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1.
棉蚜种群密度对其转主取食适合度的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确种群密度对棉蚜(Aphis gossypiiGlover)转主取食适合度的影响,通过室内转接试验,研究了采自棉花和黄瓜的棉蚜品系分别以不同种群密度转接到棉花和黄瓜上的成虫留居率和种群增长率。结果表明:种群密度对于两品系棉蚜的成虫留居率均没有显著影响;在不转换寄主的情况下(棉花品系/棉花、黄瓜品系/黄瓜),种群密度对于两品系的种群繁殖率均没有显著影响;寄主转换后(棉花品系/黄瓜、黄瓜品系/棉花),种群密度对两品系的种群繁殖率有显著影响,均表现为以30头/株转接,种群繁殖率显著高于以10、50、70头/株转接,而后三者之间没有显著差异(P>0.05);棉花品系/棉花的种群适合度显著高于棉花品系/黄瓜种群,黄瓜品系/黄瓜的种群适合度显著高于黄瓜品系/棉花种群。 相似文献
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为了理解在不同养分水平下密度对入侵植物空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）的影响,设置了3种养分水平（低、中、高）和3种种植密度（低、中、高）对空心莲子草进行温室控制试验。结果显示,养分水平和密度均对空心莲子草的生物量和光合指标具有显著影响。中养分水平处理下的空心莲子草单株生物量和整盆总生物量在3种不同的种植密度下均最高,但其光合速率以及叶绿素含量在高养分水平处理最高。同一养分水平对比发现,空心莲子草光合速率均在中等种植密度的处理中达到最大。随着种植密度的增加,空心莲子草的光合作用和单株生物量会逐渐降低,但整盆的总生物量升高,这些特点可能会有助于空心莲子草发展成单优群落。本研究对理解空心莲子草及类似入侵植物的入侵机制具有重要意义。 相似文献
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不同播期密度对超早熟短季抗虫棉群体性状的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本试验以超早熟短季抗虫棉"546系"为材料,在冀中地区不同播期(播期Ⅰ:5月20日、播期Ⅱ:6月2日、播期Ⅲ:6月14日)和密度(低密度:12万株/hm2、中密度:15万株/hm2、高密度18万株/hm2)处理下进行了群体性状相关特征研究。结果表明:(1)随播期推迟和种植密度降低,群体果枝数均明显降低,播期Ⅲ各密度处理有效果枝数只相当于播期Ⅰ的1/2至1/3。(2)随着播期推迟,各时期群体总花蕾数均明显降低,尤以播期Ⅲ下降幅度大。(3)播期Ⅰ各密度吐絮期群体有效铃数差异不明显,播期Ⅱ中密度处理最高,播期Ⅲ高密度处理最高。(4)适当提高种植密度能够有效减弱晚播对干物质积累的不利影响。然而,播期Ⅲ群体营养物质的积累在盛铃后明显落后于另两个播期。(5)群体生殖体干物重受播期及密度影响较为明显,播期Ⅲ在盛铃期群体生殖体干物质积累大幅度低于播期Ⅰ和播期Ⅱ。(6)各播期叶面积指数动态大体表现为:高密度中密度低密度,然而盛铃期开始密度间差异已不明显,播期Ⅲ盛花期之后叶面积指数下降的速度明显快于前两个播期。研究结果为该类型品种(系)示范推广和生长调控提供了依据。 相似文献
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研究一对杂合基因3种基因型不同适合度的自交群体,用差分方程组反映基因型比例的逐代变化规律。结果表明,通过熵观察到母代全为杂舍子群体的基因型比例趋向平衡大约需要15代;Rr的适合度与RR、rr相比都大于或等于2倍,是Rr在群体中得以长期保留的条件, 相似文献
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研究一对杂合基因3种基因型不同适合度的自交群体,用差分方程组反映基因型比例的逐代变化规律。结果表明,通过熵观察到母代全为杂合子群体的基因型比例趋向平衡大约需要15代;Rr的适合度与RR、rr相比都大于或等于2倍,这正是Rr在群体中得以长期保留的条件。同时,该研究模型表明,自然界绝对自交是不存在的。偶然的异交不是可有可无,而是关系重大。如果没有偶然的异交,群体中不但不会存在杂合子,甚至不会出现等位基因,每个基因座只能有一个基因。 相似文献
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采用分期接虫和分期回收的方法，研究常规棉与转基因棉品种棉铃虫寄生性天敌在不同棉花品种间的寄生作用。结果表明：棉铃虫第2～4代发生期以及卵期和幼虫期，转基因棉品种的棉铃虫卵、幼虫寄生率均显著低于常规棉品种。棉铃虫卵期的寄生蜂主要为拟澳洲赤眼蜂(Tricogramma confisum)，幼虫寄生蜂为棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂(Compoletis chlorideae)等。由此可见转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生性天敌存在非亲和效应。通过对转Bt基因棉国抗22及其亲本泗棉3号棉铃虫不同世代间卵、幼虫寄生率的纵向比较，发现同一品种棉花上不同世代间棉铃虫卵寄生率差异不显著，而幼虫寄生率差异显著。 相似文献
