TMR) from day 0 to 42, intake of which was assessed daily. Live behavior observations were conducted on days 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32. Temperament was assessed and blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on days −21, 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42. Hair samples were collected from the tail switch on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Calves were vaccinated against bovine respiratory disease viruses on days −21 and 0. Average daily gain from day 0 to 42 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.57) but was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves from day 0 to 28. Intake of TMR was greater (P = 0.05) during the first week for BAS vs. CON calves (treatment × week; P = 0.08). The mean proportion of calves feeding simultaneously and performance of social and play behaviors were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for BAS vs. CON calves. Escape attempts were greater (P < 0.01) for BAS vs. CON calves on day 1 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Exit velocity was greater (P = 0.04) for CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for CON vs. BAS calves on day 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin were greater (P = 0.02) in CON vs. BAS calves. Hair cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean serum concentrations of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus were greater (P = 0.02) in BAS vs. CON calves. Collectively, BAS administration to beef calves at weaning alleviated stress-induced physiological reactions, improved temperament evaluated via chute exit velocity, enhanced humoral immunity acquired from vaccination, and appeared to have accelerated adaptation to novel management scheme and environment.  相似文献   

5.
Consumption of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) alters muscle composition and metabolism leading to strength and agility improvements in human athletes. To determine if HMB affects athletic performance and muscle function in horses, Thoroughbred geldings were fed a control (CON; n = 5) or HMB (n = 6) supplement for 6 wk prior to completing a standardized exercise test (SET). Gluteus medius (GM) muscle biopsies were obtained before the SET for fiber typing. Heart rate, biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) surface electromyograms (EMG), and fore and hind limbs metacarpophalangeal joint angles were captured at the gallop of the SET. Results demonstrate that HMB supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of type IIA and IIA/X muscle fibers in the GM with a corresponding decrease (P < 0.05) in type IIX fibers. The percentage of type I fibers was unaffected by diet. Supplementation with HMB did not result in any measurable effects on performance or biomechanical properties by comparison to CON. Supplementation with HMB resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in ST median frequency at speeds of 10 m/s and greater. Increasing treadmill speed resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in stride length and the maximal proximal forelimb fetlock angle, and a decrease (P < 0.05) in stance phase time of the gait cycle. Integrated EMG (iEMG) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing treadmill speeds for both the BF and ST with the BF exhibiting greater (P < 0.05) iEMG values than the ST. In summary, HMB increased the percentage of type IIA GM fibers, which did not translate into improved performance.  相似文献   

6.
Six Thoroughbred geldings were used in a Latin squaredesign to determine the effects of three feeding regimens and two postprandial intervals on stress parameters during rest, exercise, and recovery. Each horse was randomly assigned to one of six treatments on six sampling days. The three feeding regimens consisted of a fasting regimen in which no feed was offered, or an isoenergetic (4.1 Mcal DE) meal of either corn or alfalfa. One or 4 h after feeding, a standardized exercise test (SET) was imposed on all horses. The SET consisted of three 10-min periods each of saddling, walking to the arena, and warm-up (walking and trotting), followed by three bouts of progressively more intense galloping at heart rates of 130–140 (10 min), 150–160 (10 min), and 170–180 bpm (5 min), respectively. Blood was sampled via jugular catheters from 0630 to 1500, including the 55-min SET. Analysis of variance by repeated measures within either the 1- or 4-h protocol showed no differences between dietary treatments for glucose concentration; differences due to sampling time were shown for concentrations of glucose, lactate, cortisol, α1-acid glycoproteins (AGP), and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (N:L). In both the 1- and 4-h protocols, glucose concentrations decreased precipitously in cornfed horses at the onset of the SET, but rebounded at the termination of the galloping. Plasma glucose concentrations in fasting and alfalfa-fed horses decreased slightly and then gradually increased throughout the SET. Serum cortisol and plasma lactate concentrations did not differ (P >.05) between dietary treatments, but increased concentrations were detected during the SET in both the 1- and 4-h protocols. The AGP concentration and N:L did not differ (P>.05) due to dietary treatments; however, AGP concentrations marginally increased (P<.10) from prefeeding to early recovery during the 1-h but not the 4-h protocol. The N:L increased (P<.05) in response to exercise; elevated values were detected in early recovery.  相似文献   

