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1.
Diets high in various carbohydrates were fed to mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis holbrooki, to determine the effects on amylase expression. Both amylase activity and amount of amylase protein were used as measures of amylase expression. Fish were fed for 21 days in one experiment, seven days in a second experiment and 24 h in a third. The first experiment compared responses of fish fed on a high-starch diet relative to a control diet. The second and third experiments compared responses on four diets relative to the control diet: maltose, starch, glucose, and glucose + cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In the first two experiments whole visceral extracts were used. In the third experiment, gut and hepatopancreatic extracts were examined separately. Diet had a significant affect on the amount of amylase in all three experiments but affected amylase activity only in the 24 h experiment. Generally, glucose decreased amylase expression while maltose or cAMP + glucose increased it. Length of feeding period and tissue type also had significant effects on amylase expression.Paper IV on the amylase gene-enzyme system in fishes.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of exogenous digestive enzyme supplements on the digestibility of wheat starch or diets containing either wheat or dehulled lupin (Lupinus angustifolius var. gungurra) by silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) were investigated. In the first experiment, Natustarch® (α‐amylase supplement specific to starch) was added at three nominal concentrations (0, 50, 100 or 150 mg kg?1 diet) to diets containing either raw or 100% gelatinized wheat starch (30% dietary inclusion content) and fed to silver perch. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for dry matter, starch and energy were calculated. The action of Natustarch® on the diet and in the digestive tract was also investigated. The addition of Natustarch® to diets containing raw and gelatinized wheat starch led to an average increase in reducing sugar content of diets of 67% and 340% respectively, indicating that the α‐amylase was more efficient at hydrolysing wheat starch in the gelatinized form. Gelatinized wheat starch was digested more efficiently than raw wheat starch. However, although the addition of Natustarch® at ≥ 50 mg kg?1 led to a significant increase in digestibility of raw wheat starch; the digestibility of gelatinized wheat starch, which was already high, was not further improved. Leaching due to immersion in water caused a minor loss of α‐amylase activity from diet pellets treated with Natustarch® (～ 13% after 5 min). The α‐amylase activity in the anterior section of the intestinal tract of silver perch fed diets containing Natustarch® was not affected, indicating that the α‐amylase had been denatured by the acidic conditions in the stomach of silver perch. In the second experiment, diets containing wheat or lupin (at the 30% inclusion content) were treated with Natugrain‐blend®[an enzyme supplement containing β‐glucanase and β‐xylanase, specific to non‐starch polysaccharides (NSPs)] at three nominal concentrations (0, 75, 150 or 300 μL kg?1) and fed to silver perch. ADCs for energy and protein were calculated. The addition of Natugrain‐blend® had no effect on dry matter, energy or protein digestibility of the diets or ingredients.  相似文献   

3.
A feeding trial was conducted to determine digestive enzyme activity in Cherax quadricarinatus in response to diet composition. Eight experimental diets, each containing one of squid, red crab, sardine (600 and 650 g kg?1 crude protein), sorghum, wheat meal, soy paste and the reference diet were evaluated over 30 days in terms of amylase, lipase, and protease activities in the hepatopancreas. The diet containing wheat meal produced the highest amylase activity. Lipase activity was not significantly different among treatments. Protease activity was higher in animals fed fish meal (60 g kg?1 protein), soy paste and reference diet. Results suggest that C. quadricarinatus can modify hepatopancreatic enzyme levels in response to different compounds in the diet and can digest a broad variety of ingredients, particularly starch.  相似文献   

