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1.
A 12-year-old spayed female German shorthaired pointer dog sustained extensive bite wounds around the neck. At presentation, atrial fibrillation was identified with a rapid ventricular response rate of 300 beats per minute (bpm). The ventricular response rate rapidly decreased to 130 bpm following administration of hydromorphone and oxygen. Based on the rate, antiarrhythmic therapy was not initiated. The heart rhythm converted back to sinus rhythm by the time of the first recheck evaluation 2 days later, and the dog remained in sinus rhythm at all subsequent evaluations. With the resolution of the arrhythmia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was suspected. The underlying etiology of the arrhythmia was not determined; however, imbalances in autonomic tone associated with trauma and/or direct trauma to the heart were hypothesized.Key clinical message:This report indicates a possible role of imbalances in autonomic tone due to trauma in the development of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and suggests that it should be a differential diagnostic consideration in patients with atrial fibrillation following trauma. Primary treatment of atrial fibrillation may not be needed in these cases if the ventricular response rate is not rapid, or if there is spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm.  相似文献   

2.
This is areport of a 10-year-old female neutered Doberman Pinscher with a clinical diagnosis of myelopathy. The dog was anesthetized using oxymorphone, thiopental, and halothane in oxygen for a cerebrospinal tap and a myelogram. Iohexsal injection into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture was uneventful. Additional iohexal was given into the cerebellomjedullary cistern. Immediately following iohexal administration into the cerebellomedullary cistern, several electrocardiographic changes occurred. Two extended periods of asystole responded to intravenous glycopyrrolate administration. A slow multiform ventricular escape rhythm was established after the second dose of glycopyrrolate. Ultimately, atrial activity with apparent A V dissociation resumed, atrial fibrillation developed, and the rhythm converted to normal sinus rhythm. The dog had a normal cardiac examination the following day. Two days later, the dog was anesthetized using a similar anesthetic regimen with maintance on isoflurane in oxygen for a hemilaminectomy. The dog recovered uneventfully from surgery and was discharged 2 days later.  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of heart rate (HR) on myocardial function assessed by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) in healthy dogs.AnimalsThirteen healthy beagle dogs.MethodsAnimals were anesthetized and HR was controlled with right atrial pacing. Myocardial function of each dog was assessed using 2D-STE at pacing rates of 120, 140, 160, and 180 bpm.ResultsAll strain and strain rate variables in the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial directions were not significantly different between pacing rates. Peak early diastolic torsion rate at 180 bpm was significantly increased compared with that at 120 bpm (P = 0.003).ConclusionTorsion rate in early diastole was elevated at 180 bpm, which may reflect improved myocardial relaxation with higher HR. Changes in left ventricular torsion during tachycardia may play an important role in preserving stroke volume in the presence of shortened ejection and filling times.  相似文献   

4.
A 4-year-old, intact male Dogue de Bordeaux dog with congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis, tricuspid valve dysplasia, and chronic atrial fibrillation underwent ultrasound-guided balloon valvuloplasty in addition to pharmacological treatment. Owner compliance to prescribed pharmacotherapy proved very poor, and concerns developed regarding the ability to successfully control heart rate and symptoms using drug therapy alone. These concerns were addressed by the implantation of a novel vagal stimulation system that was programmed to prevent a ventricular rate of >145 bpm. Consequently, post-operative ventricular response rate decreased from up to 250 to 140 bpm. Successful ventricular rate control was maintained for 291 days post-operatively, following which euthanasia was elected by the owner due to persistent right-sided congestive heart failure. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful continuous rate control using a vagal stimulating system in a closed-chest, client-owned dog with chronic atrial fibrillation secondary to spontaneously occurring organic heart disease.  相似文献   