7.
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal yeast-based nucleotide (YN) supplementation on the intestinal immune response and barrier function in neonatal pigs, as well as the diarrhoea rate and growth performance in suckling piglets. Sixty-four late-gestation sows were assigned to the following groups: the CON (fed a basal diet) and YN groups (fed a basal diet with 4 g YN/kg diet). The experiment started on d 85 of gestation and ended on d 20 of lactation. Diarrhoea rate and average daily gain of the piglets were recorded, and samples of blood and intestines from neonatal piglets were collected before they consumed colostrum during farrowing. Compared with the CON group, maternal YN supplementation increased the weaning weight of litter and decreased the diarrhoea rate (P < 0.01). In addition, maternal YN supplementation promoted the ileal villus development in the neonates compared with that in the CON group (P < 0.01). Maternal YN supplementation also increased the ileal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level compared with that in the CON group (P < 0.05). The real-time PCR results showed that maternal dietary YN supplementation increased the jejunal and ileal expression of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α in the neonates compared with that in the CON group (P < 0.05). Overall, maternal nucleotide supplementation improved the villus development and innate immunity of neonatal piglets during late pregnancy. This may be associated with the decrease in diarrhoea and the increase in weaning weight of the litter of suckling piglets.  相似文献   

8.
The development of replacement heifers is crucial for breeding success and herd efficiency. Nutritional management can affect not only reproductive development but also the inflammatory status of the uterine environment, which may impact reproductive functions such as pregnancy establishment and development. The study herein evaluated the concentration of cytokines and chemokines in the uterus of heifers supplemented with different levels of protein. Angus heifers (n = 60) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments based on protein supplementation level: control of 10% crude protein (CON), 20% crude protein (P20), or 40% crude protein (P40). BW, body condition score, and blood samples were taken every 2 wk for 140 d to monitor development. Uterine flushes were performed monthly and concentrations of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, VEGF-α, IL-17A, and IL-36RA) and chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β) were quantified via ELISA multiplex. To test if there were mean differences in cytokines between the treatment groups or over time, PROC GLIMMIX (SAS v 9.4) was utilized. Concentrations of all cytokines and chemokines, except IL-1α, changed throughout heifer development (P < 0.05). Heifers in the P40 treatment group displayed reduced concentrations of MCP-1 (P = 0.007) and tended to have decreased concentrations of IFN-γ (P = 0.06). Cytokine IL-36RA tended (P = 0.06) to be affected by protein level, with the lowest concentrations observed in CON heifers. Most cytokines and chemokines increased following the initial month of supplementation (P < 0.05). The increase in concentrations after 1 mo may indicate an adaptive response in the uterus to diet change. Cytokines and chemokines fluctuated due to physiological changes occurring during development. Further research is needed to determine the influence of nutrition on uterine inflammation and long-term impacts on reproductive function.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of hay type on the microbiome of the equine gastrointestinal tract is relatively unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the cecal and fecal microbiome of mature horses consuming alfalfa or Smooth Bromegrass (brome) hay. Six cecally cannulated horses were used in a split-plot design run as a crossover in two periods. The whole plot treatment was ad libitum access to brome or alfalfa hay fed over two 21-d acclimation periods with subplots of sampling location (cecum and rectum) and sampling hour. Each acclimation period was followed by a 24-h collection period where cecal and fecal samples were collected every 3 h for analysis of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fecal and cecal samples were pooled and sent to a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) for the amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. The main effects of hay on VFA, pH, and taxonomic abundances were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of hay, hour, location, period, and all possible interactions and random effect of horse. Alpha and beta diversities were analyzed using the R Dame package. Horses fed alfalfa had greater fecal than cecal pH (P ≤ 0.05), whereas horses fed brome had greater cecal than fecal pH (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of hay type, total VFA concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum than in feces, and alfalfa resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) VFA concentrations than brome in both sampling locations. Alpha diversity was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal compared with cecal samples. Microbial community structure within each sampling location and hay type differed from one another (P ≤ 0.05). Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum compared with the rectum, regardless of hay type. Firmicutes and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the feces compared with cecal samples of alfalfa-fed horses. In all, fermentation parameters and bacterial abundances were impacted by hay type and sampling location in the hindgut.  相似文献   

