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In situ measurements of winter wheat diurnal changes in photosynthesis and environmental factors reveal new insight into photosynthesis improvement by super-high-yield cultivation 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ming-yang MA Yang LIU Yao-wen ZHANG Wei-long QIN Zhi-min WANG Ying-hua ZHANG Cong-ming LU Qing-tao LU 《农业科学学报》2021,20(2):527-539
In past 30 years, the wheat yield per unit area of China has increased by 79%. The super-high-yield(SH) cultivation played an important role in improving the wheat photosynthesis and yield. In order to find the ecophysiological mechanism underneath the high photosynthesis of SH cultivation, in situ diurnal changes in the photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll(Chl) a fluorescence of field-grown wheat plants during the grain-filling stage and environmental factors were investigated. During the late grain-filling stage at 24 days after anthesis(DAA), the diurnal changes in net CO_2 assimilation rate were higher under SH treatment than under high-yield(H) treatment. From 8 to 24 DAA, the actual quantum yield of photosystem II(PSII) electron transport in the light-adapted state(ΦPSII) in the flag leaves at noon under SH treatment were significantly higher than those under H treatment. The leaf temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were better suited for higher rates of leaf photosynthesis under SH treatment than those under H treatment at noon. Such diurnal changes in environmental factors in wheat fields could be one of the mechanisms for the higher biomass and yield under SH cultivation than those under H cultivation. ΦPSII and CO_2 exchange rate in wheat flag leaves under SH and H treatments had a linear correlation which could provide new insight to evaluate the wheat photosynthesis performance under different conditions. 相似文献
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To understand how drought stress affects CO2 assimilation and energy partitioning in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.), we investigated photosynthesis and photo-protective mechanisms when irrigation was withheld from potted Fuji trees. As the drought progressing, soil relative water content(SRWC) decreased from 87 to 24% in 15 d; this combined the decreasing in leaf relative water content(LRWC), net photosynthesis rate(P n) and stomatal conductance(G s). However, the concentrations of chlorophylls(Chl) remained unchanged while P n values were declining. Photochemistry reactions were slightly down-regulated only under severe drought. Rubisco activity was significantly decreased as drought conditions became more severe. The actual efficiency of photosystem II(ΦPSII) was diminished as drought became more intense. Consequently, xanthophyll-regulated dissipation of thermal energy was greatly enhanced. Simultaneously, the ratio of ΦPSII to the quantum yield of carbon metabolism, which is measured under non-photorespiratory conditions, increased in parallel with drought severity. Our results indicate that, under progressive drought stress, the reduction in photosynthesis in apple leaves can be attributed primarily to stomatal limitations and the inhibited capacity for CO2 fixation. Xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and the Mehler reaction are the most important pathways for dispersing excess energy from apple leaves during periods of drought stress. 相似文献