5.
A 3-year-old crossbreed male dog was presented with a history of blunt facial trauma. Skull radiographs showed right zygomatic arch fracture. An electrocardiogram revealed bradycardia, first-degree atrioventricular block and QT prolongation. Standard biochemical profile including electrolytes was normal. Atropine response test (0.04 mg/kg intravenously) restored normal sinus rhythm at a rate of 140 bpm with normal QT and PR intervals. This observation is consistent with oculocardiac reflex secondary to zygomatic arch fracture.  相似文献   

6.
Objective: To report a case of spontaneous resolution of atrial fibrillation secondary to hypothermia in a dog without detectable heart disease. Case summary: An 8‐year‐old female spayed mixed breed dog presented with a history of prolonged exposure to below freezing environmental temperatures. The dog presented hypothermic (<32°C or <90°F) and minimally responsive to stimuli. The heart rate was 80 beats per minute (bpm) and irregular. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed. The dog had pale mucous membranes, absent femoral pulses, and no obtainable blood pressure via indirect Doppler technique. Resuscitation fluids were administered and active external warming was instituted. Peripheral edema was observed during the rewarming phase and the irregular heart rate was noted to increase. The atrial fibrillation spontaneously resolved with no specific anti‐arrhythmic therapy. No underlying myocardial disease was found. The recovery of this dog was complete with a subsequent repeat of the echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (ECG) 8‐months later found to be within normal limits.  相似文献   

7.
The electrocardiographic parameters of 40 healthy alpacas (Lama pacos) were recorded with a base-apex lead system to establish the normal resting electrocardiographic parameters in this species. The following parameters were measured: heart rate and rhythm, QRS and T morphology, ST segment position, P amplitude and duration, QRS duration and PQ and QT intervals. The heart rate varied between 50 and 110 bpm, with a mean (sd) of 80 (17.8) bpm, and no significant differences were observed between males and females or between alpacas of different ages. Sinus arrhythmia was observed in 35 of the animals, and a regular sinus rhythm was recorded in the other five. The QRS morphology was variable, with an 'rS' pattern observed in 29 animals, 'RS' in six, 'Rs' in three and 'QS' in the other two. A variable morphology was also observed for the T wave, which was positive in 27 animals, negative in seven and biphasic in the other six. All the electrocardiographic parameters were normally distributed and no significant differences were observed between the sexes, except that the amplitude of the P wave was higher in males. The PQ interval was significantly shorter in animals less than six months old.  相似文献   

8.
Intravenous administration of verapamil at low dosage was effective in reversal of atrial tachycardia of unknown origin in a dog. The sinus rhythm remained normal for 24 hours before it reverted back to atrial tachycardia. A second IV administration of verapamil was effective in reversal of the atrial tachycardia, and a tapering dosage of verapamil, PO, was used to maintain normal sinus rhythm.  相似文献   

9.
A Labrador retriever, presented for a routine yearly wellness exam, shows on ECG a normal sinus rhythm with first degree atrioventricular blockade and atrial dissociation (AD). A detailed cardiologic examination was performed including thoracic radiography, echocardiography and blood pressure measurement, all of which were considered normal. The dog described in this current report was re-examined several times over the subsequent 2 years and no clinical signs of heart failure, heart disease or other diseases were recognized, the AD appears to have been benign.  相似文献   