10.
Vitamin E is an essential antioxidant that may benefit athletes by reducing oxidative stress and influencing cytokine expression. Supplements can be derived from natural or manufactured synthetic sources. This study aimed to determine (1) if supplemental vitamin E is beneficial to exercising horses and (2) if there is a benefit of natural versus synthetic vitamin E. After 2 weeks on the control diet (vitamin E–deficient grain and hay), 18 horses were divided into three groups and fed the control diet plus (1) 1000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-L), (2) 4000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-H), or (3) 4000 IU/d RRR-α-tocopherol (natural source [NAT]). On day 7, horses began a 6-week training protocol, with standard exercise tests (SETs) performed before and after the 6-week protocol. Venous blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 29, and 49. Horses fed NAT had higher α-tocopherol (P < .05) at post-SET1 through post-SET2. Plasma thiobarbituric acid–reactive substance levels were lower in NAT versus SYN-L horses after SET2 (P = .02). Serum aspartate aminotransferase was lower after exercise in NAT horses versus SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02), and less reduction in stride duration was seen after exercise in NAT as compared with SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α was lower in NAT compared with SYN-H (P = .01) but not SYN-L. In conclusion, feeding higher levels of natural vitamin E source resulted in higher serum α-tocopherol levels as well as some improvement in oxidative and inflammatory response and improved functional outcomes in response to an exercise test.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity (SI) in horses. Twenty-one mares were blocked by age, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) and randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of (1) 38 g of n-3 fatty acids via fish and algae supplement and diet (MARINE), (2) 38 g of n-3 fatty acids via a flaxseed meal from the supplement and diet (FLAX), and (3) control (CON) no supplemental fatty acid. Treatments were supplemented for 90 days. Frequent sampling intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on days 0, 30, 60, and 90. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose and insulin. The minimal model was applied for the glucose and insulin curves using MinMod Millennium. SI increased 39% (P < .007) across all treatment groups. Acute insulin response to glucose decreased 22% (P < .006) between days 30 and 60 and increased (P = .040) again at day 90. Disposition index (combined SI and β pancreatic response) increased (P = .03) by 53% in the MARINE- and 48% in the FLAX-supplemented horses and did not change with time in the CON group. In insulin-resistant mares, MARINE- and FLAX-treated horses had an increase in SI (P = .09). It would be interesting to test this supplement in a larger group of insulin-resistant horses. If proven effective, supplementation with ω-3 fatty acids would help to reduce problems associated with insulin resistance in horses.  相似文献   

12.

Background

Objectives were to examine the effects of selenium (Se) supply and maternal nutritional plane during gestation on mammary gland growth, cellular proliferation, and vascularity at parturition and d 20 of lactation. Rambouillet primiparous ewes (n = 84) were allocated to treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial. Factors were dietary Se (adequate Se [ASe, 11.5 μg/kg BW] or high Se [HSe, 77.0 μg/kg BW]) and nutritional plane (60% [RES], 100% [CON], or 140% [EXC]). At parturition, lambs were removed and 42 ewes (7/treatment) were necropsied. Remaining ewes were fed a common diet meeting requirements for lactation and mechanically milked twice daily until necropsy on d 20. At both necropsy periods, mammary glands were dissected and tissues harvested. Samples were analyzed for RNA, DNA, and protein content, cell proliferation, and vascularity. Where interactions were present (P ≤ 0.05), least squares means from the highest-order interaction are presented.

Results

Final body weight of ewes was least (P ≤ 0.002) in RES, intermediate for CON, and greatest for EXC, regardless of stage of the ewe at necropsy (parturition or d 20 of lactation). In ewes necropsied at parturition, mammary glands were heavier (P = 0.02) in EXC compared to RES, with CON intermediate. Concentration of RNA (mg/g) was decreased (P = 0.01) in EXC compared to CON at parturition. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for a Se by nutrition interaction in percentage of cells proliferating where ASe-EXC ewes had greater (P ≤ 0.02) number of proliferating cells then all other treatments. Mammary vascular area tended (P = 0.08) to be affected by a Se by nutrition interaction where ASe-CON had less (P = 0.007) vascular area than HSe-CON ewes. In ewes necropsied at d 20 of lactation, the number of alveoli per area was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in RES compared to CON and EXC-fed ewes.