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A field experiment was conducted to elucidate the regulation mechanism of different irrigation schedules on population photosynthetic of winter wheat. The experiment included five irrigation schedules,... 相似文献
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杂交棉种植密度与留叶枝对产量及其构成因素的互作效应研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
以杂交棉鲁棉研25号为试验材料,采用裂区设计,于2008年在山东临清、嘉祥和金乡三地大田条件下研究了种植密度与留叶枝对产量及其构成因素等的互作效应。结果表明：密度和整枝对杂交棉产量、产量构成以及熟相有显著的互作效应。去叶枝情况下,低密度（3.00株/m2）和高密度（7.50株/m2）处理的产量低,中高密度（4.50-6.00株/m2）的产量较高;留叶枝条件下,低密度（3.00株/m2）产量最高,中高密度（4.50-6.00株/m2）的产量居中,而高密度（7.50株/m2）处理的产量还是最低;整枝条件下4.50株/m2密度处理的籽棉和皮棉产量比3.00株/m2分别增产4.93%和5.51%,而留叶枝条件下3.00株/m2的籽棉产量比4.50株/m2高4.03%。低密度（3.00株/m2）下留叶枝的铃数多于去叶枝的铃数,但随密度增加（4.50株/m2及以上）,留叶枝的铃数显著少于去叶枝的铃数;留叶枝和增加密度都会降低铃重。密度与整枝对棉柴比没有显著的互作效应,但都可显著影响生物产量。密度与整枝对棉花早熟性也有互作效应,去叶枝的早熟性好于留叶枝的处理,随密度增加,早熟性降低。 相似文献
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通过对正方形和传统垄作栽培模式下不同群体密度的产量表现及相关的产量性状进行研究,结果初步表明,正方形最佳田间密度为15.32株·m^-2,最高理论产量为2585.70 kg·hm^-2;垄上双行栽培最佳密度为19.9株·m^-2,最高理论产量为3159.35 kg·hm^-2;垄上双行最高产量高于正方形栽培;单株产量的有效株行距为62.43 cm×62.43cm,与传统垄作垄距65～70cm是接近的,说明对于繁茂型晚熟大豆品种而言,传统的65～70cm垄作模式仍然不失为一种实用有效的栽培技术模式。7月中旬以后旱情导致LAI在R4期下降;在R4和R6期,25.0～44.4株·m^-2不同密度间的LAI,传统垄作高于正方形模式;在分枝期（V6）干物质积累量最低,同期根冠比相对最高,表明前期是根系发育优先期;在R6期从5.9～36.6株·m^-2密度范围内,传统垄作栽培模式单株干物质积累值显著高于正方形栽培模式;与平作为特点的正方形栽培相比,传统垄作模式有利于根系发育。 相似文献
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采用不同LED光源照射植株,研究不同光质、不同补光时间对设施越冬辣椒光合参数及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：不同LED光源、不同补光时间对辣椒叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv′/Fm′,qN,ΦPSⅡ,ETR,qP均有显著的影响。采用较短补光时间（6 h和8 h）,RB光和B光均能显著提高辣椒叶片的光合速率、胞间CO2浓度和ΦPSⅡ,ETR,而且补光6 h的效果好于8 h;采用较长补光时间（10 h）时,RB光能显著提高Fv′/Fm′,而W光及RB73光却耗掉更多的热能。RB83处理6 h和8 h能显著提高辣椒的光合作用,可作为设施辣椒越冬生产的补光光源。 相似文献
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GAO Ji HAN Xue Saman Seneweera LI Ping ZONG Yu-zheng DONG Qi LIN Er-da HAO Xing-yu 《农业科学学报》2015,14(5):977-983
Mung bean(Vigna radiata L.) has the potential to establish symbiosis with rhizobia,and symbiotic association of soil micro flora may facilitate the photosynthesis and plant growth response to elevated[CO_2].Mung bean was grown at either ambient CO_2 400 μmol mol~(-1) or[CO_2]((550+17) μmol mol~(-1)) under free air carbon dioxide enrichment(FACE) experimental facility in North China.Elevated[CO_2]increased net photosynthetic rate(P_n),water use efficiency(WUE) and the non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) of upper most fully-expanded leaves,but decreased stomatal conductance(G_s),intrinsic efficiency of PSII(F_v '/F_m'),quantum yield of PSII(φ_(PSll)) and proportion of open PSII reaction centers(q_p).At elevated[CO_2],the decrease of F_v'/F_m',φ_(PSII),q_p at the bloom stage were smaller than that at the pod stage.On the other hand,P_n was increased at elevated[CO_2]by 18.7 and 7.4%at full bloom(R2) and pod maturity stages(R4),respectively.From these findings,we concluded that as a legume despite greater nutrient supply to the carbon assimilation at elevated[CO_2],photosynthetic capacity of mung bean was still suppressed under elevated[CO_2]particularly at pod maturity stage but plant biomass and yield was increased by 11.6 and 14.2%,respectively.Further,these findings suggest that even under higher nutrient acquisition systems such as legumes,nutrient assimilation does not match carbon assimilation under elevated[CO_2]and leads photosynthesis down-regulation to elevated[CO_2]. 相似文献