10.
Lidocaine decreases minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalational anesthetics. This study determined the influence of a low dose, 50 µg kg?1 minute?1 (LDI) and high dose, 200 µg kg?1 minute?1 (HDI) constant rate infusion of lidocaine on the MAC of isoflurane (I) in dogs. Ten mongrel dogs were anesthetized with I in oxygen and mechanically ventilated. End‐tidal anesthetic (Fe ′A) and CO2 (Pe ′CO2) concentrations were monitored at the endotracheal tube adaptor with an infrared gas analyzer calibrated before each experiment with a standardized calibration gas mixture designed for the analyzer. Pe ′CO2 and body temperature were maintained within normal limits. Noxious stimuli included clamping the hindlimb paw (HC) and electrical current (50 V at 50 cycles second?1 for 10 milliseconds pulse?1) applied subcutaneously to the forelimb (FE) at the level of the ulna. After an initial equilibration period of at least 40 minutes at an Fe ′A of 1.7%, the Fe ′A was decreased to a value close to the estimated MAC for dogs. MAC was defined as the Fe ′A mid‐way between the value permitting and preventing purposeful movement. Following baseline MAC, a loading dose of 2 mg kg?1 of lidocaine IV was administered over 3 minutes followed by the LDI, and MAC determinations for the combination started after 30 minutes of infusion. Once determined, the lidocaine infusion was stopped for 30 minutes and the dog maintained at the ETC that prevented movement without the lidocaine. Following this period, a second loading dose of lidocaine was given (2 mg kg?1) over 3 minutes followed by the HDI, and the MAC determination procedure repeated after 30 minutes of infusion. Data were analyzed using an anova for repeated measures. MAC of I was 1.34 ± 0.035% (mean ± SEM) for both the FE and HC stimuli. The LDI significantly decreased MAC to 1.09 ± 0.043% (18.7% reduction) and HDI to 0.76 ± 0.030% (43.3% reduction). In conclusion, lidocaine infusions decreased the MAC of isoflurane in a dose‐dependent manner.  相似文献   

11.

Introduction

Atrial premature complexes have been reported to be the most common arrhythmia in cattle and is suspected to be secondary to systemic disease, especially gastrointestinal disease. In order to properly identify pathologic arrhythmia in cattle, the normal rhythm and arrhythmia prevalence should be defined. The objective of this study was to determine the normal heart rate, rhythm, number of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), and atrial premature complexes (APCs) in unrestrained Angus steers.

Animals

Twenty-seven client owned steers with unremarkable physical examinations and serum biochemical analyses were used.

Materials and methods

Twenty-four hour Holter monitors, attached by a custom-made harness, were retrospectively evaluated. Three lead electrocardiographic registrations of good quality and normal sinus rhythm were obtained from all steers in the study.

Results

The mean heart rate was 66.8 bpm ± 16.4 bpm. Ventricular premature complexes were rare (noted in 14.8% of steers), and APCs were common (noted in 85% of the steers). Simple second degree AV block was observed in 18.5% of the steers.

Conclusion

In summary, healthy steers have rare single VPCs, although it is possible for an individual animal to have apparent more frequent VPCs. Mean heart rate varies with a diurnal pattern similar to other species. Atrial premature complexes are the most prevalent abnormality observed in feedlot steers.  相似文献   

12.
Two dogs with acute onset atrial fibrillation (AF) were cardioverted to sinus rhythm by the administration of 2 mg/kg lidocaine given intravenously. Each dog was believed to have AF initiated because of elevated vagal tone. This report has potential clinical impact for a subset of dogs because it offers a treatment to circumvent persistent AF. Furthermore, this encouraging result of a pharmacologic cardioversion suggests that further investigation would be of interest to ascertain the effectiveness and mechanism of the antiarrhythmic action of lidocaine in vagally induced AF.  相似文献   

13.
An eight-year-old bull mastiff presented with respiratory obstruction caused by a tumour dorsolateral to the larynx. Removal of the tumour was attempted but the dog died. A novel noninvasive measurement of heart rate variability and cardiac parasympathetic activity, recorded real-time from an electrocardiograph signal, was used to investigate cardiac rhythm in the dog. A simultaneous record of heart rate and cardiac parasympathetic activity showed severe sinus arrhythmia caused by the parasympathetic tone, in which the inspiratory heart rate exceeded 140 beats per minute (bpm) and the expiratory heart rate fell to below 60 bpm. The extent of respiratory modulation of the cardiac parasympathetic activity (vagal tone) has not been reported before using this technique on-line in a conscious, freely-behaving and spontaneously breathing animal. Non-invasive measurements of cardiac parasympathetic tone show great potential for the assessment of animals with systemic and cardiac disease including cardiac failure.  相似文献   