4.
为探讨饲料淀粉水平对团头鲂成鱼生长、消化酶活性和肌肉成分的影响,选用初始均重为(161±2.7)g的团头鲂成鱼360尾,随机分成6组(每组3个重复),分别投喂含淀粉17.1%、21.8%、26.4%、32.0%、36.3%和41.9%的等氮等脂饲料9周。结果发现,团头鲂成鱼成活率和特定生长率不受饲料淀粉水平影响,但饲料添加适量淀粉能提高饲料和蛋白利用率,淀粉水平对肝脏和肠道中的总蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性不产生影响,却显著影响淀粉酶活性。肝体比、肝糖原和肌肉粗脂肪含量随饲料淀粉含量的增加而显著增加,血清血糖、胆固醇和甘油三酯含量不受饲料淀粉水平的显著影响,饲料中添加过量淀粉显著降低了血清补体3和补体4含量。以蛋白质效率和饲料效率为评价指标,经折线模型回归分析,得到团头鲂成鱼饲料中淀粉的适宜添加量分别为饲料干重的34.1%和31.4%,但考虑到血清补体的活性,团头鲂成鱼日粮淀粉水平不应超过36.3%。  相似文献   

5.
The effects of steam pelleting or extrusion of a commercial feed on performance of 2 g (small) and 40 g (large) gilthead sea bream was studied. In addition the apparent digestibility of diets, gastric evacuation time (GET) and trypsin and amylase activities were measured in large fish. Fish size significantly increased protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid, liver glycogen and liver lipid, however decreased daily growth index, feed intake and feed utilization, body moisture and hepatosomatic index. Extrusion processing decreased feed intake, more strongly for small fish, and increased daily growth index, feed utilization, protein and energy productive value, body protein and lipid. Digestibility of starch and energy increased with extrusion and GET of extruded feed was double that of steam-pelleted conditioned feed (i.e. 544 min versus 284 min). Digestive enzyme activities approached maximum values after 240 min for the pelleted diet, while those of the extruded continued to increase, at higher rates for amylase than trypsin. Pelleted diet indicated higher moisture for stomach digesta, while the moisture of the intestinal precipitate indicated a higher water-binding capacity for the extruded diet. The overall results indicate a better assimilation of the extruded diet, which could result from its prolonged gastric evacuation.  相似文献   

6.
Aquaculture in Mexico has been developed by the cultivation of commercial species. In Tabasco, the cultivation of native species is mainly limited by the lack of nutrition studies to support its crop profitability. Among these species is the tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus), which has great potential for cultivation. However, the nutritional value of carbohydrates in diets for this species which contribute to improved growth and survival, have not been evalulated,. Thus, in the present investigation, isoprotein and isolipid diets have been designed based on the substitution of cellulose by corn starch (D1: 0 % starch–15 % cellulose, D2: 7.5 % starch–7.5 % cellulose and D3: 15 % starch–0 % cellulose) and compared with a commercial trout diet (45 % protein and 16 % lipids). A total of 1800 larvae (0.008 ± 0.002 g and 10.5 ± LT 0.126 mm) were used, distributed in a recirculation system in order to evaluate growth and survival for 30 days. The results show higher growth and survival of 97 % of larvae fed the D3 diet, while cannibalism in the species was mitigated. Major digestive enzyme activities occurred (acid protease, alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase A, lipase, α-glucosidase and amylase) for larvae fed D3. It is concluded that the contribution of corn starch (15 %) replacing cellulose in the diet improves growth and survival of this species.  相似文献   

7.
A feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the supplemental effect of bile salts to a defatted soybean meal-based non-fish meal diet for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. A fish meal-based diet (FM) and two non-fish meal diets with and without bovine bile salts (SC+B and SC, respectively) were fed to fish (13 g initial weight) for 10 weeks. Fish fed diet SC showed inferior growth and feed efficiency, while bile salt supplementation improved the parameters to the same levels as fish fed diet FM. Crude fat and starch digestibility of diet SC-fed fish decreased after the 10-week feeding trial compared to the data obtained with fish that had no experience of the diet. Total biliary bile salt content and intestinal maltase activity of fish fed diet SC were the lowest among treatments, while these parameters were improved by bile salt supplementation. Morphological changes occurred in the distal intestine and liver of the diet SC group, although the histological features of fish fed diet SC+B were similar to those of fish fed diet FM. These results suggest that bile salt supplementation to a soybean meal-based diet improves the nutrient utilization by normalizing digestive processes in rainbow trout.  相似文献   