Conclusions

Results of this study indicate that proper maternal nutritional plane during gestation is important for mammary gland development, even out to d 20 of lactation.  相似文献   

13.
This study compares the circulating adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH), cortisol, lactate, glucose, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and blood count values in initially 2-year-old horses subjected to dressage training schedule during three consecutive days per 2 weeks. Sixteen healthy Friesian horses were used and were considered dressage group. Six healthy young horses not involved in training programs were used as control group. Blood sampling were collected from the jugular vein in baseline condition (dressage group and control group) and after exercise, within 5 minutes of the end of the training session (dressage group). Compared to baseline values, results showed higher ACTH concentrations after the first day of the first training week (P < .005) and after the third day of the second week (P < .005); higher lactate concentrations after the second and the third day of the second week (P < .01); lower glucose concentrations after the third day of the first week (P < .01); higher HR, RR, and RT values and lower PLT count after different time points during both training weeks. One-way ANOVA showed significant training effect for ACTH (F = 7.605; P < .0001) and glucose (F = 3.505; P < .001) concentrations over time points. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of dressage training sessions between the first and the second week for ACTH (F = 6.508; P < .001) and cortisol (F = 5.559; P < .0001) concentrations. From obtained data, it seems that the use of ACTH and cortisol changes for the assessment of effects of training in initially 2-year-old horses could be an ideal measure of quantitative and qualitative stress responses. The quantification at the same time of functional responses to stressful stimuli may offer a more objective measurement of dressage training effects.  相似文献   

14.
We have previously reported that supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) ameliorates clinical signs and lung pathology following experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection in preweaned dairy calves. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of SCFP supplementation on the metabolic and endocrine responses, and disease outcome of a viral–bacterial coinfection in preweaned calves. Twenty-seven, 1- to 2-d-old Holstein-Angus cross calves were enrolled in the study; one SCFP calf was removed from the trial during the pre-challenge phase due to complications from nephritis. Calves were assigned to two treatment groups: control or SCFP-treated, base milk replacer with 1 g/d SCFP (Smartcare, soluble formula) and calf starter top dressed with 5 g/d SCFP (NutriTek, insoluble formula). Calves were infected with BRSV on day 21, followed 6 d later by intratracheal inoculation with Pasteurella multocida (PM). Calves were euthanized on day 10 post-viral infection. Calves receiving SCFP had reduced thoracic ultrasonography scores on day 7 post-viral infection (P = 0.03) and a tendency toward reduced scores on day 10 post-viral infection (P = 0.09). Calves receiving SCFP also had less severe lung pathology scores at necropsy (P = 0.06). No differences between treatments were observed in lung viral loads (P = 0.48) or bacterial lung recovery (P = 0.34); however, there was a distinction in the lung location for PM recovery, with PM isolated more frequently from the cranial lobes in SCFP-treated calves, but more frequently from the caudal lobes of control calves. Calves treated with SCFP tended (P = 0.07) to have higher serum IL-6 concentrations following the coinfection. Calves treated with SCFP had lower concentrations of serum nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid compared with controls following experimental challenge (P = 0.03 and P = 0.08, respectively), suggesting metabolic changes favoring growth and development. There were no differences between groups in gene expression of insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), growth hormone receptor, or haptoglobin in the liver. Results from this study suggest that supplementing with SCFP may moderate the impact of a respiratory viral–bacterial coinfection on preweaned calves through metabolic and immune modifications.  相似文献   

15.
The present study evaluated the effects of single-dose filgrastim on hematology in 16 healthy horses after long-distance transportation. Horses were assigned to receive filgrastim (0.23 µg/kg, SC, once; G-CSF group; n=8) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.3 ml, SC, once; control group; n=8) ≤ 1 hr before transportation. Horses were transported 2,530 km using commercial vans over the course of approximately 44 hr. Clinical examinations and hematologic analyses were performed on all horses before and after transportation. Because the post-transportation white blood cell counts and bacillary neutrophil to segmented neutrophil ratio were significantly higher in the G-CSF group, filgrastim may have promoted the mobilization of neutrophils from marrow. Filgrastim deserves a further study for efficacy in preventing horse shipping fever.  相似文献   