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The region of W-44 was mapped at 8350 megacycles per second. The degree of linear polarization of the most intense portion of W-44 integrated over the 10.8-minute-of-arc beam was 11+/-2 percent at position angle 45 degrees +/-5 degrees . This high degree of polarization is further evidence that W-44 is a supernova remnant. The integrated flux density of (95+/-25) x 10(-26) watt per square meter per cycle per second for this source is consistent with measurements at lower frequencies extrapolated with the use of a spectral index of-0.44, obtained by other observers. In addition, the compact source 3 minutes of right ascension west of W-44 was unpolarized, within the error of measurement. The flux density of (23+/-6)x 10(-26) watt per square meter per cycle per second determined for it along with the results of other observers indicate that this source has a thermal spectrum. 相似文献
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Huguenin RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1976,192(4235):138-139
Surface oxidation irreversibly removes both oxygen and hydrogen from the martian atmosphere at a rate of 10(8) to 10(11) per square centimeter per second. This rate corresponds to a net loss of 10(25) to 10(28) per square centimeter (10(2) to 10(5) grams per square centimeter) of H(2)O, if it is assumed that the loss rate is uniform over geologic time. Heretofore, exospheric escape was considered to be the principal irreversible sink for H(2)O, but the loss rate was estimated to be only 10(8) per square centimeter per second. It is possible that surface oxidation may have had a minor effect on the supply of H(2)O in the regolith and polar caps. 相似文献
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B型烟粉虱危害对烟草叶片光系统II的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】研究B型烟粉虱取食危害对烟草光系统II的影响,为明确烟粉虱对寄主植物光合作用的影响机制提供依据。【方法】通过测定烟草叶片叶绿素荧光快速诱导曲线,使用JIP-test分析技术进行参数分析,研究B型烟粉虱危害烟草后对烟草的局部虫体叶和系统叶光系统II（PSII）的影响。【结果】B型烟粉虱危害烟草后虫体叶和系统叶上的最大光化学效率（φpo）和光化学性能指数（PIABS）与对照相比均明显升高（P＜0.05）,表明处理烟草植株的局部叶和系统叶的原初光化学反应受到较大的伤害。B型烟粉虱危害烟草后虫体叶和系统叶PSII反应中心的电子传递均受阻,放氧复合体受到严重破坏。B型烟粉虱危害烟草后系统叶的单位反应中心吸收的能量（ABS/RC）和单位反应中心热耗散掉的能量（DIo/RC）增加,单位反应中心捕获的能量（TRo/RC）下降;B型烟粉虱危害的虫体叶中ABC/RC没有变化,DIo/RC增加,TRo/RC 下降。B型烟粉虱危害烟草后虫体叶和系统叶的单位面积反应中心数量（RC/CS）均明显降低（P＜0.05）,而光系统PSⅡ反应中心的关闭程度（1-qP）却明显升高,分别较各自对照升高了69.83%和142.58%（P＜0.05）。【结论】B型烟粉虱的危害严重影响了烟草叶片的光系统Ⅱ（PSII）,主要是由于PSII反应中心的失活和关闭以及对PSII电子传递的抑制,电子传递中受抑制的位点包括放氧复合体和QA到QB间的电子传递过程,同时B型烟粉虱危害影响了烟草叶片光系统的能量流动,且烟粉虱对烟草叶片PSII的影响具有系统传导性。 相似文献
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华南8号木薯及其四倍体诱导株系叶片蛋白质组及叶绿素荧光差异分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】通过对华南8号木薯及其四倍体诱导株系叶片差异蛋白质及叶绿素荧光参数的分析,在蛋白质水平上揭示两者叶片存在的差异以及其与光合效率间的关系。【方法】通过木薯嫩叶、根尖染色体压片及流式细胞观察对华南8号四倍体诱导株系进行鉴定,采用双向电泳技术分离叶片蛋白质,Delta 2D软件分析差异蛋白质并通过质谱技术鉴定,利用Western blot技术对部分差异蛋白质进行验证;采用95%乙醇直接提取法测定叶绿素含量,并用Imaging-Pam测定叶绿素荧光动力学参数。【结果】染色体压片及流式细胞结果均显示,诱导得到SC8多倍体株系为四倍体株系;得到的13个差异蛋白质点中上调表达12个,下调表达1个;经质谱技术成功鉴定到12个,其功能涉及碳代谢及能量代谢、光合作用、抗氧化、蛋白质代谢调控等;1个下调表达的蛋白质未得到成功匹配,其中参与光合作用的蛋白质占46.2%;四倍体株系叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素均显著升高;叶绿素荧光参数,包括Fo、ΦPSII、qP、NPQ和ETR均显著升高;【结论】参与碳代谢及能量代谢、光合作用等途径相关蛋白质表达水平的上调;叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的升高;表明四倍体株系叶片PSII反应中心捕光能力强、光化学转化效率高,从而提高了叶片的光合速率。 相似文献
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山东生态条件下纯作春棉的适宜密度研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以常规抗虫棉鲁棉研28号为材料,在山东广饶、夏津和冠县三地大田条件下纯作种植,研究了不同密度（3.00～9.00株/m2）下的棉花产量及产量构成。结果表明,种植密度对纯作抗虫棉产量、产量构成以及熟相均有显著的影响,对经济产量的调控效应三个试验点大致相同,都随密度的增加呈现先升后降的趋势。即低密度（3.00株/m2）和高密度（9.00株/m2）处理的产量低,中高密度（4.50～7.50株/m2）的产量较高。三个点平均,6.00株/m2密度处理的籽棉和皮棉产量与4.50株/m2处理相当,但比3.00株/m2分别增产10.1%和12.0%,比9.00株/m2处理分别增产22.3%和22.8%。提高密度能提高单位面积的生物产量和单位面积铃数,但可显著降低棉柴比、铃重和早熟性。密度偏高和偏低都不能获得较高的经济产量和协调的产量结构,山东春棉纯作条件下适宜种植密度为4.50～6.00株/m2。 相似文献