8.
This experiment investigated intestinal enteropathy and digestive function of rainbow trout challenged with soybean meal‐based diet (SBM) at optimal or suboptimal environments created by normal or reduced water flow, respectively. Oxygen level remained above 7 mg L‐1 for optimal environment and between 4 and 5 mg L‐1 for suboptimal environment. Triplicate groups of fish (mean body weight 74 g) were fed fishmeal‐based diet (FM) or SBM at optimal environment in period 1 (28 days). In period 2 (42 days), fish were subjected to a change from FM to SBM or remained on the same diet as used in period 1. The fish were also exposed to change from optimal to suboptimal environment or remained under optimal conditions. The fish subjected to change from FM to SBM, regardless of their environment, showed similar degree of enteropathy from day 14. Lipid and starch digestibility was lower in SBM‐fed fish at suboptimal environment compared to fish fed the same diet at optimal environment. Crude protein digestibility, however, was highest in SBM‐fed fish at suboptimal environment throughout period 2. In conclusion, in SBM‐fed rainbow trout, exposure to suboptimal environment did not change the degree of enteropathy; however, lipid and starch digestibility were further reduced.  相似文献   

9.
We examined the effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance, digestive ability, immunity and glycometabolic enzyme activity of Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski. The fish were fed with glucose, sucrose, dextrin and corn starch for 8 weeks. Final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were positively related to the complexity of carbohydrates in diet as were the levels of total antioxidant capacity, complement 3, protease, glutathione peroxidase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. Malondialdehyde content, hepatic glycogen, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and crude lipid content were negatively related to the complexity of carbohydrates in diet. Therefore, Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski fed with corn starch or dextrin showed positive effects in terms of growth, digestion and absorption, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, antioxidant capacity and immunity than those fed with glucose or sucrose.  相似文献   

10.
The influence of two carbohydrates, starch and glucose, on hepatic enzyme activities of juvenile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus xO. aureus, were investigated. Fish were fed either starch or glucose diet solely for 12 weeks or fed either starch or glucose diet for the first 6 weeks and then switched the diet each other for the last 6 weeks. Fish fed only the starch diet gained more (p < 0.05) body weight, had better feed conversion, higher protein deposition and energy retention values than fish fed the glucose diet. These parameters generally decreased in fish when the starch diet was fed first and then switched to the glucose diet, or increased in fish when the glucose diet was fed first and then switched to the starch diet. The starch — fed fish had higher body lipid content than glucose — fed fish. Body lipid decreased in fish transferred from the starch to glucose diet orvice versa when fish were transformed from the glucose to the starch diet. Hepatic hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase activities in fish were not affected by the different dietary regimes. Malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) activities were higher in the fish fed the starch diet than in those fed the glucose diet. Changing the diet from starch to glucose decreased ME, G-6-PD and PGD activities, whereas, changing the diet from the glucose to the starch increased these enzyme activities in fish liver. These results suggest that lipogenic enzyme activity can adapt to dietary carbohydrates in the fish liver.  相似文献   

11.
This review summarizes information regarding digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in cultivated fish. Relevant results of studies of digestive enzymes, e.g. amylase, chitinase, cellulase and brush border disaccharidases are presented. Fish amylases appear to be molecularly closely related and to have characteristics comparable to mammalian amylases. Whether chitinases and cellulases are endogenous enzymes of some fish species is still a matter of speculation, although recent molecular evidence, at least for chitinase seems to settle the issue in favour of endogenous sources. Feed and intestinal microbes may be the source of polysaccharidases in fish feeding on nutrients‐containing non‐starch polysaccharides. Knowledge regarding monosaccharide transport in fish intestine as interpreted from studies of brush border membrane vesicles, everted sleeves of fish intestinal sections and molecular biology is discussed. Glucose transporters of the intestinal brush border show characteristics similar to those found in mammals. A tabulatory presentation of experimental details and results reported in the literature regarding starch digestibility is included as a basis for discussion. Although numerous investigations on digestion of starch and other carbohydrates in fish have been published, the existing information is highly fragmentary. As yet, it is impossible to derive a cohesive picture on the integrated process of carbohydrate hydrolysis and absorption and interaction with diet composition for any of the fish species under cultivation. The physiological mechanisms behind the species differences are not known.  相似文献   