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【目的】抗除草剂转基因油菜(Brassica napus,AACC,2n=38)的抗性基因一旦成功漂移到近缘杂草中,将会给农田杂草防除带来很大的困难。转基因油菜的近缘杂草野芥菜(wild B.juncea,AABB,2n=36)广泛分布于中国西部地区并沿长江流域扩散,因此有必要深入研究抗除草剂转基因油菜与野芥菜回交后代的适合度,为抗性基因是否能成功漂移到近缘杂草中提供试验依据。【方法】在田间以不同密度(低密度为15株/区,高密度为30株/区)单种和混种(野芥菜与回交后代以4﹕1、3﹕2、1﹕1比例混种)野芥菜及抗性回交3代子3代(抗草甘膦转基因油菜及抗草丁膦转基因油菜与野芥菜的抗性正反回交3代子3代分别表示为BC_3mF_4R、BC3p F4R和BC_3mF_4L、BC_3pF_4L,m表示以野芥菜为母本的回交后代,p表示以野芥菜为父本的回交后代),测定抗性正反回交3代子3代的营养生长(株高、茎粗、一次分枝数、地上部单株干生物量)和生殖生长(单株有效角果数、单株种子质量、角果长、每角果饱粒数)的适合度成分,并比较供试回交后代的总适合度与野芥菜的差异。【结果】在单种条件下,BC_3mF_4R和BC_3pF_4R的各适合度成分及总适合度均与野芥菜无显著差异;尽管在高密度下BC_3mF_4L和BC3p F4L的茎粗、地上部单株干生物量和单株有效角果数显著低于野芥菜,但BC_3mF_4L和BC_3pF_4L的总适合度仍与野芥菜无显著差异;因此,在单种条件下,抗草甘膦或抗草丁膦的回交3代子3代在低密度和高密度均具有与野芥菜相当的总适合度。当回交后代与野芥菜混种时,在低密度3种比例混种下,抗草甘膦和抗草丁膦的回交3代子3代的总适合度与野芥菜无显著差异;在高密度3种比例混种下,BC_3 F_4R与野芥菜的各适合度成分及总适合度无显著差异,但BC_3 F_4L的株高、茎粗、一次分枝数、地上部单株干生物量、单株有效角果数、单株种子质量及总适合度均显著低于野芥菜。相关性分析结果表明,BC_3 F_4的各适合度成分仅与种植密度相关。【结论】抗草甘膦或抗草丁膦的正反回交3代子3代都具有在野外生存定植的可能性,且抗草甘膦的回交3代子3代比抗草丁膦的回交3代子3代的可能性更大。因此,在防范转基因油菜的基因逃逸时不仅要防范转基因油菜与近缘杂草的初始杂交,而且要防范杂交后代与近缘杂草的不断回交,以免产生适合度较高的回交后代。 相似文献
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Influence of Host Shift on Genetic Differentiation of the Oriental Fruit Fly,Bactrocera dorsalis 
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下载免费PDF全文 WAN Xuan-wu LIU Ying-hong LUO Lin-ming FENG Chuan-hong WANG Sheng MA Li 《农业科学学报》2014,13(12):2701-2708
Invasion of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, into new niches containing different food sources (a process referred to as host shift), may cause population genetic differentiation and sympatric speciation. To attempt to infer that experimentally, test populations were established by transferring a subset of the original populations, which had been grown on banana for many generations, onto navel orange, and then subculturing the navel orange population and banana population for at least 20 generations. Four pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism on laboratory strains were used to detect population genetic differentiation. All six tested populations (the 5th, 10th and 15th generations of B. dorsalis fed on banana and navel orange, respectively) were found to have low genetic diversity. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the navel orange populations was found to decline after being crossed for several generations. Populations initially were deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, however, equilibrium was achieved with increasing numbers of generations in both of the host populations. Limited gene flows were found among the six populations. The Nei's standard genetic distances between the two host populations of the same