14.
Objectives : To determine sensitivity and specificity of P wave duration in the identification of left atrial enlargement in dogs. Methods : Electrocardiograms from normal dogs and dogs with various cardiovascular diseases were evaluated. Inclusion criteria were the availability of an electrocardiogram showing a stable isoelectric line, easily recognizable P waves and good quality two‐dimensional echocardiographic estimate of left atrial dimensions using the left atrial to aortic root ratio. Using a metal caliper system, P wave duration was measured to the nearest 10 milliseconds for six consecutive heart beats; data were then averaged for each dog. The accuracy of P wave duration in predicting left atrial enlargement was determined using a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results : One hundred and fifty‐six dogs were included in the study. Average P wave durations of 20, 30, 40 and 50 milliseconds yielded sensitivities of 100, 85, 68 and 40% and specificities of 0, 16, 64 and 93%, respectively, for the diagnosis of Left Atrial Enlargement by echocardiography. The estimated area under curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0·70 (95% confidence interval: 0·60 to 0·80). Clinical Significance : The diagnostic performance of P wave duration for identification of left atrial enlargement in dogs presents considerable limitations.  相似文献   

15.
A 10-year old Lhasa Apso dog was presented for an acute history of exercise intolerance and hind limb weakness. High grade second degree atrioventricular block with an atrial rate of 200 beats per minute, ventricular rate of 40 beats per minute and an intermittent ventricular escape rhythm, was diagnosed on electrocardiograph. A transdiaphragmatic, unipolar, epicardial pacemaker was implanted without immediate surgical complications. Severe vomiting was noted 12 h post-operatively. Abdominal ultrasound and a barium study supported a diagnosis of pyloric outflow obstruction and exploratory abdominal surgery was performed. The pyloric outflow tract appeared normal and no other causes of an outflow obstruction were identified. The epicardial generator was repositioned from the right to the left abdominal wall. Pyloric cell pacing was presumed to be the cause for the pyloric obstruction and severe vomiting, and this was thought to be due to close proximity of the pacemaker generator to the pylorus situated in the right abdominal wall. Repositioning of the pulse generator to the left abdominal wall resulted in resolution of vomiting.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To identify dysrhythmias and hemodynamic changes after lidocaine and bupivacaine infusion into the interpleural space with an open pericardium. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Six adult dogs. METHODS: Systemic arterial pressure and electrocardiogram were recorded. A 7.5 Fr Swan-Ganz catheter was advanced to the level of the main pulmonary artery to record pulmonary arterial pressure. Cardiac output was measured by a thermodilution technique. A pericardial window (PW) was performed in 3 dogs using thoracoscopy. Hemodynamic variables were recorded before and 15 minutes after injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) into the pleural space in the control group and in the pericardial space for the PW group. A randomized-block ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effect of local anesthetic administration on hemodynamic and electrophysiologic variables in dogs with a pericardectomy. RESULTS: Each dog maintained sinus rhythm. Infusion of local anesthetic induced a significant increase in right ventricular diastolic pressure (P = .002) and a significant decrease in stroke volume (P = .047) in both groups; however, the effects were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of lidocaine and bupivacaine, either intrapleural or in the pericardial space, had a mild detrimental effect on cardiac output. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intrapleural administration of lidocaine and bupivacaine at a therapeutic dose can be used safely in healthy dogs with a pericardectomy.  相似文献   