12.
A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on the growth performance, body composition and apparent digestibility coefficient and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing graded levels of starch (1.3%, 6.5%, 12.5%, 18.4%, 24.2% and 30.4%) were fed to juvenile cobia. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased with increasing dietary starch up to 18.4% (P<0.05), and thereafter SGR declined but FER and PER remained nearly the same. Apparent digestibility coefficient of starch reduced significantly when dietary starch up to 30.4%. Fish fed the diets with starch from 18.4% to 30.4% showed higher amylase activities in intestinal tract than those fed diets containing starch 1.3% and 6.5% (P<0.05). Significantly higher whole‐body lipid contents were observed in fish fed the diets containing higher starch. Whole‐body moisture content was inversely correlated with whole‐body lipid content, while protein and ash showed no significant differences. Plasma glucose, hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen and liver lipid increased with an increasing dietary starch. Based on SGR and FER, the appropriate dietary starch supplementations of juvenile cobia were estimated to be 21.1% and 18.0 % of diet respectively.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract The interactive effects of cooking and starch type on the dry matter, gross energy and protein digestibility of diets fed to fingerling silver perch were examined. Nine experimental diets were made: a reference diet either uncooked or cooked, six other diets comprising uncooked reference diet supplemented with 30% uncooked or cooked wheat, maize or potato starch and one diet comprising uncooked reference diet supplemented with 15% pregelatinized maize starch. Cooking involved autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 min. The indirect method was used to calculate apparent digestibility coefficients, and chromic oxide (1%) was used as the inert indicator. Both ingredient type and cooking influenced dry matter and gross energy digestibility of diets. All diets had significantly different digestibility coefficients in the following order (from most to least digestible): reference > wheat > maize > potato, for both dry matter and gross energy. Cooking significantly increased the apparent digestibility of diets for both dry matter and gross energy. There was no significant effect of ingredient or cooking or their interaction on protein digestibility. Dry matter and energy digestibility of the diet containing pregelatinized maize starch were significantly higher than for diets containing cooked or uncooked starch products. Ingredient digestibility followed the same trend as diet digestibility. The results from this study indicate that the successful use of starch in practical diets for silver perch is dependent on the origin and processing of the starch. The significant benefits of cooking in the reference diet suggest that pelleted diets should be cooked (e.g. steam conditioned or extruded).  相似文献   

14.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary composition on apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, fat and carbohydrate of gilthead sea bream. In addition α‐amylase and proteolytic activities were measured in the digestive tract of fish, held at 20±1°C. Six experimental diets were formulated containing approximately 40%, 45% and 50% protein, 11% and 21% fat and a starch level which fluctuated from 14% to 36%. Fish having an average weight of 100–130 g were used, fed at 1.5% of their body weight daily, and digestibility was measured using an indirect method. Enzyme activities were measured in the digestive tract of fish, fed diets containing a combination of 40%, 50% protein with 11%, 21% fat at 0.5, 5, 10, 24 h after a single meal. Starch digestibility was reduced with its level in the diet. It also negatively affected fat digestibility as well as protein digestibility, the last only at the high fat level. Dietary fat level had a negative effect on starch and protein digestibility. Fat affected also strongly α‐amylase levels in the digestive tract, while its effect on protease activity was of smaller magnitude. These results indicate that digestive enzyme activities and nutrient digestibility values are affected by dietary composition, carbohydrates and fat indicating the strongest effect.  相似文献   