generation were initially low, but increased with generation number. Genetic distances between banana and navel orange populations of the same generation were lower than genetic distances between different generations grown on the same host plant. Analysis of molecular distance (AMOVA) results based on generation groups and host groups demonstrated that genetic variation among generations was greater than that between the two host populations. The results indicated that population genetic differentiation occurred after the host shift, albeit at low level. Biogeography and taxonomy of the B. dorsalis complex revealed that speciation of B. dorsalis might be tightly associated with host shift or host specialization of B. dorsalis following dispersal. 相似文献
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农业景观格局与过程能够强烈影响寄生蜂对寄主的寻找及寄生作用,寄主密度亦是影响寄生蜂分布的重要因素,然而农业景观的格局和寄主密度对寄生蜂寄生率的相互影响是一项值得研究的工作。在简单与复杂2种麦田农业景观结构下,调查了麦蚜的分布格局与2种寄主密度下麦蚜的初寄生率与重寄生率,分析了景观结构对麦蚜密度的影响、景观格局与麦蚜密度对寄生蜂寄生率与重寄生率的影响及交互作用。结果表明:景观结构的复杂性对麦蚜分布和寄生蜂初寄生率与重寄生率的影响均不明显,但寄主密度与景观结构的复杂性对寄生蜂的影响存在着明显的交互作用,寄主密度与寄生率呈正相关,寄主密度较低时烟蚜茧蜂为优势种,寄主密度较高时燕麦蚜茧蜂为优势种。麦蚜初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂对寄主密度的反应与其形态学、体型大小以及生活史特征相关,初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂的群落组成显著影响其对麦蚜的寄生率,而与景观结构的复杂性关系不大。 相似文献
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条件培养基对昆虫细胞BTI-Tn5B1-4及克隆株特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了条件培养基对细胞BTI-Tn5B1-4及其克隆株特性的影响。用含20%条件培养基以2×105cells/ml浓度测定细胞生长曲线,并与新鲜培养基作比较。结果显示,含条件培养基的细胞培养中的最大浓度比对照培养基的浓度高,同时细胞群体倍增时间比对照培养基中缩短3～5小时。当用野生型病毒AcMNPV感染时,两种培养基中细胞敏感性均在93%以上,OB产量差异不显著。重组蛋白半乳糖苷酶和碱性磷酸酶表达量测定比较,结果显示条件培养基中两种重组蛋白表达量均比对照培养基中高大约10%。 相似文献
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株型调控对夏玉米冠层结构及生理性状的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
以紧凑型玉米品种郑单958为材料,以"金得乐"化控试剂为调控株型的手段,在紧凑型的基础上进一步优化玉米的株型,挖掘玉米的增产潜力。试验设为3个密度:60 000、75 000和90 000株/hm2,每个密度下设置相同的化控处理:T(6+12)6、12叶展期分别叶面喷施2.25和1.5mL/L"金得乐"(EC)试剂;T(6+8)6、8叶展期分别叶面喷施1.5mL/L EC试剂;CK对照不喷施。结果表明:在不同的密度下存在着不同的理想株型。中低密度下较为理想的株型为穗位低(占株高的40%),穗位层短即棒三叶叶间距小(占株高的17%),穗位层叶面积大(占整株叶面积的29%),穗上层叶片紧凑,叶间距大。高密度下较为理想株型为穗位低(占株高35%),穗下叶面积大(占整株叶面积的47%),穗位及穗上叶片紧凑,穗位叶面积较小(占整株叶面积的26%)、穗位及穗上叶间距大。 相似文献
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基于模糊聚类法的亚洲小车蝗种群空间格局分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
根据平均拥挤度、聚块性指标、Morisita扩散型指数、聚集指标和扩散系数5项聚集度指标,分析了肃南县高山草原亚洲小车蝗种群的空间分布,并运用模糊聚类法对其空间格局进行了研究.结果表明:亚洲小车蝗种群的发生初期和末期为2个特殊发育阶段,空间格局表现为聚集分布,高龄蝗蝻和成虫混合发生期为均匀分布,在蝗蝻出土和交配产卵过程中表现为聚集分布. 相似文献