17.
BACKGROUND: Lidocaine is most frequently used to treat ventricular arrhythmias. However, lidocaine may have an antiarrhythmic effect for certain supraventricular arrhythmias. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that lidocaine would be effective in converting experimentally induced atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm and that a decrease in the dominant frequency (DF) and an increase in the organization as judged by the spectral entropy (SE) would occur over the course of the conversion. ANIMALS: Seven German Shepherd (GS) Dogs. METHODS: Dogs were anesthetized with fentanyl and pentobarbital. AF was induced with standard pacing protocols while left and right atrial monophasic action potentials (MAP) were recorded. The power spectra from the MAP recordings were analyzed to determine DF and SE during treatment with boluses of 2 mg/kg lidocaine. RESULTS: Lidocaine converted AF to sinus rhythm in all dogs and all episodes (n = 19). Conversion time was 27-87 seconds. After atropine, sustained AF was not induced; however, 5 episodes of atrial tachycardia resulted, and 3 were converted with lidocaine. Frequency domain analysis of 12 conversion sequences showed that left and right DF of the MAP signals decreased from the time of injection to conversion to sinus rhythm (P < .001). Mean SE indicated a gradient between the left and right atria (P = .003) that did not change during conversion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Vagally associated AF in GS dogs is terminated with lidocaine. Lidocaine is likely an effective treatment in clinical dogs with vagally associated AF.  相似文献   

18.
A 3-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals for acute onset respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs, echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed left-sided congestive heart failure, myocardial thickening with left atrial dilation, and sinus rhythm conducted with a left bundle branch block, respectively. Cardiac troponin I was elevated and continued to increase over 36 h (1.9 ng/mL, 3.1 ng/mL, and 3.5 ng/mL, sequentially every 12 h). The cat tested positive for Bartonella henselae and was treated with azithromycin (30 mg/kg by mouth (PO) every 24 h for 30 days), along with furosemide (1 mg/kg PO every 24 h), benazepril (0.4 mg/kg PO every 24 h), pimobendan (0.23 mg/kg PO every 12 h), and clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO every 24 h). Reevaluation at 6 weeks revealed normal respiratory rate on physical examination, normal cardiac structures and function on echocardiogram, resolution of left bundle branch block on ECG, and normal cardiac troponin I levels (0.06 ng/mL). All medications were discontinued at this time, and the cat continued to do well 5 months after reevaluation. Here, we report a case of transient myocardial thickening in a cat that was also positive for B. henselae.  相似文献   

19.
A six‐year‐old female spayed mixed‐breed dog was referred following a 3‐week history of lameness and progressive neurological deficits in both hindlimbs, and a 1‐week history of a cardiac arrhythmia. The dog was diagnosed with hypothyroidism, atrial fibrillation, myocardial dysfunction and arterial thromboembolism. Cardioversion occurred after 2 weeks of levothyroxine supplementation, with improved systolic function over time. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case reported in the veterinary or human literature documenting hypothyroidism with persistent atrial fibrillation being converted to sinus rhythm with levothyroxine as sole therapy.  相似文献   

20.
This paper describes the electrocardiographic, echocardiographic (two-dimensional, M-mode, contrast and Doppler) and non-selective angiocardiographic features in a 3 year old female Beagle with dilated coronary sinus due to persistent left cranial vena cava. Negative P waves in leads III and aVR and a positive P wave in lead aVL were seen. Echocardiographically, a hipoechoic circular structure was seen between the left atrium and the pericardium in the area where the coronary sinus is located. A velocity pattern with two peaks was obtained, one systolic with velocity = 0.44 ± 0.05 m/sec and the other diastolic with velocity = 0.27 ± 0.01 m/sec. By M-mode echocardiography, at level of the aorta and the left atrium, a linear structure was identified between the left atrium and the pericardium; this structure was characterized by phasic movements of the anterior wall during the cardiac cycle. Following a left cephalic vein injection of saline, bubbles were seen within the coronary sinus; when saline was injected into the right cephalic vein, bubbles were also seen within the coronary sinus and right atrium and ventricle. Non-selective angiocardiography confirmed a dilated coronary sinus with persistent left cranial vena cava. The right cranial vena cava was absent. The dog was clinically normal and the unusual vessel was an incidental finding.  相似文献   

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