16.
We hypothesized that the inclusion of calcium salts of fatty acid (CSFA) into the diets and the fatty acid (FA) profile of the supplements would impact performance and meat characteristics of Bos indicus bulls. Hence, the objective was to evaluate the effects of CSFA profiles on intake, body weight (BW), carcass, and meat characteristics of feedlot-finished B indicus bulls. Fifty-three Nellore bulls [initial BW 315 ± 5.9 kg and 20 ± 2 mo] were used. At the beginning, 6 bulls were randomly chosen and slaughtered for determination of their BW composition, and the remaining 47 bulls were evaluated during a 140-d experimental period. The bulls were placed in individual pens, blocked according to initial BW and randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 following treatments: (1) control diet containing sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, citrus pulp, peanut meal, and mineral–vitamin mix (CON), (2) CON with the addition of 3.3% of CSFA from soybean oil (CSO), or (3) CON with the addition of a mixture of 3.3% of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oils (CPSCO). Diets were offered ad libitum and formulated to be isonitrogenous. Bulls supplemented with CSFA had a greater (P < 0.01) final BW, dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), and FA intake vs. CON. Among carcass parameters, CSFA-supplemented bulls had greater (P < 0.01) carcass ether extract concentration vs. CON bulls. When the CSFA profile was evaluated (CSO vs. CPSCO), CPSCO bulls had a better (P ≤ 0.03) FE, carcass ADG, and hot carcass weight (HCW) vs. CSO bulls. The FA intakes differed among CSFA treatments, as the total saturated, palmitic, and oleic FA intakes were greater for CPSCO (P < 0.01), whereas lower intakes of total unsaturated and polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.01) were observed for CPSCO vs. CSO. Samples from the Longissimus muscle contained greater palmitoleic (P = 0.01) and reduced linoleic (P = 0.02) FA concentrations in CSFA-supplemented bulls vs. CON bulls. In agreement with the FA intakes, CPSCO-supplemented bulls had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) unsaturated FA concentration vs. CSO in Longissimus muscle. In summary, CSFA supplementation improved the performance of finishing B. indicus bulls vs. CON. Moreover, the inclusion of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oil benefited the FE, carcass ADG, and HCW compared with the inclusion of CSFA from soybean oil, demonstrating the potential of specific FA for improving the performance and meat quality of B. indicus bulls.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this study was to determine whether consumption of tall fescue seed which contained high levels of ergovaline would affect post-exercise recovery of horses subjected to an anaerobic exercise test. Ten Quarter horses were separated into two groups and fed alfalfa hay, commercial sweet feed, and either endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E−) ground tall fescue seed. Diets contained 11.8% seed, which resulted in 459 ppb of ergovaline for the E+ diet. During the first 28 days, horses in group A received E+ and group B received E−. Diets were reversed during the next 28 days (crossover design). Horses were ridden for 5 days per week. On day 14, 28 (period 1), 42, and 56 (period 2), they were subjected to a standardized exercise test (SET) that consisted of 41 turns in 4 minutes and was designed to raise the horse’s heart rate (HR) beyond the anaerobic threshold (150 bpm). There was a horse effect (P < .05) on post-SET respiration rate, HR, and post-exercise whole blood lactate level, but not rectal temperature (RT). For these variables or period effects, there was no horse × treatment, period × treatment, or period × horse interactions (P < .05). Treatment had no effect on whole blood lactate level, RT, or HR at any time measured. Respiration rate did not vary by treatment at rest or 1 minute after SET but was higher for the E+ treatment at 5 and 10 minutes after SET (P < .005). Consumption of diets that averaged 450 ppb of ergovaline caused the horses expend more respiratory effort in an attempt to recover to resting RT.  相似文献   