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【目的】对川北白云山地区20年生亮叶桦Betule luminifera不同密度人工林群落结构及物种多样性进行探究,以期为该区亮叶桦人工林可持续经营提供依据。【方法】采用典型样地法,分别选择川北白云山地区现存的低密度(1 050~1 150株·hm~(-2))、中密度(1 450~1 550株·hm~(-2))及高密度(2 150~2 250株·hm~(-2))亮叶桦人工林群落作为研究对象,研究川北白云山地区不同密度下亮叶桦人工林群落结构和物种多样性特征。【结果】共记录到植物110种,隶属于52科91属。高、中和低密度下群落的物种数依次为59、42和57种;从群落结构来看,中、高密度下群落物种多集中于中径级,即胸径为[5,11)cm,低密度下群落物种多集中于高径级,即胸径为[11,17)cm,3种密度下群落物种的高度级结构相似,物种多集中于中高度级,即高度为[9,13)m;不同密度下群落各层次物种丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-wiener指数(H)和Simpson优势度指数(H')等均表现为乔木层灌木层草本层;在乔木层中,群落各物种多样性指数在中密度下最高,低密度次之,高密度最低;草本、灌木层D和H均表现为:低密度中密度高密度。【结论】中等密度(1 450~1 550株·hm~(-2))更利于川北白云山地区亮叶桦人工林多样性的维持及树种的自然更新。 相似文献
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Individuals of Melanoplus differentialis raised in isolation or in a crowded environment show conspicuous morphological differences indicating phase polymorphism. Isolated nymphs are pale brown at low humidities and green at high; crowded ones show extensive black pigmentation. Isolated adults are larger than crowded, while crowded adults show maturational color changes that are not present in the isolated. No behavioral differences have been noted in the one generation. 相似文献
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[目的]探讨新疆阿勒泰地区草地螟一代成虫的虫源性质,为新疆草地螟灾害预测、监测及防治提供科学依据.[方法]采用卵巢发育进度和有效积温法,结合测报灯诱蛾和野外种群数量调查.[结果]研究区域草地螟一代成虫存在种群数量突增突减现象;一代草地螟成虫种群数量较低时,88.77;雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅰ级;50.76;的雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅱ级;草地螟种群数量突然增加且幅度较大时,60.98;的卵巢发育处于Ⅲ级.自8月中旬草地螟种群数量呈现下降趋势,但仍有平均60.75;的草地螟雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅱ级.根据2005～2010年有效积温法则分析推算出阿勒泰哈巴河区域草地螟平均发生1.53代,即不完全2代.[结论]新疆北疆阿勒泰边境区域草地螟灾害是由来自本地虫源和境外虫源地迁入的草地螟共同危害所致. 相似文献
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本文应用生命表技术,通过对桔潜叶蛾(Phyllonistis CitrellaStainton)9个世代生命表资料的分析,探讨了桔潜叶蛾自然种群数量消长规律及其原因。结果表明,主导世代间种群数量变动的关键因子是作用于幼虫期的寄生蜂,(白星姬小蜂Elachenis Sp.)和捕食天敌(包括亚洲草蛉Chrysopa bonine-nis 中华草岭C.sinica、小花蝽Orius minutus)。在重庆地区,由于在该种群前六个世代期间,各死亡因子,特别是天敌因子作用甚微,种群趋势指数均大于1,从而导致种群数量迅速增长。此后,随着天敌因子作用的加强,种群趋势指数迅速降至1以下,种群数量急剧减少。研究结果显示,除捕食天敌外,主要死亡因子如叶片营养条件、病原微生物,寄生蜂的作用均具不同程度的密度依赖性,且是补偿不足的。 相似文献
19.
二化螟对三唑磷的抗性发生动态与风险评估 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
对浙江省苍南县稻田第一代二化螟的抗药性进行了3年的监测。结果表明：二化螟对三唑磷、灭多威和阿维菌素的抗药性上升迅速,尤其是对三唑磷的抗性达到极高抗水平（2367．3）;对水胺硫磷与甲胺磷抗性变化不大;而对氟虫腈的抗性则有所下降。在室内用三唑磷对采自浙江省苍南县的二化螟进行连续14代筛选,结果抗性由203．3倍上升到3272．6倍,室内三唑磷筛选抗性的现实遗传力（h^2）为0．3105,表现出较大的抗性风险。生物适合度的实验表明,抗性品系、田间抗性种群的生物适合度均低于敏感品系。在抗性筛选过程中,当抗性达到1523．7倍（第9代）时,停止筛选,5代后抗性水平下降到327．1倍并保持相对稳定;恢复筛选后,抗性水平又上升。表明二化螟对三唑磷的抗性应采取早期治理。 相似文献
20.