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外源ALA和Spd对低温弱光下辣椒幼苗光合作用 及抗氧化系统的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
【目的】探讨外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, ALA)和亚精胺（Spd）对低温弱光下辣椒幼苗叶片影响及相关生理机理。【方法】以辣椒幼苗为试材,利用人工气候室模拟低温(15℃/5℃)（昼/夜)弱光（20—30 μmol•m-2•s-1）逆境,通过叶面喷施0.5 mg•L-1 ALA和0.5 mmol•L-1 Spd,研究Spd 和ALA对辣椒耐低温弱光的影响。【结果】ALA和Spd处理可减缓持续低温弱光下辣椒幼苗光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数qP和PSII反应中心光能捕获效率(Fv''/Fm'')的下降,同时显著提高了辣椒幼苗叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）,并且显著提高了叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）抗氧化酶活性,同时减缓辣椒幼苗MDA含量和细胞膜透性的持续增大。可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸（Pro）含量与耐性呈正相关。【结论】ALA和Spd能够提高低温弱光下辣椒幼苗的耐冷性与激活了辣椒的防御系统及保护了细胞膜系统有关;同时通过提高植株SOD、POD和CAT活性来促进辣椒幼苗活性氧代谢,从而保护细胞光合性能。 相似文献
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干旱和盐胁迫对白榆叶片光系统Ⅱ活力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过PEG-6000和NaCl模拟试验研究了干旱和盐胁迫对白榆幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ (PSII)活力的影响,结果显示:盐分和干旱胁迫诱导白榆叶片PSII快速荧光上升曲线在300 μs处K点的出现,造成放氧复合体OEC的损伤,同时也引起PSII有活力反应中心密度(Rc/Cso)、最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、分配进入电子传递链... 相似文献
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WANG Xiao-guang ZHAO Xin-hua JIANG Chun-ji LI Chun-hong CONG Shan WU Di CHEN Yan-qiu YU Hai-qiu WANG Chun-yan 《农业科学学报》2015,14(5):856-863
Potassium is an important nutrient element requiring high concentration for photosynthetic metabolism.The potassium deficiency in soil could inhibit soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) photosynthesis and result in yield reduction.Research on the photosynthetic variations of the different tolerant soyben varieties should provide important information for high yield tolerant soybean breeding program.Two representative soybean varieties Tiefeng 40(tolerance to K~+ deficiency) and GD8521(sensitive to K~+ deficiency) were hydroponically grown to measure the photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco activity under different potassium conditions.With the K-deficiency stress time extending,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r) and stomatal conductance(G_s) of GD8521 were significantly decreased under K-deficiency condition,whereas the intercellular CO_2 concentration(C_i) was significantly increased.As a contrast,the variations of Tiefeng 40 were almost little under K-deficiency condition,which indicated tolerance to K~+ deficiency variety could maintain higher efficient photosynthesis.On the 25 th d after treatment,the minimal fluorescence(F_0) of GD8521 was significantly increased and the maximal fluorescence(F_m),the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry(F√F_m),actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_p),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)were significantly decreased under K~+ deficiency condition.In addition,the Rubisco content of GD8521 was significantly decreased in leaves.It is particularly noteworthy that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco content of Tiefeng 40 were unaffected under K~+ deficiency condition.On the other hand,the non-photochemical quenching(q_N) of Tiefeng 40 was significantly increased.The dry matter weight of Tiefeng 40 was little affected under K~+ deficiency condition.Results indicated that Tiefeng 40 could avoid or relieve the destruction of PSII caused by exceeded absorbed solar energy under K-deficiency condition and maintain natural photosynthesis and plant growth.It was an essential physiological mechanism for low-K-tolerant soybean under K-deficiency stress. 相似文献