18.
This experiment evaluated the influence of protein supplementation frequency (SF) and amount offered on intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation by rumen-fistulated beef steers consuming low-quality [2.9% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis], cool-season forage. Seven Angus × Hereford steers (300 ± 27 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square. Treatments, in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus a non-supplemented control (CON), consisted of 2 levels of supplemental soybean meal, 100% (F) or 50% (H) of the estimated rumen-degradable protein requirement, provided daily (D), once every 5 d (5D), or once every 10 d (10D). Experimental periods were 30 d and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured from days 19 to 28. On days 21 (all supplements provided) and 30 (only daily supplements provided; day immediately prior to supplementation for 5D and 10D treatments) ruminal fluid was collected for ruminal pH, ammonia-N (NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and determination of ruminal fermentation variables. Forage and total DM, organic matter (OM), and nitrogen (N) intake increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04). However, a linear effect of SF × amount of supplement interaction was observed for forage and total DM, OM, and N intake (P ≤ 0.04), with each variable decreasing as SF decreased, but the decrease being greater with F vs. H. Apparent total tract DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not affected by supplementation or amount of supplement provided (P ≥ 0.10). In contrast, N digestibility increased with supplementation and for F vs. H (P < 0.01). Digestibility of DM, OM, and N increased linearly as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.03). When all supplements were provided, ruminal NH3, total VFA, and molar proportions of all individual VFA increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04), whereas acetate:propionate ratio decreased (P < 0.01). When only daily supplements were provided, none of the aforementioned fermentation parameters were affected (P ≥ 0.09). In summary, reducing the amount of supplemental CP provided to ruminants consuming low-quality forages, when supplementation intervals are >5 d, can be a management tool to maintain acceptable levels of DMI, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation while reducing supplementation cost.  相似文献   

19.
Objectives: To compare postoperative inflammatory responses in horses administered perioperative procaine penicillin and those not administered penicillin using acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as a marker of inflammation. Study Design: Randomized clinical trial. Animals: Stallions (n=50) castrated under field conditions. Methods: SAA concentrations were determined on days 0, 3, and 8. Six horses were subsequently excluded because of elevated SAA concentrations on day 0. Of the remaining 50 horses, 26 were administered nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy and 24 were administered NSAID and 25,000 U/kg procaine penicillin on day 0, 1, and 2. Results: SAA concentrations increased significantly from preoperative levels in both groups, and on day 8 concentrations were significantly (P<.02) higher in horses administered only NSAID than in those administered procaine penicillin and NSAID. Infectious complications occurred more frequently (P<.01) in horses with preoperatively elevated SAA concentrations (the excluded horses) than in horses with normal preoperative SAA concentrations (the included horses). Conclusions: Perioperative antimicrobial therapy reduced the postoperative SAA response, suggesting that bacteria were present in the surgical wound and contributed to inflammation after castration. Horses with elevated preoperative SAA concentrations developed infectious complications more often than horses with normal preoperative SAA concentrations. Clinical Relevance: Administration of antimicrobials may be important in horses being castrated standing under field conditions. Increased SAA concentrations seem to be an indicator of increased surgical risk in horses and may be useful before elective surgery for planning.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters, small intestinal morphology, intestinal mucosal integrity, and immune function in weaned piglets. A total of 240 weaned piglets with an average body weight (BW) of 8.82 ± 0.05 kg (28 d of age) were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments in a 28-d trial, including a control (CON) diet and three diets with XOS supplementation at the concentration of 100 (XOS100), 500 (XOS500), and 1,000 (XOS1000) mg/kg. There were four replicates per treatment with 15 pigs per pen. From day 1 to 14, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the different treatments. The different doses of XOSs showed a quadratic effect on BW on day 28, ADG, and G:F on day 1 to 28 of piglets (P < 0.05). From day 15 to 28, ADG of pigs fed the XOS500 diet was higher (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the CON diet. During the overall period (day 1 to 28), pigs fed the XOS500 diet had a higher BW, ADG, and G:F than pigs fed the CON diet (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the CON group, the XOS500 group had significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase and catalase levels, and lower malondialdehyde levels on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in the XOS500 group was also significantly higher compared with the CON group on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). However, serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M were not affected by the dietary treatments. Supplementation of XOS500 to the feed significantly increased the villus height (VH) and VH to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum in comparison with the CON and XOS1000 groups. Moreover, the XOS500 group significantly elevated the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 in the ileum compared with the CON group. The ileal interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA expression levels in the XOS100 and XOS500 groups were markedly lower than in the CON group. In contrast, the ileal IL-10 mRNA expression levels were remarkably higher in the XOS500 than in the CON group. In conclusion, XOSs have a beneficial effect on growth performance by improving serum antioxidant defense system, serum IgG, small intestinal structure, and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets.  相似文献   

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