Population cycles in small rodents 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
We conclude that population fluctuations in Microtus in southern Indiana are produced by a syndrome of changes in birth and death rates similar to that found in other species of voles and lemmings. The mechanisms which cause the changes in birth and death rates are demolished by fencing the population so that no dispersal can occur. Dispersal thus seems critical for population regulation in Microtus. Because most dispersal occurs during the increase phase of the population cycle and there is little dispersal during the decline phase, dispersal is not directly related to population density. Hence the quality of dispersing animals must be important, and we have found one case of increased dispersal tendency by one genotype. The failure of population regulation of Microtus in enclosed areas requires an explanation by any hypothesis attempting to explain population cycles in small rodents. It might be suggested that the fence changed the predation pressure on the enclosed populations. However, the fence was only 2 feet (0.6 meter) high and did not stop the entrance of foxes, weasels, shrews, or avian predators. A striking feature was that the habitat in the enclosures quickly recovered from complete devastation by the start of the spring growing season. Obviously the habitat and food quality were sufficient to support Microtus populations of abnormally high densities, and recovery of the habitat was sufficiently quick that the introduction of new animals to these enclosed areas resulted in another population explosion. Finally, hypotheses of population regulation by social stress must account for the finding that Microtus can exist at densities several times greater than normal without "stress" taking an obvious toll. We hypothesize that the prevention of dispersal changes the quality of the populations in the enclosures in comparison to those outside the fence. Voles forced to remain in an overcrowded fenced population do not suffer high mortality rates and continue to reproduce at abnormally high densities until starvation overtakes them. The initial behavioral interactions associated with crowding do not seem sufficient to cause voles to die in situ. What happens to animals during the population decline? Our studies have not answered this question. The animals did not appear to disperse, but it is possible that the method we used to measure dispersal (movement into a vacant habitat) missed a large segment of dispersing voles which did not remain in the vacant area but kept on moving. Perhaps the dispersal during the increase phase of the population cycle is a colonization type of dispersal, and the animals taking part in it are likely to stay in a new habitat, while during the population decline dispersal is a pathological response to high density, and the animals are not attracted to settling even in a vacant habitat. The alternative to this suggestion is that animals are dying in situ during the decline because of physiological or genetically determined behavioral stress. Thus the fencing of a population prevents the change in rates of survival and reproduction, from high rates in the increase phase to low rates in the decline phase, and the fenced populations resemble "mouse plagues." A possible explanation is that the differential dispersal of animals during the phase of increase causes the quality of the voles remaining at peak densities in wild populations to be different from the quality of voles at much higher densities in enclosures. Increased sensitivity to density in Microtus could cause the decline of wild populations at densities lower than those reached by fenced populations in which selection through dispersal has been prevented. Fencing might also alter the social interactions among Microtus in other ways that are not understood. The analysis of colonizing species by MacArthur and Wilson (27) can be applied to our studies of dispersal in populations of Microtus. Groups of organisms with good dispersal and colonizing ability are called r strategists because they have high reproductive potential and are able to exploit a new environment rapidly. Dispersing voles seem to be r strategists. Young females in breeding condition were over-represented in dispersing female Microtus (17). The Tf(C)/Tf(E) females, which were more common among dispersers during the phase of population increase (Fig. 6), also have a slight reproductive advantage over the other Tf genotypes (19). Thus in Microtus populations the animals with the highest reproductive potential, the r strategists, are dispersing. The segment of the population which remains behind after the selection-via-dispersal are those individuals which are less influenced by increasing population densities. These are the individuals which maximize use of the habitat, the K strategists in MacArthur and Wilson's terminology, or voles selected for spacing behavior. Thus we can describe population cycles in Microtus in the same theoretical framework as colonizing species on islands. Our work on Microtus is consistent with the hypothesis of genetic and behavioral effects proposed by Chitty (6) (Fig. 7) in that it shows both behavioral differences in males during the phases of population fluctuation and periods of strong genetic selection. The greatest gaps in our knowledge are in the area of genetic-behavioral interactions which are most difficult to measure. We have no information on the heritability of aggressive behavior in voles. The pathways by which behavioral events are translated into physiological changes which affect reproduction and growth have been carefully analyzed by Christian and his associates (28) for rodents in laboratory situations, but the application of these findings to the complex field events described above remains to be done. Several experiments are suggested by our work. First, other populations of other rodent species should increase to abnormal densities if enclosed in a large fenced area (29). We need to find situations in which this prediction is not fulfilled. Island populations may be an important source of material for such an experiment (30). Second, if one-way exit doors were provided from a fenced area, normal population regulation through dispersal should occur. This experiment would provide another method by which dispersers could be identified. Third, if dispersal were prevented after a population reached peak densities, a normal decline phase should occur. This prediction is based on the assumption that dispersal during the increase phase is sufficient to ensure the decline phase 1 or 2 years later. All these experiments are concerned with the dispersal factor, and our work on Microtus can be summarized by the admonition: study dispersal. 相似文献