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以云烟100(耐铝)和云烟105(铝敏感)为材料,采用水培法研究外源一氧化氮(NO)对铝胁迫下烟草植株生长、叶片活性氧含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数、光呼吸和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫显著降低了烟草叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(FPSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q P),提高了反应中心PSII过剩激发能,从而导致叶片超氧阴离子(O_2·)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量升高,植株生物量下降。外源NO可显著提高铝胁迫下烟草叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Fv/Fm、FPSII、q P和植株生物量,降低反应中心PSII过剩激发能和叶片O_2·、H_2O_2含量,且云烟105变化幅度高于云烟100。此外,外源NO还显著提高了铝胁迫下烟草叶片非光化学猝灭系数、光呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,说明NO可通过提高烟草叶片光化学反应能力、热耗散、光呼吸以及抗氧化酶活性来降低反应中心PSII过剩激发能,防止或清除叶绿体内产生的活性氧,缓解铝对烟草的毒害,这种缓解效应在敏感基因型云烟105中表现更明显。 相似文献
18.
Smith WK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,201(4356):614-616
Surface temperatures of perennial plants in the Sonoran Desert of California ranged from 20 degrees C above air temperature to over 18 degrees C below air temperature during rapid growth periods following rain. Desert cactus with large photosynthetic stem surfaces had the highest temperatures and lowest transpiration rates. Perennial plants with relatively small leaves had moderate transpiration rates and leaf temperatures close to air temperature. Desert perennials with relatively large leaves had leaf temperatures well below air temperature along with the greatest accompanying transpiration rates of over 20 micrograms per square centimeter per second, but also had correspondingly low temperatures for maximum photosynthesis. The low leaf temperatures measured for these large-leafed species are an exception to the more common pattern for desert plants whereby a smaller leaf size prevents overheating and leads to reductions in transpiration and increased water-use efficiency. The contribution of a larger leaf size to a lower leaf temperature, and thus higher rate of photosynthesis for these large-leafed species, may represent an adaptive pattern previously unrecognized for desert plants. 相似文献
19.
臭氧胁迫对水稻光合作用与产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用开顶式气室(OTC),对水稻"3694繁"(Oryza sativa L.3694 Fan)进行田间原位臭氧(O_3)熏气实验,研究了不同O_3浓度熏气处理下水稻光合色素、气体交换参数以及产量的响应.实验设置分4个水平:过滤大气组(CF,10 nL·L~(-1))、自然大气组(NF,40nL·L~(-1))和两个不同浓度的O_3处理组(01:100 nL·L~(-1);02:150 nL·L~(-1)).结果表明:(1)与CF组相比,两个不同浓度的O_3处理均导致水稻叶片光合色素含量大幅度下降,加速水稻的衰老过程;(2)在实验进程中,O_3处理导致水稻叶片气体交换参数发生显著变化,饱和CO:浓度的净光合速率(P_(sat))、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(Ls)和羧化效率(CE)均呈现下降趋势,表明O,浓度的升高使水稻光合作用对CO_2的利用效率降低,水稻在灌浆期对O_3最为敏感;(3)O_3处理使水稻产量损失明显,当AOT40值达到2.32uL·L~(-1)·h时,就能导致水稻产量10%的减产. 相似文献
20.
Urban air pollution and smoke from fires have been modeled to reduce cloud formation by absorbing sunlight, thereby cooling the surface and heating the atmosphere. Satellite data over the Amazon region during the biomass burning season showed that scattered cumulus cloud cover was reduced from 38%in clean conditions to 0%for heavy smoke (optical depth of 1.3). This response to the smoke radiative effect reverses the regional smoke instantaneous forcing of climate from -28 watts per square meter in cloud-free conditions to +8 watts per square meter once the reduction of cloud cover is accounted for. 相似文献