15.
葡萄糖和玉米淀粉对草鱼生长和肠系膜脂肪沉积的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
田丽霞 《水产学报》2000,24(5):438-441
采用30%葡萄糖或玉米淀粉作为糖源的配制两种纯化饲料,饲养初始体重为(35.94±1.86)g的两组草鱼,经过为期9周的生长试验,观察葡萄糖和玉米淀粉对草鱼生长和肠系膜脂肪沉积的影响.实验结果显示摄食葡萄糖饲料的草鱼其相对生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著高于玉米淀粉组,而肠系膜脂肪占鱼体的百分比在葡萄糖饲料组和淀粉饲料组之间存在显著性差异,分别为1.85%±0.46%和3.56%±0.45%.由此可见,葡萄糖比玉米淀粉对草鱼的生长具有更好的作用,而玉米淀粉比葡萄糖更容易引起草鱼肠系膜脂肪沉积的增加.  相似文献   

16.
SHI-YEN  SHIAU  YU-HUNG  LIN 《Fisheries Science》2002,68(5):991-995
ABSTRACT : The aim of the present study was to investigate carbohydrate utilization by the grouper Epinephelus malabaricus reared at 23°C. Two isoenergetic semipurified diets were prepared with two carbohydrate sources (glucose and starch). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of grouper in a recirculating rearing system for 8 weeks. Water temperature was held constant by a thermal controller at 23 ± 1°C. Weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the starch diet were significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) than those of fish fed the glucose diet. Body lipid content of the starch-fed group of fish was higher than that of glucose-fed group of fish. Hepatic hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were higher in fish fed the starch diet than fish fed the glucose diet. Fish fed the glucose diet had higher hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity than fish fed the starch diet. These results suggest that starch is better utilized by grouper than glucose when the water temperature is 23°C.  相似文献   

17.
A 10‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of raw corn starch levels on the growth, feed utilization, plasma chemical indices and metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile yellowfin seabream Sparus latus. Four semi‐purified experimental diets with different raw corn starch levels (5%, 10%, 20% and 26%) and a high‐protein control diet were prepared before the experiment and hand‐fed to triplicate groups of juvenile yellowfin seabream Sparus latus. Weight gain and specific growth rate for fish fed the diet containing 26% raw corn starch were significantly lower than those for fish fed 10% or 20% corn starch diets or the high‐protein control diet. Fish fed 10% or 20% corn starch diets had a slightly better growth performance than those fed the 5% corn starch diet. Feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for 20% raw corn starch fed fish were the highest among all groups, although no statistically significant differences were found among the experimental groups. The high‐protein control group had a significantly lower PER value than other groups. Protein productive values for fish fed the 5% raw corn starch diet and the high‐protein control diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the 20% raw corn starch diet, but not significantly different from the values of any other group. The values of intraperitoneal fat ratio, viscerosomatic index and condition factor, as well as body and muscle compositions, were unaffected by corn starch levels. The hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen level for fish fed 5%, 10%, 20% raw corn starch and the high‐protein control diets were equal but significantly lower compared with that of fish fed the 26% raw corn starch diet. Plasma values of the fish were not affected by various dietary treatments, except that a significantly higher plasma glucose concentration was measured in the high‐protein control group compared with the values in the other groups. There were variations in the activities of hepatic hexokinase and pyruvate kinase of the yellowfin seabream after they had been fed different dietary raw corn starch levels for 10 weeks. The overall results showed that a 20% inclusion level of raw corn starch in the diet was better utilized by juvenile yellowfin seabream than 5%, 10% or 26% levels and had a protein‐sparing effect.  相似文献   

18.
This study determined whether accumulated liver and visceral lipid in yellow perch can be alleviated by feeding an appropriate starch source. We compared the growth performance, nutritional composition and health of yellow perch fed a control diet (no added starch) and three diets with corn, potato or wheat starch (200 g/kg diet) to replace an equal proportion of fishmeal in the control diet. Dietary starch led to increased bulk density, hardness and gelatinization levels of feed pellets compared with the control diet. At the end of an 8‐week feeding, all fish fed the test diets had similar growth rates (p > .05). However, the wheat starch diet resulted in significantly enlarged livers and increased accumulation of lipid in the liver, viscera and whole body (p < .05). This diet also caused significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum than the control diet. Liver cell diameters were larger, and Kupffer cell numbers were lower in the fish fed the wheat starch than those fed the control diet. Potato or corn starch had less impact on fish health and is considered to be an appropriate carbohydrate sources for yellow perch under the current testing conditions.  相似文献   

19.
A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to delineate the effect of both gelatinized and non‐gelatinized corn with or without supplementation of exogenous α‐amylase at two level of protein 35% (optimum) and 27% (sub‐optimum) on growth, tissue composition and protein sparing effect of carbohydrate in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Three hundred and sixty fingerlings (average weight 10.00±0.15 g) were randomly distributed in 12 treatment groups with two replicates for each. Twelve semi‐purified diets containing either 35% or 27% CP were prepared with different levels of α‐amylase (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg?1) and starch type [gelatinized (G)/non‐gelatinized, (NG)] viz. T1 (NG, 35% CP, 0 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T2 (G, 35% CP, 0 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T3 (NG, 27% CP, 50 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T4 (NG, 35% CP, 50 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T5 (G, 27% CP, 50 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T6 (G, 35% CP, 50 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T7 (NG, 27% CP, 100 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T8 (NG, 35% CP, 100 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T9 (G, 27% CP, 100 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T10 (G, 35% CP, 100 mg kg?1α‐amylase), T11 (NG, 27% CP, 150 mg kg?1α‐amylase) and T12 (NG, 35% CP, 150 mg kg?1α‐amylase). The fish were acclimatized to the experimental condition for 24 days during which control diet (NG, 35% CP) was fed. Weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization of NG corn‐fed groups at 42.43% were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the same level of G corn‐fed groups. We conclude that 42.43% NG corn supplemented with 50 mg α‐amylase kg?1 feed at sub‐optimum level of CP (27%) significantly enhanced the growth and protein in L. rohita fingerling. Addition of dietary α‐amylase to G corn had no added advantage on growth of L. rohita fingerling.  相似文献   

20.
It is generally considered that fish respond to dietary energy densities on a consistent basis irrespective of what macronutrient source the dietary energy originates from. To test this assumption, two experiments were undertaken to establish the different roles of protein, lipid and starch as energy sources in underpinning nutritional bioenergetics in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. To do this, a range of ingredients were evaluated for their digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE) value. Following this, a series of diets were formulated to an equivalent DE basis, and observed a minimum DP:DE ratio required for fish of 80 g. However, in each of the diets the proportion of DE available from protein, lipid or starch was varied to bias the contribution of each macronutrient on the origin that DE when fed to the fish. Growth of fish fed the protein diet was better than those fed the lipid diet, which was better than those fed the starch diet. Feed intake was lower in the protein diet than the lipid diet, and both were lower than the starch diet. Feed conversion was most efficient in the protein diet fed fish, which was better than the lipid diet fed fish, which was better than the starch diet fed fish. Whole fish composition varied among treatments, with differences observed in the dry matter composition, whole body lipid and gastrointestinal tract lipid content. Typically, lipid and dry matter composition were in synchrony and were usually higher in the starch fed fish and lower in the lipid fed fish. When flux of protein, lipid and energy was assessed in terms of deposition efficiencies, some significant differences were observed. Protein deposition efficiency was relatively conservative, but ranged from 33% in the starch diet fed fish to 41% in the lipid diet fed fish. Lipid deposition efficiency was more dramatic; ranging from 40% in the lipid diet to 182% in the starch diet. Energy deposition efficiency was relatively conservative among treatments, ranging from 50% to 56% efficient. Overall, the results from this study show that there is a clear hierarchy in preference for energy substrates by juvenile barramundi, such that protein > lipid > starch.  相似文献   

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